Bǎiquán lǜchá

Bai Quan Lücha (Bǎiquán lǜchá, 柏泉绿茶) itiye eliluhlaza eligazingiwe eliyisicaba lomkhandlu wasemgwaqweni i-Bai Quan (柏泉街道) esifundeni sase-Dongxihu (东西湖区) enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Wuhan, esifundazweni sase-Hubei. Lelinye lamatiye ambalwa avikelwe phakathi kwedolobha elinezigidi zabantu: ingadi eseduze kwegquma i-Yupingshan (玉屏山), ngokusho komkhiqizi, isendaweni engamakhilomitha ayishumi nesikhombisa ukusuka enkabeni yedolobha. Izihlahla ezindala ziyinhlobo ye-longjing, ezalethwa zivela e-Hangzhou ngeminyaka yawo-1960, kanti izidingo zombhalo ka-2025 zibiza uhlobo oluyinhloko nge-Echa No. 1. Igama livikelwe kabili: ngokwendawo yezolimo kusukela ngo-2021 futhi, kusukela ngo-2025, ngesimo somkhiqizo onendawo evikelwe.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Ihhovisi lezolimo lase-Wuhan lilibeka phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza agazingiwe ayisicaba (扁炒青).
• Isigaba: Itiye eliyisicaba, umkhiqizi alibiza ngokuthi lenziwe “ngobuchwepheshe be-longjing”; indawo yezolimo kanye nomkhiqizo onendawo evikelwe.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), idolobha i-Wuhan (武汉, Wǔhàn), isifunda i-Dongxihu (东西湖, Dōngxīhú), umkhandlu wasemgwaqweni i-Bai Quan.
• Indawo evikelwe: Esithasiselweni sesimemezelo sehhovisi likahulumeni lempahla yengqondo, kubizwa amaqembu amathathu okukhiqiza omkhandlu wasemgwaqweni i-Bai Quan, okuyi-Hongxing (红星), i-Hongguang (红光) ne-Yuanlin (园林).
• Izixhumanisi ezirekhodiwe: 114°07′27″–114°07′32″ empumalanga, 30°43′23″–30°43′30″ enyakatho. Mayelana nokuthi kungani lezi zinombolo zingabaza, bheka isigaba sesi-4.
• Umfakisicelo: Isikhungo sezokulima somkhandlu wasemgwaqweni i-Bai Quan esifundeni sase-Dongxihu.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Inganekwane yethempeli. Umlando wesifunda sase-Dongxihu (东西湖区志), njengoba ulandiswa yimithombo yendawo, ususa itiye etiyeni lezindela lethempeli i-Jintai (金台寺, manje i-Jingde-si, 景德寺) kusukela ekupheleni kwe-Tang kuya ekuqaleni kwe-Song. Imithombo efanayo icaphuna incazelo yezwe yaseningizimu ye-Song ethi “Yudi jisheng” (舆地纪胜): intaba i-Bai Quan enyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifunda sase-Hanyang, ngaphansi kwayo ithempeli i-Jintai, eduze kwethempeli kukhona umthombo. Lena inganekwane, hhayi umbhalo mayelana netiye lamanje.
  • Ngawo-1960. Lapha imithombo iyahluka. Ikhasi lomkhiqizo emnyuziyamu we-elektroniki wezimpawu ezindala zomnyango wezohwebo libhala ngokutshalwa okukhulu kusukela ngo-1962, ngokutshalwa kokuhlolwa kwetiye elinamaqabunga amancane e-Yupingshan ngo-1964, mayelana nama-mu angu-200 egqumeni i-Qiwanshan (祁湾山) nokusungulwa kwefektri ngo-1966; kamuva izingadi zanwetshwa zaya emithambekeni yamaqembu i-Hongxing ne-Hongguang. Isihloko sekhasi elifanayo, imithombo yase-Wuhan kanye nencwadi yezinkomba zibeka ifektri ngonyaka ka-1964.
  • 1977–1999. Ngokwekhasi lomnyuziyamu, ngo-1977 ngaphansi kwezingadi kwakunama-mu angu-1289; ngo-1982 bakha kusuka kuma-mu angu-842 futhi bakhiqiza amathani angu-36; ngo-1999 itiye lathola isitifiketi “somkhiqizo oluhlaza”.
  • 1970–1980. Itiye le-Bai Quan e-Dongxihu laliyitiye “lansuku zonke” (口粮茶). Kamuva ibhizinisi lakhubazeka, ingadi yacishe yashiywa; ukuvuselelwa kwaqala ngo-2018.
  • 2020. NgoJulayi 10 itiye ladlula ukuhlolwa kwekhwalithi yesifundazwe, ngoDisemba 8 ukwamukelwa kweqembu longoti lomnyango wezolimo.
  • 2021. NgoJuni 4 umnyango wezolimo nezindaba zasemaphandleni wabhalisa igama njengendawo yezolimo, inombolo AGI03367. NgoDisemba 9 umnyango wezohwebo waseHubei waqaphela uphawu lwefektri njenge “uphawu oludala lwaseHubei” (湖北老字号).
  • Amagugu. Ubuchwepheshe betiye le-Bai Quan bufakwe ohlwini lwesifunda lwamagugu angaphatheki; unyaka awukho emithonjeni etholakele.
  • 2025. Ngesimemezelo No. 640 ihhovisi likahulumende lempahla yengqondo laqaphela igama njengomkhiqizo onendawo evikelwe. Ihhovisi lokuphatha imakethe yase-Wuhan lichaza lokhu njengokudluliselwa kwezindawo zangaphambili zezolimo ohlelweni olulodwa, okuqale ngo-2024.
• Igama: “Bai Quan” (柏泉) lisho “umthombo ngaphansi kwemisedari”: imithombo yaseWuhan ihumusha igama njengomthombo ngaphansi kwemisedari.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwemithombo yomkhiqizi, ngo-2019 lona kwakuwukuphela kophawu lwetiye lase-Wuhan edolobhaneni lababambe iqhaza emidlalweni yomhlaba yamasosha; ukushicilelwa konyaka ofanayo kubala phakathi kwabahlinzeki beMidlalo netiye le-Chengluozhai, imininingwane iyaphikisana. Ngokwencwadi yezinkomba, ngo-2021 itiye langena “kuhlu lwamatiye ayishumi amahle aseHubei” (湖北十大好茶).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

• Uhlobo / Isilimo: Lapha imithombo iyahluka. Imithombo yase-Wuhan ka-2023: inhlobo endala ye-longjing (群体种老龙井), elethwa ivela e-Hangzhou ngawo-1960, ubudala bezihlahla iminyaka engama-40–60; ikhasi lomnyuziyamu libabiza ngokuthi abanamacembe amancane. Izidingo zombhalo ka-2025: izinhlobo zendawo ezivela ezingadini ezindala ezivuselelwe noma izinhlobo eziqophile ukubhaliswa kukahulumeni, ikakhulukazi i-Echa No. 1 (鄂茶1号).
• Izinto ezingavuthiwe: Iqabunga elilodwa ngeqhakaza elilodwa noma iqabunga elilodwa ngamaqabunga amabili.
• Isikhathi sokuvuna: Ngaphambi komkhosi we-Qingming (明前). Izidingo ziyalela ukuvunwa ngokwezinhlobo, ngokuhlukana izinhlobo ezisheshayo, ezisaphakathi nezimaphakathi.
• Isivuno: Ngokwencazelo yomkhiqizi, jin elilodwa letiye elomile lidinga iziqhakaza ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezingamashumi ayisithupha. Lokhu akusilo izinga.

4. Indawo kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: Umkhawulo wethafa laseJianghan: ngokwekhasi lomnyuziyamu, enyakatho ye-Bai Quan kunamahlathi anamagquma, eningizimu kunamachibi nendawo ekhukhula yomfula i-Fuhe.
• Ingadi: Cishe ama-mu angu-600 eduze kwegquma i-Yupingshan.
• Isimo sezulu: Ngokwezincazelo, kunelanga, nemvula eyanele; incwadi yezinkomba ibala cishe u-1107 mm wemvula ngonyaka.
• Isimo sendawo: Ngokwezidingo zombhalo, indawo ebanzi futhi emthambekeni, enelanga, ngaphandle kokungcoliswa yimisebenzi yezimayini.
• Inhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo zombhalo, ikakhulukazi inhlabathi ebomvu (红壤), i-pH 5.7–6.5; ngokwesilinganiso izinto eziphilayo zingu-43.48 g/kg, i-nitrogen e-hydrolyzable ye-alkali ingu-109.54 mg/kg, i-phosphorus ehambayo ingu-16.32 mg/kg, i-potassium ehambayo ingu-123.88 mg/kg.
• Ubuchwepheshe bokulima: Ukutshala imigqa emibili, izihlahla ezingama-2500–3000 nge-mu; ukuthenwa okulula unyaka ngamunye, ukuthenwa okujulile kanye eminyakeni emi-3–5.
• Ukuphakama: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izixhumanisi okunzima ukukholelwa kuzo: Ifreyimu erekhodiwe ihlanganisa amasekhondi amahlanu e-angular ngobude namasekhondi ayisikhombisa ngobubanzi. Ekuphakameni kwe-Wuhan lokhu cishe kungamamitha angu-133 nge-216, okungaphansi kwamahektha amathathu. Ingadi yefektri kuphela, ama-mu angu-600, icishe ibe ngamahektha angamashumi amane, kanti indawo ichazwa ngamaqembu amathathu okukhiqiza. Kunezincazelo ezimbili ezingaba khona: ezirekhodini njengebanga kubhalwe izixhumanisi zephoyinti elilodwa noma kukhona iphutha lokubhala emaminithini. Ukukhetha phakathi kwazo ngemithombo etholakalayo akunakwenzeka; uma usebenza naleli gama izixhumanisi kufanele zihlolwe ngomthombo wokuqala.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ihhovisi lezolimo lase-Wuhan lichaza uhlelo oluyisisekelo kanje:

1. Ukubuna (摊青, tānqīng): Amahora ama-4–6, kuze kube yilapho iqabunga, elicindezelwe esandleni, lingasabambi isigaxa.
2. Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ebhodweni lensimbi ku-160–220 °C, kufakwa cishe amagremu angu-200, imizuzu eyi-10–15, kuze kube umswakama ongu-55%. Iqabunga ngemva kwemvula noma amazolo ligazingwa ku-10–15 °C ukushisa kakhulu.
3. Ukuphumula (回潮, huícháo): Amahora angu-1–2 endaweni epholile.
4. Ukuqeda ebhodweni (辉锅, huīguō): Emlilweni ophansi ngezandla kucindezelwa, kusunduzwa, kubanjwa, kucindezelwa futhi kugcotshwa iqabunga (扣、推、抓、压、磨), kuze kube yilapho liba isicaba futhi lomile. Ngokwamazwi omkhiqizi, yilapha lapho kuvela khona iphunga likabhontshisi nele-chestnut.

Ikhasi lomnyuziyamu libala uchungechunge olunemininingwane eminingi lwemisebenzi eyishumi nambili, okuhlanganisa ukupholisa, ukulinganisa nokucindezela iqabunga, ukufudumeza ngephunga kanye nokugcina endaweni ebandayo, futhi lubiza umsebenzi ngokuthi iningi lawo lenziwa ngesandla. Ukulungisa kuqhutshwa kuze kube iqabunga lithambe linephunga likabhontshisi elivelayo: “isandla asisuki etiyeni, itiye alisuki ebhodweni”.

6. Izici Zokuzwa

Incazelo ngokwezidingo zombhalo ka-2025; itiye ngokuyinhloko liyisicaba.

• Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Isicaba, sincane futhi siminyene, bushelelezi futhi siqondile, siluhlaza okotshani okukhanyayo (扁平、细紧、光直，色泽翠绿).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lokuphisiwe: Lihlanzekile, lihlala isikhathi eside (清香持久). Encazelweni yase-Wuhan ka-2023, ikakhulukazi iphunga le-chestnut (栗香居多), elinethoni likabhontshisi.
• Ukunambitheka: Okusha, okuqabulayo, nokunambitheka okumnandi ngemva (鲜爽回甘); incazelo yase-Wuhan ithi kunambitheka okugcwele okuthambile futhi okuqabulayo (浓醇爽口).
• Umbala wokuphisiwe: Uluhlaza okotshani obuthambile, okhanyayo (嫩绿明亮). Incazelo yase-Wuhan ka-2023 nencwadi yezinkomba zibhala “uluhlaza oluphuzi” (黄绿亮), imithombo iyaphikisana.
• Izindle ezansi (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Luhlaza okotshani obuthambile, okhanyayo, okulinganayo (嫩绿明亮、匀齐); encazelweni yase-Wuhan kuthiwa luphuzi ngokuluhlaza (黄绿明亮).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zombhalo ka-2025: izinto ezincibilika emanzini okungenani zingu-35%, ama-amino acid akhululekile okungenani angu-2.8%, ama-polyphenol okungenani angu-17%, umswakama ungabi ngaphezu kuka-5%.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
• Inani letiye: Amagremu amathathu ku-150 ml.
• Isitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
• Inqubo:
  1. Fundisa isitsha.
  2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasohlangothini.
  3. Ukuphisa kokuqala ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
  4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yokuphisiwe.
  5. Thela amanzi futhi.
  6. Ukuphisa kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephepheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Umkhiqizi uqobo ufaka ukugcinwa endaweni ebandayo ochungechungeni lomsebenzi. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye Namanyala

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.

• Indlela yokugwema amanyala:
  • Funana nophawu lwendawo yezolimo AGI03367 noma uphawu lomkhiqizo onendawo evikelwe.
  • Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni sase-Dongxihu.
  • Iqabunga lisicaba, lincane, liqondile, liluhlaza okotshani; ukuphisiwe kukhanyayo, kuluhlaza nokuphuzi noma cha.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Esimemezelweni esifanayo sika-2025 isimo somkhiqizo onendawo evikelwe bathola namanye amatiye amabili ase-Wuhan, womabili avela esifundeni sase-Jiangxia, okuyi-Jiangxia Bifang (江夏碧舫) ne-Jiangxia Guangming Cha (江夏光明茶).
• Amaqembu i-Hongxing ne-Hongguang, okuchazwa ngawo indawo evikelwe, abalwa futhi emlandweni wokutshalwa kwezingadi ngawo-1960.
• Kugazingwa ngesandla ngokomthetho othi “isandla asisuki etiyeni, itiye alisuki ebhodweni”, futhi ubuchwepheshe besandla bufakwe ohlwini lwesifunda lwamagugu angaphatheki.

12. Ukuqhathanisa Namatiye Ahlobene

• Xihu Longjing (西湖龙井): Indawo yokuzalwa yezihlahla zengadi endala kanye nesibonelo sobuchwepheshe umkhiqizi abhekisela kuso: iqabunga eliyisicaba, ithoni le-chestnut. I-Bai Quan itiye eliyisicaba ethafeni laseHubei.
• Sanxia Longjing (三峡龙井): Itiye laseHubei lohlobo lwe-longjing elivela esifundeni seThree Gorges; lisentabeni, ngokungafani ne-Bai Quan esethafeni.
• Dengcun Lücha (邓村绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza laseHubei elinendawo evikelwe elivela ezintabeni eziphakeme zaseYichang, ukuze liqhathanise netiye lasemaphethelweni edolobha.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Bai Quan Lücha itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba emaphethelweni e-Wuhan: ingadi eseduze kwegquma i-Yupingshan kusukela ngawo-1960, izihlahla ze-longjing zaseHangzhou eduze nohlobo lwe-Echa No. 1, ukuqedwa ngesandla ebhodweni elishisayo, iqabunga eliluhlaza okotshani nephunga elihlala isikhathi eside. Linomlando omude emibhalweni yama-1960–1980, inganekwane yethempeli nokuvikelwa okubili, indawo yezolimo ka-2021 nesimo somkhiqizo onendawo evikelwe sika-2025. Kunezindawo ezimbili ezibuthakathaka: izixhumanisi zendawo ezirekhodiwe kanye nokungafani kwezincazelo, izidingo zika-2025 zibiza ukuphisiwe ngokuthi kuluhlaza okotshani obuthambile, imibhalo yendawo ithi luphuzi ngokuluhlaza nephunga le-chestnut.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №640

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo