Chìbì qīngzhuānchá

Chibi Qingzhuancha (Chìbì qīngzhuānchá, 赤壁青砖茶) ndi “njerwa yobiriwira ya Chibi”, tiyi wakuda woponderezedwa wa mzinda wa Chibi (赤壁, kale Puchi, 蒲圻) kumwera kwa chigawo cha Hubei. Ngakhale kuti chilembo 青 (“wobiriwira, wobiriwira-buluu”) chili m’dzina, malinga ndi kaundula wa dipatimenti yaulimi ya ku Chibi, uwu ndi tiyi wakuda (黑茶), tiyi wa pambuyo pa fermentation: zopangira zakuda zotchedwa lǎoqīngchá (老青茶) zimasungidwa m’mulu wonyowa, kuziwiritsa nthunzi ndi kuzipondereza. Kwawo akuti ndi tawuni ya Yangloudong (羊楼洞, Yánglóudòng), kumene kunayambira njira yayikulu ya tiyi yopita ku Mongolia ndi Russia. Dzinali ndi chizindikiro cha geographical certification kuyambira 2015; mu 2020 lidalowa mndandanda wachiwiri wa mgwirizano wa China ndi EU wokhudza geographical indications.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wakuda (黑茶, hēichá), woponderezedwa (紧压茶, jǐnyāchá) — motero gulu limatchulidwira mu kaundula wa boma.
Gulu: Tiyi wa njerwa wa Hubei; chizindikiro cha geographical certification.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hubei (湖北, Húběi), mzinda wa Xianning (咸宁, Xiánníng), mzinda wa Chibi; malo a mbiri yakale ndi tawuni ya Yangloudong.
Dera: M’kaundula wa boma, dera lachitetezo ndi mzinda wa Chibi. Zopangira zimachokera kumadera ena kuposa mzindawo: malinga ndi boma, lǎoqīngchá amapanganso ku Tongshan, Chongyang, Tongcheng ndi Xian’an ndipo amabwera nazo ku Chibi kukapondereza.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri (malinga ndi kaundula wa boma la Chibi, pokhapokha zitanenedwa mosiyana):
- Tang — Ming. Potengera “Big Dictionary of Chinese Tea,” kaundula akuti “Ezhou Tuanhuang” (鄂州团黄) wa nthawi ya Tang amapangidwa makamaka ku Chibi ndi Chongyang. M’zaka za Chunxi (1174–1189), malonda a m’malire a “tiyi ya mphanga” ya Puchi (洞茶) anakula; m’zaka za Yongle (1403–1424) anayamba kupanga “tiyi m’mabokosi a zipewa” (帽盒茶, màohéchá) — kalambulabwalo wa njerwa.
- Qing. Mu 1728, amalonda a ku Shanxi anakhazikika ku Yangloudong; kumayambiriro kwa zaka za zana la 19, tiyi wa “zipewa” anasinthidwa kukhala njerwa yokhala ndi chizindikiro “川”, ndipo njerwa yoyamba yopangidwa ndi makina boma limati ndi 1861.
- Zaka za zana la 20. M’zaka za m’ma 1930, pamene Japan ankaukira, malonda anatsika kwambiri. Mu Julayi 1949, nyumba za tiyi zinaphatikizidwa kukhala fakitale ya njerwa ya Yangloudong; kuyambira 1949 mpaka 1983, tiyi ankagulidwa ndi kugulitsidwa malinga ndi dongosolo. Mu 1983, “川” inalembetsedwa ngati chizindikiro cha malonda cha qingzhuan cha fakitale ya Zhaoliqiao (赵李桥), ndipo mu 1993 inalandira udindo wa “China Old Brand” (中华老字号).
- 2011. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine inateteza malonda ndi dzina la “羊楼洞砖茶” — tiyi wa njerwa wa Yangloudong.
- 2014. Dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha tiyi wa njerwa wa Yangloudong linavomerezedwa ngati cholowa chofunikira chaulimi cha China, ndipo ukadaulo wa Zhaoliqiao ngati cholowa chosaoneka cha dziko.
- 2015. Mu Marichi, nyuzipepala ya mzinda inanena kuti tiyi wadutsa kafukufuku wokhazikika wa bungwe lalikulu la quality, ndipo inautcha malonda otetezedwa. Kafukufuku wokhazikika ndi sitepe yoyamba yokha, ndipo kaundula wa mzinda umatchula “羊楼洞砖茶” monga malonda okha omwe ali ndi chizindikiro panjira iyi. M’chaka chomwecho, malinga ndi kaundula, “赤壁青砖茶” inavomerezedwa ngati chizindikiro cha certification.
- 2020. Dzinali lidalowa mndandanda wachiwiri wa mgwirizano wa China ndi EU — mayina 175 kumbali iliyonse, omwe mgwirizano umalonjeza kuteteza mkati mwa zaka zinayi pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa. Kaya chitetezo chinachitika mu EU, sizinatchulidwe m’magwero.
- 2022. Ukadaulo wa tiyi wa njerwa wa Zhaoliqiao unalowa mndandanda wa UNESCO wa cholowa chosaoneka monga gawo la chinthu chokhudza kakonzedwe ka tiyi ku China.
Dzina: 青砖 (qīngzhuān) — “njerwa yobiriwira”; zopangira zimatchedwa “tiyi wakale wobiriwira” (老青茶), ndipo mtundu wa njerwa kaundula ndi standard amaufotokoza ngati buluu-bulauni (青褐).
Chizindikiro “川”. Malinga ndi kaundula, choyamba anachiyika nyumba zazikulu za tiyi za Yangloudong “Sanyuchuan” (三玉川) ndi “Jushengchuan” (巨盛川), zomwe zinkachita malonda ndi kampani yayikulu ya Inner Mongolia Dashengkui (大盛魁): anthu oyendayenda sankawerenga zilembo, koma mizere itatu imatha kuyesedwa ndi zala zitatu. Malinga ndi nthano ya anthu, izi ndi akasupe atatu a tawuni, omwe amayenda “ngati mtsinje.”

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira

Mtundu / Cultivar: Malinga ndi kaundula wa boma, zopangira zabwino kwambiri zimachokera ku mtundu wamba wa “Enan Dongqing” (鄂南冬青种, Ènán dōngqīng zhǒng); m’minda yatsopano anabweretsa 鄂茶1号, 中茶108, 中茶302 ndi 槠叶齐.
Mulingo wa kukolola: Zithunzithunzi zokhala ndi theka la matabwa za nyengo yomweyo; chizindikiro cha kukhwima ndi “tsamba lobiriwira, tsinde lofiira” (绿叶红梗); malinga ndi akaunti ya boma pa nsanja ya “Pengpai” (2021), nthawi zambiri mphukira ndi masamba asanu kapena asanu ndi limodzi. Malinga ndi kaundula, tsamba la zigawo zakunja (面茶) ndi masamba atatu okhuthala pamene mphukira ikugona, ndipo la mkati (里茶) ndi tsamba lachinayi mpaka lachisanu ndi chimodzi; kukolola kumachitika ndi kudula (割).

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Dera: Mphepete chakumwera kwa chigwa cha Jianghan.
Nyengo: Malinga ndi kaundula — subtropical maritime monsoon, yofunda ndi yachinyontho. Mvula 1571 mm pachaka, 51.5% yake mu May–August; kutentha kwapakati pachaka 16.9 °C, nthawi yopanda chisanu masiku 247–261.
Dothi: Dothi lachikasu-bulauni lopanda acidity pang’ono, losalala kuposa 100 cm, organic matter yoposa 1.5%, pH 4.5–6.5.
Malo: Mu mzindawo — 165,000 mu ya minda yonse (2022).

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga

Kaundula wa boma umafotokoza magawo asanu ndi awiri ndi ntchito 72:

Kukolola — ndi kudula, mwa chizindikiro cha “tsamba lobiriwira, tsinde lofiira”.
Kukonza koyamba. Malinga ndi “Pengpai”: kuzizira (晾青), fixation (杀青, shāqīng), kukulunga, kuyanika padzuwa, kuwotchanso, kukulunganso kachiwiri ndi kuyanika — amapeza lǎoqīngchá.
Mulu wonyowa ndi kusunga (渥堆, wòduī). Gulu losachepera 15,000 kg, tsamba malinga ndi kukhwima kwa zopangira amawaza madzi kapena amafufuta ndi madzi ake omwe, kutentha kwa mulu kusachepera 60 °C, kusakaniza kusachepera katatu; tsamba lachikasu ndi bulauni limasonkhanitsidwa m’mulu waukulu ndikusungidwa kusachepera masiku 180. Malinga ndi “Pengpai”, gawo la mulu limatenga miyezi isanu ndi umodzi mpaka zaka ziwiri kapena zisanu.
Kukonzanso (复制). Kusefa, kupeta ndi kudula — “chachitali kukhala chachifupi, chakukhwima kukhala chochepa”.
Kuziwiritsa nthunzi (蒸制) kwa tsamba la zigawo zakunja ndi mkati mwa chiŵerengero chokhazikitsidwa.
Kupondereza (压制) mu mawonekedwe; njerwa imazizira pafupifupi ola limodzi.
Kuyanika (烘制) ndi kutentha pang’onopang’ono mpaka chinyontho chosaposa 12%.

Njerwa imapangidwa kuchokera ku zigawo ziwiri zakunja ndi mkati.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Malinga ndi mulingo wa dziko GB/T 9833.9-2013 “Pressed tea. Part 9: Qingzhuan”, wamba pa njerwa zonse zobiriwira, ndi kaundula wa boma la Chibi:

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Njerwa yosalala ndi ngodya zolingana, yolimba, buluu-bulauni (青褐), yokhala ndi chidindo chodziwika bwino, yopanda nkhungu yakuda, yoyera kapena yobiriwira.
Fungo la tsamba louma: Malinga ndi kaundula, kununkhiza kouma — fungo la kusunga (陈香).
Fungo la madzi: Oyera (香气纯正).
Kukoma: Kofewa (滋味醇和); kaundula akuwonjezera kubwerera kokoma.
Mtundu wa madzi: Oranji-wofiira (橙红); nyuzipepala ya 2015 inalemba “wofiira-wachikasu”.
Tsamba lotsiriza (tsamba lopangidwa): Mdima-bulauni (暗褐).

Kwa njerwa yosungidwa, malinga ndi kaundula, pamwamba pake ndi ofiira-bulauni, madzi ake ndi ofiira kwambiri, ndipo fungo lake ndi la kusunga, zipatso za date ndi matabwa.

7. Kapangidwe ka Chemical

Mulingo GB/T 9833.9-2013 umapereka zizindikiro za physicochemical, koma mu malemba omwe alipo tebulo silikuwerengeka, choncho palibe manambala pano.

8. Ubwino wa Zaumoyo

Palibe umboni wotsimikizika wa zotsatira za tiyi uwu weniweni. Webusaiti ya boma imapereka mndandanda wautali wa ubwino wa zaumoyo; kutsimikizira kwachipatala sikukupezeka m’magwero omwe anapezeka, ndipo pano sizibwerezedwa.

9. Kukonza

Mchitidwe wa gulu la tiyi wakuda woponderezedwa — malinga ndi malangizo a boma la Chibi.

Zida: Mphika wadothi wokhuthala; mutha kuphika.
Kutentha kwa madzi: 100 °C.
Chiŵerengero: Pafupifupi 1 : 30 kwa njerwa yapamwamba ndi 1 : 20 kwa yakukhwima; nthawi zambiri 8–10 g, yothyoledwa ndi chidutswa.
Ndondomeko:
1. Kutsanulira koyamba ndiko kutsuka, amathira.
2. Ikani kwa masekondi 10–30.
3. Pafupifupi kutsanulira kasanu ndi kawiri.
Kuphika: Pafupifupi 10 g tsukani ndikuphika m’madzi otentha pa moto wochepa kwa mphindi pafupifupi 10.

10. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa gulu, wowonjezeredwa ndi kaundula wa boma: kouma, m’mdima, ndi mpweya wabwino, popanda fungo, pa 22–26 °C ndi chinyontho chochepera 70%; osati mu polythene komanso mosiyana ndi tiyi wina.

11. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo

Palibe mitengo ya malonda m’magwero omwe anapezeka. Mtengo wa mtundu mzindawo, kutengera kuyerekezera kwa makampani, akuti ndi 4.364 biliyoni yuan (2022) — uku ndiko kuyerekezera kotsatsa, osati mtengo.

Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro cha certification cha “赤壁青砖茶” ndi wopanga wochokera ku Chibi.
- Kumbukirani kuti “川” ndi chizindikiro cha malonda cha fakitale imodzi, osati chizindikiro cha chiyambi; qingzhuan malinga ndi mulingo wamba amapangidwanso kunja kwa Chibi.
- Malinga ndi kaundula: pamwamba pake pakhale posalala, popanda tsinde zotuluka, ming’alu, nkhungu ndi fungo lachilendo.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Mu 2014, malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya mzinda, Chibi inali pafupifupi 35% ya malonda a tiyi wa njerwa ku China.
Chizindikiro “川” chimaŵerengedwa ndi kukhudza — ndi zala zitatu.

13. Kufananitsa ndi tiyi wina wakuda

Hubei Qing Zhuan (湖北青砖): Ndemanga ya njerwa yobiriwira ya Hubei mu corpus — gawo la chigawo ndi dera la Xianning.
Lao Qing Cha (老青茶): Zopangira zomwe zimaponderezedwa kukhala njerwa.
Xian’an Zhuancha (咸安砖茶): Tiyi wa njerwa wa dera loyandikana nalo la chigawo chomwecho — dzina losiyana ndi dera lake.
Linxiang Heicha (临湘黑茶): Tiyi wakuda wa Linxiang, Hunan, omwe zopangira zawo zakale zinkapitanso ku Yangloudong.

Pomaliza:

Chibi Qingzhuancha ndi njerwa yobiriwira yomwe kwenikweni ndi tiyi wakuda: tsamba lakukhwima ndi tsinde lofiira, mulu wonyowa wautali, nthunzi ndi kupondereza. Mbiri imamugwirizanitsa ndi Yangloudong ndi njira yayikulu ya tiyi, ndipo mbali ya malamulo imafuna kusamala: malonda omwe ali ndi chizindikiro mzindawo umatchula njerwa ya Yangloudong, ndipo dzina la “赤壁青砖茶” limatetezedwa ngati chizindikiro cha certification ndipo lili mndandanda wachiwiri wa mgwirizano ndi European Union.

Magwero

Miyezo

GB/T 9833.9-2013

Chizindikiro cha malo

中欧协定附录V (中国注册)

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero