Meizi Gongcha (Méizǐ gòngchá, 梅子贡茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’boma la Zhuxi (竹溪县) m’chigawo cha Shiyan kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Hubei. Dzina lake linachokera ku phiri la Meiziya (梅子垭) ku Huiwan, ndipo mawu oti «gongcha» amatanthauza «tiyi wa msonkho»: malongosoledwe a m’deralo amati pa nthawi ya Tang, mfumukazi Wu Zetian anasandutsa tiyi wa kumeneko kukhala wa nyumba yachifumu. Zhuxi ili m’mapiri a Qinba, pamalire a Hubei, Chongqing ndi Shaanxi. Kuyambira 2014, tiyiyu amatetezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo, ndipo chikalatacho chimaika zambiri pa iye, kuyambira pa mtundu wa tiyi ndi kutalika kwa minda mpaka kutentha kwa kukonza ndi kuchuluka kwa polyphenols.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá), wopanda kupesa. Gululi limatsimikiziridwa ndi njira yochokera m’chikalata cha chizindikiro cha malo, kukhazikitsa, kupotoza, kuyanika popanda makutidwe ndi okosijeni, komanso maonekedwe: tsamba lobiriwira kwambiri, madzi obiriwira ofewa.
- Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri wa Hubei, chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (2014).
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hubei (湖北, Húběi), chigawo cha Shiyan (十堰, Shíyàn), boma la Zhuxi (竹溪县, Zhúxī Xiàn). Malo otetezedwa ndi magawo asanu ndi atatu a boma: matauni a Jiangjiayan (蒋家堰镇), Zhongfeng (中峰镇), Quanxi (泉溪镇), maboma ang’onoang’ono a Eping (鄂坪乡) ndi Huiwan (汇湾乡), famu ya tiyi ya Meiziya (梅子垭茶场), famu yophatikiza ya Yangjiaba (杨家扒综合农场) ndi famu ya nkhalango ya Shuangzhu (双竹林场).
- Ma coordinates a malo: Boma la Zhuxi pafupifupi 32.3° kumpoto ndi 109.7° kum’mawa.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Nthawi zakale. Malongosoledwe amati kulima tiyi ku Zhuxi kunayambira m’nthawi ya Western Zhou, ndipo boma lokha limatchedwa «dera la tiyi wa msonkho» (贡茶之乡).
- Msonkho, malinga ndi nthano. Malinga ndi malongosoledwe a m’deralo, tiyi wa phiri la Meiziya anakhala chopereka cha nyumba yachifumu kumapeto kwa nthawi ya Spring and Autumn, ndipo pa nthawi ya Tang, mfumukazi Wu Zetian anavomereza kuti akhale tiyi wa nyumba yachifumu, motero dzina lakuti «Meizi gong». Palibe zolemba za masikuwa zopezeka m’magwero opezeka; ndi nthano.
- 2014. Pa 8 April, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) pa chilengezo № 39 inateteza tiyiyu ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo, chimodzi mwa mayina khumi ndi asanu ndi awiri a chilengezochi.
- 2016. Malinga ndi magwero, dimba lotchedwa Meiziya linavomerezedwa kuti ndi limodzi mwa «minda yokongola kwambiri ya tiyi ku China».
- Dzina:
- «Meizi» (梅子) ndi «maula»; Meiziya (梅子垭) ndi «phiri la maula».
- «Gongcha» (贡茶, gòngchá) ndi «tiyi wa msonkho», chikumbutso cha nthano.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Magwero amatcha Meizi Gongcha kuti ndi imodzi mwa «misonkho itatu ya Zhuxi» (竹溪三贡) ndipo amatchula mwambi wa m’deralo lakuti «长江三峡水，楚地梅子茶» — «madzi a Three Gorges a Yangtze, tiyi wa Meizi wa dziko la Chu». Boma, malinga ndi magwero omwewo, limatchedwa «dera la tiyi wobiriwira wa organic ku China» ndi «dera la tiyi ku China».
3. Kufotokoza za Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mtundu / Cultivar: Malinga ndi chikalata, ndi Fuding Dabaicha (Fúdǐng dàbáichá) ndi mitundu ina ya m’deralo yoyenera pa tiyiyu.
- Kubzala: Malinga ndi chikalata, mbande zimabzalidwa m’chaka (kumayambiriro mpaka pakati pa March) ndi m’dzinja (pakati mpaka kumapeto kwa October) kapena kubzala mbewu kuyambira November mpaka February; pa kubzala mizere iwiri, 7500–8000 mbande pa mu.
- Kukolola: Malinga ndi chikalata, kuyambira kumayambiriro kwa April mpaka kumayambiriro kwa May, pamanja kokha.
- Muyezo wa kukolola: Kamphuno kamodzi kokha kapena kamphuno ndi tsamba limodzi.
4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Dera: Zhuxi ndi boma lamapiri m’dera la Qinba pamalire a Hubei, Chongqing ndi Shaanxi; magwero amatcha dera lino kuti malire a nyengo ya kumpoto ndi kumwera.
- Kutalika kwa kulima: Malinga ndi chikalata, 400 mpaka 1200 m pamwamba pa nyanja.
- Dothi: Malinga ndi chikalata, dothi lachikasu-bulauni (黄棕壤), pH 4.5–6.5, organic matter osachepera 1.5%, makulidwe a dothi osachepera 0.6 m.
- Nyengo: Palibe deta yeniyeni ya nyengo ya minda yomwe yapezeka m’magwero opezeka.
5. Njira Yopangira
Chikalata cha chizindikiro cha malo chimaika njira zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi magawo ake.
- Kuyala masamba atsopano (摊青, tānqīng): Maola 6–8, osapyola masentimita atatu.
- Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): Pa 180–220 °C.
- Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Mpaka 90% ya masamba itapotozedwa.
- Kuyanika koyamba (初干, chūgān): Mu makina oyanikira pa 100–120 °C.
- Kutsindikiza kupotoza (紧条, jǐntiáo): Pamanja.
- Kuyanika komaliza (足干, zúgān): Pa 80–90 °C.
6. Makhalidwe a Kumva
Malinga ndi zomwe zili mu chilengezo monga momwe zalembedwera ndi China Geographical Indications Association:
- Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Ochepa ndi okongola, okhala ndi tsitsi lowonekera, olingana, obiriwira kwambiri (细秀显毫，匀整，色泽翠绿).
- Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe malongosoledwe.
- Fungo la madzi: Oyera ndi okwezeka (香气清高).
- Kukoma: Kwatsopano ndi kofewa (滋味鲜醇).
- Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira wofewa, wowala (汤色嫩绿明亮).
- Masamba pambuyo kutsuka: Ofewa, olingana, obiriwira ndi onyezimira (叶底嫩匀绿亮).
Kutanthauzira kwina kwa chikalatacho, komwe kumagwirizana ndi malongosoledwe a magwero, kumafotokoza maonekedwe mosiyana: mapotozedwe olimba ndi tsitsi, obiriwira kwambiri ndi onyezimira (条索紧结、显毫、秀美，色泽翠绿光润); fungo loyera ndi lokhalitsa (清香持久); kukoma kwatsopano, kofewa komanso kolemera (滋味鲜爽醇厚); masamba pambuyo kutsuka obiriwira, owala ndi olingana (叶底绿亮匀齐). Sindinadziwe kuti ndi mtundu uti umene umafotokoza bwino gwero loyambirira.
7. Zomwe Zili M’masamba
Malinga ndi zomwe zili mu chilengezo:
- Chinyezi: osapyola 6.5%.
- Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi: osachepera 36.0%.
- Polyphenols a tiyi: osachepera 28.5%.
- Ma amino acid aulere: m’malemba, akuti «osapyola 3.0%»; chizindikirochi n’chosazolowereka pa chofunikira cha khalidwe, ndipo chingakhale cholakwika cha kusindikiza.
Kutanthauzira kwachiwiri kwa chikalatacho m’malo mwa polyphenols ndi ma amino acid kumapereka phulusa lonse losapyola 6.0% ndi tiyi wosweka osapyola 5.0%; chinyezi ndi zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi zimagwirizana m’magawo onse awiri. Buku lina, potengera akatswiri a Huazhong Agricultural University, limapereka miyeso: amino acid 2.95%, polyphenols a tiyi 35.94%. Palibe deta ya caffeine m’magwero opezeka.
8. Ubwino wa Zaumoyo
Palibe deta yotsimikizika yokhudza zotsatira za tiyiyu weniweni. Chikalata chimapereka miyeso ya khalidwe, osati zaumoyo.
9. Kukonza tiyi
Njira ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira. Palibe malangizo apadera m’chikalata; zomwe zili pansipa ndi magawo wamba a tiyi wobiriwira wofewa wopangidwa ndi timphuno ndi timphuno ndi tsamba.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Chidebe: Galasi logalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
- Njira:
- Tenthetsa chidebe.
- Ikani tiyi.
- Tsanulani madzi pang’ono ndi kusiya tsamba litseguke kwa masekondi 20–30.
- Onjezani madzi; kutentha koyamba pafupifupi mphindi imodzi.
- Imwani, kusiya gawo la madzi pansi.
- Kubwereza kuwirikiza kawiri kapena katatu ndi nthawi yowonjezereka pang’ono.
10. Kusunga
Njira ya gulu. M’maphukusi otsekedwa, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Tiyi wobiriwira amamwa mu nyengo; kusungidwa kwa nthawi yaitali sikufunika. Muyezo wa chikalata, chinyezi chosapyola 6.5%, chimakumbutsa kuti tiyi wonyowa amataya khalidwe.
11. Mtengo ndi Zonamizira
Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero opezeka.
- Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro cha malo pa phukusi.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ali m’gawo limodzi la malo asanu ndi atatu otetezedwa.
- Masamba ndi ochepa, okongola, okhala ndi tsitsi lowonekera, obiriwira kwambiri; tsamba loderapo kapena lofiirira ndi chizindikiro cha tiyi wakale kapena wotenthedwa kwambiri.
- Madzi ndi obiriwira wofewa ndi owala, fungo loyera.
12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa
- Imodzi mwa njira zomwe chikalata chimalamula kuti ichitidwe pamanja ndi kutsindikiza kupotoza (紧条).
- Malo otetezedwa akuphatikizapo osati matauni ndi maboma ang’onoang’ono okha, komanso mafamu atatu: a tiyi, ophatikiza ndi a nkhalango.
- Mtundu wotchulidwa m’chikalata ndi 福鼎大白茶, wochokera ku Fujian.
13. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi wina wobiriwira
- Zhuxi Maojian (竹溪毛尖): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma lomwelo pansi pa dzina la boma. Meizi Gongcha ndi dzina lotetezedwa la malo a magawo asanu ndi atatu a boma ndi zofunikira zakeza khalidwe.
- Wufeng Maojian (五峰毛尖): Tiyi wobiriwira wa m’mapiri akumadzulo kwa Hubei; boma lina ndi mbiri yake.
- Baokang Lücha (保康绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma la Baokang kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Hubei; malinga ndi malongosoledwe, tsamba lobiriwira lopyapyala ndi fungo loyera lokwezeka.
- Enshi Yulu (恩施玉露): Tiyi wobiriwira wa Hubei wokhala ndi singano zowongoka, wokhazikitsidwa ndi nthunzi; Meizi Gongcha amakhazikitsidwa ndi kutentha kouma pa 180–220 °C.
Pomaliza:
Meizi Gongcha ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’mapiri wa Zhuxi wokhala ndi nthano ya msonkho m’dzina lake komanso chikalata chatsatanetsatane. Nthano ya msonkho wa nthawi ya Tang imakhalabe nthano, koma chikalata chimalongosola bwino: mtundu wa 福鼎大白茶, minda pa kutalika kwa 400–1200 m, kukolola pamanja kwa kasupe kwa timphuno ndi timphuno ndi tsamba, kutsindikiza kupotoza pamanja. Mu kapu, ndi tsamba lobiriwira lopyapyala ndi tsitsi, madzi obiriwira ofewa owala komanso fungo loyera lokwezeka.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero