Shèngshuǐ lǜchá (Shèngshuǐ lǜchá, 圣水绿茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’boma la Zhushan (竹山县) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Shiyan kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Hubei. 圣水 amatanthauza “madzi opatulika,” ndipo m’dzinali mulibe dzina la boma: mafotokozedwe a m’deralo amachokera ku mudzi wa Shengshui m’tauni ya Desheng komanso ku nthano ya tiyi wa mfumu. Masamba malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo ndi ozungulira-owongoka, okhala ndi nsonga zakuthwa, obiriwira ngati emerald, okhala ndi tsitsi lowoneka bwino; fungo lake ndi lalitali komanso lokhazikika. Dzinali limatetezedwa ndi njira ziwiri: chizindikiro chaulimi cha geographical indication (AGI00316) ndipo, kuyambira 2025, udindo wa product with geographical indication, dera lake lomwe ndi matownship khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri ndi matauni a m’boma la Zhushan.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Gulu limatchulidwa m’dzina, ndipo zofunikira za chitetezo zimalongosola luso la tiyi wobiriwira: fixing, rolling, drying.
- Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma la kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Hubei; agricultural geographical indication (AGI00316) ndi product with geographical indication (2025).
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hubei (湖北, Húběi), mzinda wa Shiyan (十堰, Shíyàn), boma la Zhushan (竹山, Zhúshān).
- Dera la chitetezo: Malinga ndi zofunikira za 2025, ndi matownship khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri ndi matauni a boma: Chengguan, Pankou, Yishui, Majiadu, Baofeng, Leigu, Qingu, Zhuping, Desheng, Damiao, Wenfeng, Shuangtai, Loutai, Shenhe, Tianjiaba, Guandu ndi Liulin. Wopempha ndi bungwe la tiyi la boma la Zhushan (竹山县茶叶协会).
- Madigiri a geographical coordinates: 109°33′–110°26′ E, 31°30′–32°37′ N. Izi ndi malire a dera malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Nthano. Mafotokozedwe a m’deralo amanena za nthano yochokera m’buku la “Zaka Zikwi Zisanu za Tiyi wa China” (《中国茶叶五千年》). Malinga ndi nthanoyi, kalonga wopandukira Li Xian (李显), yemwe anathamangitsidwa ku Fangling, pobwerera ku Chang’an anadutsa mudzi wa Shengshui (圣水村) wa tauni yamakono ya Desheng (得胜镇), analawa tiyi wa kumeneko, ndipo anamutengera amayi ake, mfumukazi Wu Zetian (武则天). Iye akuti anapatsa tiyi dzina lakuti “圣水贡茶” — “Shèngshuǐ gòngchá,” tiyi woperekedwa ku nyumba yachifumu — ndipo analamula kuti akhazikitse munda wa tiyi wa mfumu ndi kachisi. Palibe umboni wa zolembedwa wa nthanoyi m’mabuku omwe tapeza.
- Kukula kwa msika. Malinga ndi lipoti la komiti ya boma ya Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference (2014), malo a minda ya tiyi a boma afika 158,000 mu — 58,000 ochulukirapo kuposa 2006, ndipo kupanga tiyi wouma kudakwera kuchoka pa 620 t mu 2006 kufika pa 4410 t mu 2011; minda yobala zipatso mu 2011 inali 85,000 mu. Lipoti lomwelo likuti tiyi wa Zhushan, makamaka Shèngshuǐ lǜchá, ndiye mtundu waukulu pamsika wa tiyi wa Shiyan.
- Agricultural indication. Dzinali linalembetsedwa ngati agricultural geographical indication pansi pa nambala AGI00316; chaka cholembetsa sichinatchulidwe m’mabuku omwe tapeza.
- 2025. State Intellectual Property Office, ndi chilengezo nambala 640, inazindikira Shèngshuǐ lǜchá ngati product with geographical indication ndipo inasindikiza zofunikira zake.
- Dzina: “Shèngshuǐ” (圣水) — “madzi opatulika,” dzina la mudzi m’tauni ya Desheng; “lǜchá” (绿茶) — tiyi wobiriwira. Dzina la boma silinatchulidwe m’dzinali, ndipo mwa dzina la boma tiyi ameneyu sakupezeka.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi lipoti la bungwe la boma, tiyi ndi imodzi mwa mizati itatu yofunika kwambiri ya chuma cha Zhushan, ndipo boma lili ndi maudindo akuti “kwawo kwa tiyi wobiriwira wa chilengedwe wonunkhira kwambiri wa China” (中国高香型生态绿茶之乡) ndi “boma lalikulu lopanga tiyi la dziko” (全国产茶大县).
3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mtundu / Cultivar: Zofunikira za chitetezo sizitchula mtundu: m’gawo la “mtundu” mwalembedwa kokha kuti “tiyi wobiriwira wa m’dera la chitetezo” (产地范围内绿茶). Palibe zina zokhudza ma cultivar m’mabuku omwe tapeza.
- Mulingo wa kuthyola: Kuthyola ndi manja, pamene tchire layamba kumera ndipo 5% ya mizu yokhazikika ya masamba amodzi (标准单芽) yawonekera. Kapangidwe kake ka zopangira, kaya ndi mizu yokha kapena mizu ndi masamba, sikunatchulidwe m’zofunikira.
- Nthawi ya kuthyola: Palibe masiku enieni m’mabuku omwe tapeza; zofunikira zimalumikiza kuthyola ndi kuyamba kwa kukula kwa mphukira.
- Zofunikira pa zopangira: Palibe zofunikira zina kupatula lamulo la 5% ya mizu, m’mabuku omwe tapeza.
4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Dera: Boma lamapiri kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Hubei, m’chigawo cha Shiyan.
- Kutalika kwa kulima: Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo — 220–2740.2 m. Uwu ndi kutalika kwa dera, osati kutalika kwa minda: komwe minda imayima pamtunda uwu, zofunikira sizikulongosola.
- Nthaka: Zolemera ndi organic matter, ndi wosanjikiza wachonde woposa 80 cm, pH 4.5–6.5.
- Nyengo: Palibe zambiri zenizeni m’mabuku omwe tapeza. Mafotokozedwe a m’deralo amaika boma m’mapiri a Qinba (秦巴) kumwera kwa mapiri a Wudang (武当山) ndipo amanena za chifunga komanso kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku.
- Ulimi malinga ndi zofunikira: Feteleza wa organic — kompositi, make, ndowe; kudulira ndi kupalira; kuteteza ku tizilombo mwa njira za agrotechnical, physical ndi biological.
5. Luso la Kupanga
Zofunikira za chitetezo zimatchula ntchito khumi:
- Kufalitsa masamba atsopano (摊青, tānqīng).
- Kufix (杀青, shāqīng).
- Kugudubuza (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Kuumitsa kwachiwiri (二青, èrqīng).
- Kupanga mawonekedwe (整形, zhěngxíng).
- Kuwonetsa tsitsi (提毫, tíháo).
- Kuumitsa mobwerezabwereza (复烘, fùhōng).
- Kuumitsa kwathunthu ndi kutulutsa fungo (足干提香, zúgān tíxiāng).
- Kuchotsa zidutswa zazing’ono ndi kulemba (割末打标).
- Kusankha (精选, jīngxuǎn).
Zofunikira sizimapereka kutentha kapena nthawi; palibe zina zotsimikizika zokhudza matchulidwe a processing m’mabuku omwe tapeza.
6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic
Mafotokozedwe ali m’munsiyi akuchokera ku zofunikira za chitetezo za 2025.
- Mawonekedwe a masamba owuma: Ozungulira-owongoka, okhala ndi nsonga zakuthwa zowoneka bwino, obiriwira ngati emerald, okhala ndi tsitsi lowoneka bwino (外形圆直，锋苗挺秀，色泽翠绿，白毫显露).
- Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokozera kwapadera m’mabuku omwe tapeza.
- Fungo la tiyi wothira: Lalitali komanso lokhazikika (高香持久).
- Kukoma: Kofewa, kosalala, kwatsopano komanso kolimbikitsa (汤味醇和，滋味鲜嫩爽口).
- Mtundu wa tiyi wothira: Wachikasu-wobiriwira komanso wowala (汤色黄绿明亮).
- Pansi pa tiyi (masamba othira): Wobiriwira wachinyamata, wowala komanso wofanana (叶底嫩绿明亮、匀齐).
Mabuku ena ofotokozera za agricultural indication amasiyana ndi malemba awa m’malo awiri: kumeneko fungo ndi lokhazikika lamaluwa (花香持久), ndipo tiyi wothira ndi wobiriwira wachinyamata (嫩绿明亮) osati wachikasu-wobiriwira; tsitsi limatchedwa lochuluka kwambiri (白毫满披). Kuti tidziwe buku liti lomwe limalongosola bwino katunduyu, sitingathe kusankha m’mabuku omwe tapeza.
7. Kapangidwe ka Chemical
Zofunikira za chitetezo za 2025 zimapereka zizindikiro izi:
| Chizindikiro | Zofunikira |
|---|---|
| Chinyezi | osapitirira 6.5% |
| Zidutswa zazing’ono ndi fumbi | osapitirira 6.0% |
| Phulusa lonse | osapitirira 6.0% |
| Selulosi yaiwisi | osapitirira 13.5% |
Mabuku ena ofotokozera za agricultural indication amawonjezera zizindikiro zina ziwiri: ma amino acid aulere — osachepera 2.0%, zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi — osachepera 36.0%. Sindinatsegule gwero loyambirira la kufotokozera kumeneku. Palibe deta yokhudza polyphenols kapena caffeine m’mabuku omwe tapeza.
8. Kuthira
Njira ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Chotengera: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
- Ndondomeko:
- Tenthetsa chotengera.
- Ikani tiyi ndipo thirani madzi m’mphepete mwa chotengera.
- Kuthira koyamba — pakatha masekondi 40–60.
- Imwani, kusiya gawo la tiyi.
- Onjezerani madzi.
- Thirani kawiri kapena katatu.
9. Kusunga
Njira ya gulu. M’thumba lotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Fungo lalikulu limatha koyamba, choncho tiyi ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.
10. Mtengo ndi Zonama
Palibe deta yokhudza mitengo m’mabuku omwe tapeza.
- Momwe mungapewere zonama:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro cha product with geographical indication kapena chizindikiro cha agricultural indication; ufulu wa chizindikiro umaperekedwa kwa opanga ochokera m’deralo.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa boma la Zhushan.
- Masamba ndi ozungulira-owongoka, obiriwira ngati emerald, okhala ndi nsonga zakuthwa komanso tsitsi lowoneka bwino; fungo lake ndi lalitali.
- Kumbukirani kuti “圣水” si boma: pa phukusi payenera kulembedwa Zhushan.
11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa
- Kutalika kwa dera malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo ndi 220 mpaka 2740.2 m: kusiyana kwake n’kopitirira makilomita awiri ndi theka.
- M’gawo la “mtundu,” zofunikira za 2025 sizitchula cultivar, koma tiyi wobiriwira wa m’deralo chabe.
- M’zaka zisanu, kuyambira 2006 mpaka 2011, kupanga tiyi m’boma, malinga ndi lipoti la bungwe la boma, kudakwera kopitirira kasanu ndi kawiri.
- Dzina la tiyi limachokera ku mudzi, osati ku boma, ndipo limalumikizidwa ndi nthano ya mfumukazi Wu Zetian.
12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Ena
- Wudang Dao Cha (武当道茶): Dzina la tiyi la chigawo cha Shiyan; dera lake la chitetezo limaphatikizaponso boma la Zhushan.
- Zhuxi Maojian (竹溪毛尖): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma loyandikana la Zhuxi m’chigawo chomwecho.
- Meizi Gongcha (梅子贡茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma la Zhuxi; dzina lake limagwirizananso ndi nthano ya mfumukazi Wu Zetian, ndipo liwu loti “gongcha” likupezeka momwemo monga m’dzina la nthano “圣水贡茶”.
Pomaliza:
Shèngshuǐ lǜchá ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa boma la kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Hubei wokhala ndi dzina la mudzi komanso nthano ya mfumu. Zolembedwa zake ndi zochepa koma zotsimikizika: matownship khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri ndi matauni, kutalika kuyambira 220 mpaka 2740.2 m, kuthyola ndi manja kumayambiriro kwa kukula kwa mphukira, ntchito khumi za processing, ndi mawonekedwe — masamba ozungulira-owongoka obiriwira ngati emerald okhala ndi nsonga zakuthwa ndi tsitsi, fungo lalitali lokhazikika, tiyi wothira wowala.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero