Xiāngxī huángjīn chá

Xiangxi Huangjin Cha (Xiāngxī huángjīn chá, 湘西黄金茶) ndi “tii wagolide wa Xiangxi”, dzina lachigawo la tii lochokera ku gulu la mtundu wa huangjincha (黄金茶) ndi mitundu yosankhidwa kuchokera mmenemo ku Xiangxi Tujia ndi Miao Autonomous Prefecture kumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Hunan. Dzinali latetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha geographical certification kuyambira 2018. Gulu lake siliri limodzi: pansi pake pamasulidwa miyezo yamagulu a tii wobiriwira, wofiira ndi woyera. “Golide” m’dzinali ndi lochokera ku nthano ya mtengo, osati za tii wachikasu kapena mtundu wa tsamba. Mkangano ndi chizindikiro choyambirira cha chigawo cha Baojing Huang Jin Cha unafika kukhothi, ndipo chizindikiro cha chigawocho chinakhalabe.

1. Classification ndi Origin

Mtundu ndi gulu: Brand yachigawo yopanda gulu limodzi. Miyezo yamagulu ya Hunan Tea Society: T/HNTI 010-2019, kukonza tii wobiriwira, T/HNTI 011-2019, kukonza tii wofiira (yogwira ntchito kuyambira 1 September 2019), T/HNTI 009-2019, tii woyera, T/HNTI 020-2020, kukonza tii woyera. Wodziwika kwambiri ndi wobiriwira.
Msampha wa dzina: 黄金 (huángjīn) ndi “golide”: si tii wachikasu (黄茶) ndipo si mtundu wa masamba achikasu ngati 黄金芽.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hunan (湖南, Húnán), Xiangxi Tujia ndi Miao Autonomous Prefecture (湘西, Xiāngxī). Muyezo wa tii wofiira umagwira ntchito m’maboma onse asanu ndi atatu ndi mizinda ya chigawocho: Jishou, Luxi, Fenghuang, Huayuan, Baojing, Guzhang, Yongshun ndi Longshan.
Chitetezo: Geographical certification trademark No. 15887938, kalasi 30, katundu ndi “tii”; mwiniwake ndi agricultural technology station ya mzinda wa Jishou (吉首市经果技术推广站). Dzinali silinalembetsedwe ngati agricultural geographical indication.
Geographical coordinates: Jishou ndi pafupifupi 28.3° kumpoto ndi 109.7° kum’mawa.

2. Mbiri ndi Cultural Significance

Mbiri:
- Chiyambi. Nkhani ya “China Rural Revitalization Network” (2023) imabweretsa tii wa malowa ku “Xizhou tea” (溪州茶) wa nthawi ya Song Dynasty. Huangjincha imamera m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Lengzhaihe (冷寨河), makamaka m’midzi ya Aikou (隘口村) ya mzinda wa Jishou ndi Huangjin (黄金村) ya chigawo cha Baojing, kumene banja lalikulu ndi Xiang (向) ndipo mabanja ndi achibale.
- Mayina atatu. Poyamba tii amatchulidwa ndi dzina la mtsinje, kuyambira zaka za m’ma 1990 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 2000, amatchedwa “换金茶” (huànjīn chá, “tii wosinthanitsa ndi golide”), tsopano ndi “黄金茶”.
- Nthano. Pali mitundu yoposa khumi. Yodziwika kwambiri, malinga ndi mwambo: mu 1539 (嘉靖十八年) gulu la asilikali la censor Lu Jie (陆杰) linadwala m’mapiri ndi “miasma” (瘴气), mkazi wokalamba wa Miao anamwetsa anthu tii kuchokera ku zitsamba zake zazaka zana, ndipo Lu Jie anamupatsa chipika cha golide. Kuchokera pamenepo mwambi “一两黄金一两茶” ndi “liang la golide pa liang la tii”. Nkhani ya 2023 sinapeze chochitikacho mu “History of Ming” kapena mu “Veritable Records” ya Mfumu Shizong; buku la “China Gate” (2013), m’malo mwake, limatchula “Veritable Records”, ndipo ku chaka cha 18 cha Jiajing limayika 1545 m’mabokosi. Malinga ndi nthano yachiwiri, kuchokera mu mbiri ya Qing ya chigawo cha Baojing, m’zaka za Jiaqing (嘉庆) tii anapatsidwa liang la golide ndi kupangidwa kukhala wa msonkho ndi daotai wina.
- Kuyambira 2004 kutsitsimutsa kwa makampani kunayamba.
- Kuyambira 2009, malinga ndi chigamulo cha Beijing Higher People’s Court monga momwe chinafalitsidwira ndi “China Intellectual Property News” (2025), kubzala kunachoka ku Baojing kupita ku Jishou, Longshan ndi maboma ena: tii wagolide wa Xiangxi “引种自保靖黄金茶” ndi wochokera ku baojing.
- 2014–2018. Malinga ndi “China Intellectual Property News” (2025), pempho linaperekedwa mu December 2014; pambuyo pa ndondomeko ya kutsutsa, chizindikiro chinalembetsedwa mu February 2018.
- Kukangana kwa zizindikiro. Mu March ndi December 2018, mabungwe achigawo cha Baojing anapempha kuti chizindikirocho chidziwike kuti nchosavomerezeka; State Intellectual Property Office inachisunga. Bungwe la chigawo la makampani a tii linagonja kukhothi loyamba, kufanana kwa zizindikiro ziwiri ndi geographical indication kukhothi kunayesa mwa ngati wogula asokoneza malo ochokera, ndipo linachotsa apilo. Pempho lomwe linaperekedwa mu January 2019 ndi mabungwe a Baojing ndi cooperative union linadutsa magawo angapo: mu February 2023 ofesiyo inasunganso chizindikirocho, ndipo khoti loyamba ndi Beijing Higher People’s Court anavomerezana. Madera a zizindikiro amadutsana, koma aliyense ali ndi malamulo ake ogwiritsira ntchito ndi kuwongolera khalidwe.
Dzina: 湘西 (Xiāngxī) ndi “kumadzulo kwa Hunan”, 黄金 (huángjīn) ndi “golide”. Mtengo wakale kwambiri wa mudzi wa Huangjin, malinga ndi zofalitsa, akatswiri amatcha “可以喝的文物” ndi “chipilala chomwe chingamwedwe”.

3. Botanical Description ndi Raw Material

Gulu: Huangjincha ndi gulu la mbewu lokhala ndi ma genetics ovuta komanso ma genotypes ndi ma phenotypes ambiri (buku la “China Gate”, 2013).
Minda yakale: M’minda isanu ndi iwiri yakale ya mudzi wa Huangjin pali mitengo 2057 ya nthawi za Ming ndi Qing; wakale kwambiri, malinga ndi lipoti la 2020, ali ndi zaka 414, ndipo ndi chinthu chokha chamoyo cha Hunan chotetezedwa ngati cholowa chosagwirika.
Mitundu: Malinga ndi nkhani ya 2023, m’minda yakale mwasankhidwa mizere 104, ndipo kwa cuttings anasankha “1号”, “2号”, “8号”, “168号” ndi zitsamba zina. Mitundu 保靖黄金茶1号 ndi 2号 inapangidwa ndi Hunan Tea Institute; 1号 inalembetsedwa kuchigawo.
Raw material: Muyezo wa tii woyera umatchula masamba, masamba ndi mapesi a mitundu ya huangjincha; zofunika pa raw material ya tii wobiriwira sizikupezeka m’magwero otseguka.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Dera: Mapiri a Wulingshan kumadzulo kwa Hunan. Dera loyambirira ndi mphambano ya Jishou ndi Baojing, malinga ndi nkhani ya 2023 ndi malire akale a madera a Han ndi mapiri a Miao.
Nyengo ndi dothi: Kwa dera la chizindikiro, palibe data ya kutalika, dothi ndi mvula m’magwero omwe tapeza. Malinga ndi lipoti la 2020, minda ya chigawo cha Baojing ndi malo a chifunga, mvula yambiri ndi dothi lachonde m’dera la dothi lokhala ndi selenium.

5. Tekinoloje ya Kupanga

Tekinoloje imatengera gulu; malemba a miyezo yamagulu sali otseguka, palibe magawo.

Tii wobiriwira. Malinga ndi nkhani ya 2023, magawo atatu: fixation (杀青, shāqīng), rolling (揉捻, róuniǎn) ndi drying (干燥, gānzào); iyi ndi njira yodziwika ya gulu la tii wobiriwira.
Tii wofiira. Malinga ndi nkhani yomweyo, tekinoloje inakhazikitsidwa cha m’ma 2008 motengera chikoka cha Taiwan; wolemba amatsutsa roasting, kununkhira kulipo, koma kubwerera kotsekemera kulibe.
Tii woyera. Malinga ndi muyezo T/HNTI 009-2019, withering, drying ndi sorting.
Maonekedwe a tsamba. Malinga ndi “Banyuetan” (2023), kampani ya 中茶 pamodzi ndi gulu la sayansi inasamutsa ku tii wa Baojing njira ya tsamba loyima la Guzhang Maojian: tsamba lomwe poyamba linali lopindika pang’ono linakhala loyima. Ngati izi zikugwira ntchito ku zinthu zomwe zili pansi pa chizindikiro cha chigawo, sizikudziwika bwino kuchokera ku gwero.

6. Organoleptic Characteristics

Palibe chikalata cha chizindikiro chofotokoza maonekedwe m’magwero otseguka. Pansipa pali kufotokozera kwa malonda omwe ali pansi pa chizindikiro monga momwe zafotokozedwera m’nkhani ya reference (Baike); mwa maonekedwe ndi tii wobiriwira.

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Tsamba lolimba, lalikulu ndi lolemera, lobiriwira ngati emerald, lokhala ndi nthenga zowonekera.
Kununkhira kwa masamba owuma: Kwamphamvu.
Kununkhira kwa infusion: Kununkhira kwapadera kwachilengedwe kwa maluwa.
Kukoma: Kwatsopano, ndi kukoma kwapadera kwa “chimanga” (谷韵).
Mtundu wa infusion: Wachikasu wobiriwira ndi wowonekera.
Tsamba la tii (tsamba lophikidwa): Lobiriwira lofewa, lowala komanso lofewa kwambiri.

Kwa tii wa Baojing, atolankhani am’boma amabwereza ndondomeko ya “四高四绝”: ma amino acid ambiri, polyphenols, extractives ndi chlorophyll; kununkhira kochuluka, infusion ya emerald, kutsitsimuka m’kamwa ndi kutsekemera kofewa pambuyo pake (茶香浓郁、汤色翠绿、入口清爽、回味甘醇).

7. Chemical Composition

Nkhani ya reference pachizindikiro (Baike) ikupereka zotsatira izi; kusonkhanitsa, chaka ndi njira yoyeza sizinatchulidwe.

Chizindikiro	Kuchuluka
Extractives	46.6 %
Ma amino acid	7.8 %
Polyphenols	20.6 %
Caffeine	4.12 %

Kwa tii woyamba wa masika wa Baojing, atolankhani (2020, 2023) amatchula ma amino acid 7.47%, kuwirikiza kawiri kuposa tii wobiriwira wamba wa nthawi yomweyo, polyphenols pafupifupi 20% ndi extractives pafupifupi 50%, malinga ndi kusanthula komwe kunachitika ndi Hunan Tea Institute. Zofunikira za chizindikiro kapena muyezo pa zotsatira sizikupezeka m’magwero.

8. Brewing

Njira ya gulu la tii wobiriwira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 75–80 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tii: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Zida: Glass kapena white gaiwan.
Njira: Tenthetsani zida, thirani madzi pakhoma, infusion yoyamba pakadutsa masekondi 40–60; kuthiranso kawiri kapena katatu.

Tii wofiira ndi woyera pansi pa dzina limeneli amaphikidwa malinga ndi njira ya gulu lawo.

9. Kusunga

Njira ya gulu la tii wobiriwira. Mu phukusi lotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonamizira

Malinga ndi nkhani ya 2023, palibe gulu limodzi la mtundu, ndipo msika umayamika tii malinga ndi mtundu wa chitsamba: tii wa Qingming wochokera ku mtundu No. 1 ndi pafupifupi 500–800 yuan, kuchokera ku mtundu No. 2 ndi pafupifupi 1200–1800 yuan (gawo la kulemera silinatchulidwe m’nkhani).

Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro cha “湘西黄金茶” ndi kutchula limodzi mwa maboma asanu ndi atatu ndi mizinda ya chigawocho.
- Siyanitsani ndi Baojing Huang Jin Cha, chomwe ndi chizindikiro chosiyana, choyambirira, chokhala ndi dera mkati mwa chigawo chimodzi.
- Chizindikiro cha malonda “黄金茶” popanda kutchula malo, malinga ndi nkhani ya 2023, chinalembetsedwa osati ku Xiangxi; opanga a m’deralo ali ndi “湘西黄金茶” ndi “保靖黄金茶” okha.
- Musasokoneze ndi tii “wagolide” wa dera la phiri la Sanqingshan ku Jiangxi komanso ndi mitundu ya masamba achikasu 黄金芽.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

Zopempha zofuna kuti chizindikiro cha chigawo chidziwike kuti nchosavomerezeka zinaperekedwa mu 2018 ndi 2019; za chigamulo chomaliza cha Beijing Higher People’s Court atolankhani adalemba mu January 2025, ndipo chizindikirocho chinakhalabe.
Pa jin imodzi ya tii wa Baojing, malinga ndi lipoti la 2020, amatola pamanja masamba 32–35 zikwi.

12. Kufanizira ndi oyandikana nawo

Baojing Huang Jin Cha (保靖黄金茶): Tii woyambirira wa gulu lomwelo; chizindikiro cha chigawo cha Baojing (pempho 2010, kulembetsa 2011) ndi agricultural geographical indication ya 2010. Xiangxi Huangjin Cha ndi mlingo wa chigawo pamwamba pake.
Baojing Huang Jin Hong Cha (保靖黄金红茶): Tii wofiira wa raw material yomweyo.
Guzhang Maojian (古丈毛尖): Tii wobiriwira wa chigawo cha Guzhang, chomwe chilinso m’dera la chizindikiro.
Anji Huang Jin Ya (安吉黄金芽): Tii wa masamba achikasu wa Zhejiang, “wagolide” chifukwa cha mtundu wa tsamba, posiyanitsa: kwa Xiangxi Huangjin Cha “golide” ali m’dzina lokha.

Pomaliza:

Xiangxi Huangjin Cha ndi dzina lachigawo la tii wa gulu limodzi lakale lochokera ku mtsinje wa Lengzhaihe: wobiriwira, wofiira ndi woyera, aliyense ali ndi muyezo wake wa gulu. Mzati wake ndi huangjincha wolemera ma amino acid, mbiri ndi nthano za golide zopanda umboni wolembedwa, ndipo ufulu pa dzinalo unatsimikiziridwa ndi ofesi ndi makhothi.

Magwero

Miyezo

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero