Línxiāng hēichá · thetea.app

ILinxiang Heicha (Línxiāng hēichá, 临湘黑茶) itiye elimnyama lasedolobheni laseLinxiang (临湘市) elisifundeni sasedolobheni saseYueyang enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe saseHunan, osebeni oluseningizimu loMfula iYangtze emngceleni neHubei. Igama elithi «临湘黑茶» liwuphawu lwendawo № 13859303 etiyeni: embikweni wonyaka weHhovisi Lezimpawu Zokuhweba lango-2014, umnikazi walo ubhalwe njengeNhlangano Yemboni Yetiye Yedolobha LaseLinxiang (临湘市茶叶行业协会), kanti uhlu lukahulumeni waseHunan lwango-2024 luluhlukanisa njengophawu lwesifundazwe. Isifunda siyisifunda esidala setiyeni lezitini: ngokomlando womnyango wezomlando wesifunda, kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 esifundeni saseYanglousi kwakwenziwa isitini esiluhlaza (青砖茶, qīngzhuānchá), kanti ngokwemininingwane yabaphathi bakwaChibi abangomakhelwane baseHubei, ngesikhathi sikaMing noQing i-lǎoqīngchá (老青茶) yaseLinxiang yayiyiswa eYangloudong. Ukuthi uphawu ngokwalo luhlobene naluphi uhlobo lomkhiqizo, akushiwongo emithonjeni etholiwe.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye elimnyama (黑茶, hēichá). Isigaba siqanjwe egameni lophawu; ngaphandle kwalokho, uhulumeni waseHunan ngonyaka ka-2021 wafaka ubuchwepheshe besitini esiluhlaza saseLinxiang ohlwini lwamagugu esizwe esingaphatheki njengobuchwepheshe betiye elimnyama — «黑茶制作技艺（临湘青砖茶制作技艺）».
Ifomu: Alimisiwe lophawu. Ngokomlando wesifunda, emakhulwini eminyaka ahlukene lapha kwakucindezelwa itiye lebhasikidi (篓茶, lǒuchá), isitini esiluhlaza (青砖, qīngzhuān), i-mizhuan (米砖, mǐzhuān), kanti kusukela ngo-1969 — i-fuzhuan (茯砖, fúzhuān). Ukuthi yimaphi kulawa mafomu ahlanganiswa uphawu, imithombo ayisho.
Isigaba: Itiye elimnyama elinophawu lwendawo; ukuthi lolu wuphawu lweqoqo noma lwesitifiketi, akushiwongo emithonjeni etholiwe.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseHunan (湖南, Húnán), isifunda sedolobha saseYueyang (岳阳, Yuèyáng), idolobha laseLinxiang (临湘, Línxiāng).
Indawo: Umnikazi wophawu ngokombiko ka-2014 yinhlangano yedolobha laseLinxiang, kanti uhlu lwaseHunan lwango-2024 nalo lubonisa iLinxiang njengobunikazi bokuphatha, hhayi njengomngcele osemthethweni wendawo; umqulu onomngcele awutholakalanga emithonjeni etholiwe.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe u-29,5° N no-113,45° E.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- 923 unyaka — intela yaseTang Yakamuva. Ngokomlando wetiye laseLinxiang, owashicilelwa umnyango wezomlando wesifunda (临湘史志办) kuwebhusayithi kahulumeni wesifunda ngo-2016, ngo-923 umbusi wakwaChu uMa Yin (马殷), ngemuva kokuzibona njengenqolobane yeTang Yakamuva, wathumela enkantolo itiye laseLinxiang njengentela.
- 936 unyaka — iWangchaochang, indawo yokuqoqa itiye. Lo mlando ofanayo ubhala ukuthi ngo-936, ngonyaka wesithathu wenkathi yeQingtai, indodana kaMa Yin uMa Xifan (马希范) yahlukanisa ingxenye yesifunda saseBaling futhi yasungula iWangchaochang (王朝场), «ukuze izinkantolo kube lula ukukhokha intela»; indawo yayikhiqiza itiye. Imininingwane yomlando wokuhlukaniswa kokuphatha kuwebhusayithi kahulumeni waseLinxiang (2021) inikeza iminyaka yeQingtai, 934–936, futhi icacisa: kwahlukaniswa inyakatho-mpumalanga yesifunda, kanti indawo yokuhlola yamiswa eLucheng (陆城), ukuze kuqoqwe futhi kusatshalaliswe itiye lasenyakatho yeHunan naseningizimu yeHubei. Ngo-994 iWangchaochang yaba isifunda saseWangchao, kwathi ngo-996 isifunda sathola igama elithi Linxiang.
- Ukuphikisana emininingwaneni. Ingxenye emfushane yaleyo mininingwane kanye nekhasi lemininingwane ejwayelekile kuwebhusayithi yesifunda kubhala ukuthi iWangchaochang ngo-934–936 yasungulwa nguMa Yin uqobo. Lokhu kwakungeke kwenzeke: uMa Yin washona ngo-930, ngemuva kwalokho uChu wabuswa amadodana akhe — okokuqala uMa Xisheng, kwase kuba uMa Xifan (ngokwe-«Changsha wanbao», 2016). Ngakho-ke lapha umsunguli uqanjwe njengoMa Xifan, njengoba kusengxenyeni enemininingwane yemininingwane nasemlandweni; engxenyeni emfushane, ngokusobala, kubhalwe igama lomsunguli wobukhosi.
- Yuan neMing — amalayisense etiye nentela yamahlumela. Ngokomlando wesifunda, ngo-1367–1450 emhlabeni wesifunda kwakusebenza amahhovisi amabili okuhlola amalayisense etiye (批验茶引所) — eYalan (鸭栏) naseChenglingji (城陵矶). Umlando ucaphuna umqulu wesifunda saseYuezhou wango-1488: ngo-1391 isifunda sabelwa intela enkantolo — amakhilogremu angu-16 amahlumela etiye. Ngokomlando uqobo, amahlumela avela ezintabeni zaseLongjiaoshan (龙窖山) ayethunyelwa njengentela kusukela ngaleso sikhathi kuze kube ngu-1910. Umqulu wenkathi yeLongqing, ocashunwe umnyango wamasiko wesifunda, ubhala ngetiye laseLongjiaoshan: «ngekunambitheka okujulile kuneleBaling». Lena yintela yamahlumela, okungukuthi, hhayi itiye elimnyama.
- Qing — itiye lezitini eliya enyakatho. Ngokomlando, ngesikhathi sikaKangxi (1662–1722) esifundeni saseYanglousi (羊楼司) kwaqala ukwenziwa i-lǎoqīngchá kanye nokucindezela itiye lebhasikidi, kwathi ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18, ngesikhathi sikaQianlong noJiaqing — amapuleti ayisikwele ayisicaba esitini esiluhlaza. I-athikili ku-«Zhongguo shehui kexue bao» (2020) ifaka izingadi zezintaba zaseLinxiang esifundeni sezitini esimaphakathi eYangloudong futhi incike emithethweni yokuthenga itiye yabathengisi baseShanxi eYangloudong naseYanglousi maphakathi neQing: kungakadluli ingxenye yokuqala yekhulu le-19 isifunda sasiwumthombo obalulekile wetiye loMkhondo Omkhulu Wetiye oya eMongolia naseRussia. Ngokwemininingwane yaseChibi, i-lǎoqīngchá yaseLinxiang yayilethwa eYangloudong, kwenziwe ngayo «itiye emabhokisini ezigqoko» (帽盒茶, màohéchá) futhi lithunyelwa e-Inner Mongolia, eXinjiang naseRussia.
- INieshi kanye nabathengisi baseRussia. Ngokomlando wesifunda, ngo-1859 uRong Hong (容闳) wafika kabili eNieshi (聂市) ezohlola ukukhiqizwa nokuthengiswa kwetiye elimnyama futhi wachaza uhambo lwakhe ezinkumbulweni zakhe; ngo-1861 umphathi waseYuezhou uDing Baozhen (丁宝桢) wabeka isimemezelo setshe mayelana nokuhleleka emakethe yetiye yaseNieshi, lapho kwakuhweba khona abathengisi abavela eShanxi, eJiangxi naseGuangdong. Ngokomlando ofanayo, ngo-1864 abathengisi baseRussia baseHankou baqala ukwenza i-mizhuan esifundeni saseYanglousi kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo bayithwala ngomzila wamanzi ngeYangtze baya eTianjin, bese kusuka lapho ngomhlaba baya eKyakhta. Kusukela ngo-1908 kuya ku-1917, ngokomlando, iLinxiang yathengisa eRussia amathani angu-1035 esitini esiluhlaza, itiye elibomvu le-gongfu (功夫红茶, gōngfu hóngchá) kanye ne-mizhuan.
- Ikhulu lama-20. Umlando ucaphuna i-«Industrial Gazetteer of China» (中国实业志) yango-1935: kumafektri etiye angu-184 eHunan, angu-36 ayemi eLinxiang, okuyindawo yesibili esifundazweni, futhi phakathi kwawo kwakunamafektri angu-26 etiye elimnyama. Ngo-1968 isifunda sashintsha sisuka ku-lǎoqīngchá saya etiyeni elimnyama, ngo-1969 ifektri yetiye yaseLinxiang yaqala ukukhiqiza i-fuzhuan eya eQinghai, eXinjiang naseGansu, kwathi ngo-1978 iLinxiang yangena phakathi kwezifunda ezingama-25 eziyisisekelo zetiye lasemngceleni.
- 2014–2015 — uphawu. Umbiko wonyaka weHhovisi Lezimpawu Zokuhweba «中国商标战略年度发展报告（2014）» ufaka i-«临湘黑茶» ohlwini lwezimpawu zendawo ezibhalisiwe noma ezamukelwe ngaphambilini ngo-2014: № 13859303, umnikazi — Inhlangano Yemboni Yetiye Yedolobha LaseLinxiang, umkhiqizo — itiye. Ngokomlando wesifunda, ngomhla ka-20 Ephreli 2015 eChangsha umnyango wesifundazwe wezimboni nezohwebo egameni likahulumeni wanikeza iLinxiang isitifiketi se-«临湘黑茶». Umlando usibiza ngesitifiketi somkhiqizo ovikelwe uphawu lwendawo, kodwa sisinikezwe umnyango obhekele izimpawu zokuhweba, futhi ezinhlwini zaseHunan i-«临湘黑茶» ibhalwe njengophawu.
- 2021 — ifa. Ngesaziso sikahulumeni waseHunan 湘政函〔2021〕167号 sangomhla ka-30 Disemba 2021, i-«黑茶制作技艺（临湘青砖茶制作技艺）» — ubuchwepheshe besitini esiluhlaza saseLinxiang — bangena ohlwini olunwetshiwe lwengxenye yesihlanu yamagugu esizwe esingaphatheki esifundazweni.
- 2024. Uhlu lukahulumeni waseHunan lwango-2024 lubala i-«临湘黑茶» phakathi kwezimpawu zendawo ezingama-250 zeqoqo nezesitifiketi zesifundazwe. Ohlwini oluhlukile lwemikhiqizo engama-82 enophawu lwendawo ayikho, kanti i-Anhua Hei Cha ikhona kuzo zombili.
Igama: «Linxiang» (临湘) — «ngasemanzini aseXiang», igama ledolobha. Ngokwemininingwane kahulumeni wesifunda, kwaze kwaba ngu-1899 umhlaba waso wawufinyelela eChenglingji, lapho amanzi aseXiang ngechibi laseDongting angena khona eYangtze, igama lisuka lapho. «Heicha» (黑茶) — «itiye elimnyama», ngokwesigaba.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Emlandweni wetiye, iLinxiang ibalulekile njengesifunda sokukhiqiza izinto zokusetshenziswa nezokukhiqiza itiye lezitini endleleni eya eMongolia naseRussia. Uhulumeni wesifunda ubiza iLinxiang njengenye yezindawo ezimbili zaseningizimu zokuqala zoMkhondo Omkhulu Wetiye, kanti isitini esiluhlaza ne-lǎoqīngchá njengezimpawu zangaphambili zemboni. Umgwaqo omdala waseNieshi, ngokwesichazamazwi sikahulumeni samagama ezindawo kuwebhusayithi yesifunda, ngesikhathi sikaGuangxu wawunezitolo ezingaphezu kuka-200 futhi wawubizwa nge-«Hankou encane». Ngokwaleyo mininingwane efanayo, ngo-2011 i-State Administration of Cultural Heritage yafaka iLinxiang ngenxa yeNieshi phakathi kwamadolobha ayisizinda sengxenye yaseHunan yesicelo soMkhondo Omkhulu Wetiye sokuba ifa lomhlaba, kwathi ngo-2012 iNieshi yaba idolobhana elingokomlando lesifundazwe.

3. Ukuchazwa Kwezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / Imbewu: Izinhlobo azibhalwanga emithonjeni etholiwe.
Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Awekho amamininingwane ophawu. Ngokomlando, ngokwemininingwane yaseChibi, isifunda sasikhiqiza i-lǎoqīngchá — umkhiqizo ongagciniwe wetiye elimnyama elicindezelwe.
Izinga lokuqoqa kanye nezikhathi: Awekho amamininingwane ophawu. Ngokomlando wesifunda, kusukela ngo-1955 eLinxiang entwasahlobo kwakukhiwa amaqabunga etiye eliluhlaza, kanti ehlobo — i-lǎoqīngchá yetiye lasemngceleni.
Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Awekho amamininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Ikhona elisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeHunan, osebeni oluseningizimu lomfula iYangtze ophakathi; empumalanga nasenyakatho isifunda sinqamula nesifundazwe saseHubei. Ubukhulu besifunda bungu-1760 km² ngokwesichazamazwi samagama ezindawo kuwebhusayithi yesifunda; kweminye imininingwane — cishe u-1719 km².
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Awekho amamininingwane ngokuphakama kwezingadi. Ukuma komhlaba wesifunda, ngokwaleso sichazamazwi, kusukela kumamitha angu-23 eYangtze kuya ku-1261.1 m entabeni yaseYaogushan (药姑山), indawo ephakeme kakhulu yesifunda.
Isimo sezulu kanye nomhlabathi: Awekho amamininingwane ahlobene netiye. Ngokwesichazamazwi samagama ezindawo, izinga lokushisa lonyaka lesifunda lingu-16,8 °C, elikaJanuwari lingu-4,2 °C, elikaJulayi lingu-28,8 °C, imvula icishe ibe ngu-1469 mm ngonyaka.
Ubukhulu bezingadi: Awekho amamininingwane anamuhla endawo yophawu. Ngokomlando wesifunda, ngo-1979 izingadi zazithatha ama-mu angu-112 178, cishe amahektha angu-7,5 eziinkulungwane — okungaphezu kwanoma yimuphi unyaka owandulelayo ngemuva kuka-1949.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Umqulu wophawu onobuchwepheshe awutholakalanga emithonjeni etholiwe, futhi ayikho nencazelo yobuchwepheshe beLinxiang Heicha. Uhlu lwamagugu esifundazwe lwango-2021 lubeka isitini esiluhlaza saseLinxiang kubuchwepheshe betiye elimnyama, kodwa alubuchazi ubuchwepheshe uqobo.

Ngezansi kunohlelo olujwayelekile lwesitini esiluhlaza saseHubei esingumakhelwane ngokwencazelo yabaphathi baseChibi, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe beLinxiang Heicha:

Ukucubungula kokuqala: Ukuqoqa, ukukhubaza (杀青, shāqīng), ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn) nokomisa elangeni noma emshinini wokomisa kukhiqiza i-lǎoqīngchá.
Ukuvubela nokuguga: Ukuvubela ngezinqwaba (渥堆, wòduī) nokuguga (陈化, chénhuà).
Ukuqedela nokuhlanganisa: Ukuphinda kucutshungulwe nokuhlanganisa iqoqo.
Ukucindezela nokomisa: Ukucindezela (压制, yāzhì) nokomisa izitini eziqediwe.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

Umqulu onezidingo zokubukeka awukho, futhi nezincazelo zaleli tiye azikho emithonjeni etholiwe.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholiwe.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholiwe.
Iphunga lokuphisa: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholiwe.
Ukunambitheka: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholiwe.
Umbala wokuphisa: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholiwe.
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholiwe.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Awekho amamininingwane e-physicochemical ngeLinxiang Heicha emithonjeni etholiwe.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye elimnyama; uma itiye licindezelwe, liqala lihlakazwa ngommese noma ngesibhakela libe amapuleti.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
Inani letiye: 5 g ku-100–150 ml.
Izitsha: I-gaiwan, itiye lobumba noma iketela lokuphisa.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza izitsha.
2. Faka itiye.
3. Geza ngamanzi abilayo bese uwachitha.
4. Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-10–20.
5. Thela konke.
6. Ukuphisa okuphindaphindiwe okuningi ngokwandisa; itiye elisebenzile lingabiliswa.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Endaweni eyomile enomoya omuhle ngaphandle kokukhanya nephunga, emaphaketheni ephepha noma ekhadibhodi, ezingeni lokushisa legumbi; ngale ndlela itiye elimnyama libekezelela ukuguga kweminyaka eminingi.

10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Awekho amamininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholiwe.

Indlela yokugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lwendawo «临湘黑茶» № 13859303; embikweni ka-2014 umnikazi walo ubhalwe njengeNhlangano Yemboni Yetiye Yedolobha LaseLinxiang.
- Qiniseka ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowaseLinxiang.
- Ungadidanisi netiye lezitini laseChibi elingumakhelwane (赤壁青砖茶): ngokwemininingwane yabaphathi baso, lolu wuphawu lwendawo lukahulumeni oluhlukile lwaseHubei, nakuba ngokomlando itiye laseYangloudong lalihlanganisa ne-lǎoqīngchá yaseLinxiang.
- Ungadidanisi ne-Anhua Hei Cha: lesi esinye isifunda saseHunan, kanti ohlwini lwango-2024 sinophawu kanye nokuvikelwa komkhiqizo ngophawu lwendawo.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Isifunda saseLinxiang sakhula sisuka eWangchaochang — indawo, ngokwemininingwane kahulumeni wesifunda, eyasungulwa ukuze kuqoqwe futhi kusatshalaliswe itiye lasenyakatho yeHunan naseningizimu yeHubei.
Ngokomlando wesifunda, ngo-1875 inhloko yesifunda yabeka isimemezelo setshe esenqabela ngesikhathi sokuvuna itiye ukudlalwa kwemidlalo ye-opera ye-huagu (花鼓戏, huāgǔxì).
Ngokwemininingwane yaseChibi, izinto zokusetshenziswa zaseLinxiang zaziphuma ziya kwesinye isifundazwe futhi zithengiswa njengezitini ezicindezelwe zaseYangloudong, ngaphansi kwegama lomunye.
Ohlwini lwaseHunan lwango-2024 iLinxiang inophawu lwesibili — «临湘浮标» (ama-float); itiye nama-float abhalwe eduze ohlwini.
Esifundeni sedolobha esifanayo saseYueyang zombili izinhlu, izimpawu kanye nemikhiqizo enophawu, zifaka i-«岳阳黄茶», kanti i-«临湘黑茶» isohlwini lwezimpawu kuphela.
Isikhungo sesifunda saseLinxiang kuze kube ngu-1930 sasimi eYangtze uqobo, eLucheng (陆城), futhi kamuva kuphela sathuthela eChang’an.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye

Hubei Qing Zhuan (湖北青砖): Isitini esiluhlaza saseHubei esingumakhelwane; ngokwemininingwane yaseChibi, ngesikhathi sikaMing noQing eYangloudong kwakulethwa nezinto zokusetshenziswa zaseLinxiang.
Lao Qing Cha (老青茶): Umkhiqizo ongagciniwe wetiye elimnyama elicindezelwe, iLinxiang eyayilethwa ngokomlando eYangloudong.
Fu Zhuan Cha (茯砖茶): Itiye elimnyama lesitini; ngokomlando waseLinxiang, kusukela ngo-1969 lalikhiqizwa nefektri yetiye yaseLinxiang — eya eQinghai, eXinjiang naseGansu.
Anhua Hei Cha (安化黑茶): Itiye elimnyama elikhulu laseHunan; ohlwini lwango-2024 linophawu nomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, iLinxiang Heicha inophawu kuphela.
Yueyang Huang Cha (岳阳黄茶): Itiye eliphuzi lesifunda sedolobha esifanayo, nalo likuzo zombili izinhlu zaseHunan.
Taolin Lü Cha (桃林绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza ledolobhana laseTaolin esifundeni esifanayo saseLinxiang.

Ekuphetheni:

ILinxiang Heicha itiye elimnyama lekhona elisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeHunan elinophawu lwendawo № 13859303: ohlwini lweHhovisi Lezimpawu Zokuhweba lango-2014 umnikazi walo ubhalwe njengeNhlangano Yemboni Yetiye Yedolobha LaseLinxiang, kanti ngo-2024 uphawu lubhalwe ohlwini lwesifundazwe. Ifomu lomkhiqizo, ubuchwepheshe kanye nokubukeka kwetiye akutholakalanga emiqulwini yophawu. Umlando wesifunda nokho ubhalwe kahle: isifunda uqobo sakhula sisuka endaweni yokuqoqa itiye, ngokomlando wesifunda, eyasungulwa ngeminyaka yawo-930 nguMa Xifan, ngesikhathi sikaQing i-lǎoqīngchá yaseLinxiang nesitini esiluhlaza zazithunyelwa ngeYangloudong naseHankou ziya eMongolia naseRussia, kwathi ngo-2021 ubuchwepheshe besitini esiluhlaza saseLinxiang baba ifa lesifundazwe elingaphatheki.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

CNIPA 地理标志证明商标 №13859303

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo