xiāngxíng

Mafenghuang Dan Cong (fènghuáng dāncōng, 鳳凰單叢) ndi maulong ochokera ku Phiri la Fenghuang ku Guangdong, omwe mwachizolowezi amasiyanitsidwa osati ndi mawonekedwe a tsamba kapena fakitale, koma makamaka ndi fungo lake. Dongosolo lokhazikika la mitundu ya fungo (xiāngxíng, 香型) ndilo fungulo lalikulu lopezera mazana a zitsamba zakale komanso mayina ambiri amsika monga 通天香, 夜來香 ndi 八仙.

Chifukwa chake Dan Cong amafunikira mapu akeake a fungo

M’magulu ambiri a tiyi, mtundu umatsimikiziridwa ndi kulimidwa ndi dera. Kwa Mafenghuang Dan Cong, mwambiri wina umagwira ntchito: mitengo yakale payokha (pachifukwa ichi 單叢 — ‘chitsamba chokha’) inkasankhidwa ndi akatswiri potengera khalidwe la tiyi womalizidwa, ndipo kwa zaka makumi ambiri, gulu la zitsamba zodziwika linasonkhanitsidwa. Kuti akonze gululi, mu 1996, kafukufuku wa zasilamu anachitika motsogozedwa ndi Dai Suxian (Yunivesite ya Zaulimi ya Kumwera kwa China), yomwe inakhazikitsa magawo khumi akuluakulu a fungo (十大香型). Gululi ndilo maziko a ma atlas amaphunziro ndi malembedwe azamalonda.

Ndikofunikira kutchula nthawi yomweyo chodabwitsa chodziwika kwa Dan Cong cha 同名異物 / 異物同名 — ‘dzina limodzi la zitsamba zosiyana’ ndi ‘mayina osiyana a chitsamba chimodzi’. Chifukwa chake, 香型 si gulu lokhazikika la zomera, koma ndi mapu ofotokozera potengera fungo lalikulu; kachilombo kamodzi kakhoza kupezeka m’mitundu yosiyana ndi mayina ofanana.

Mitundu khumi yovomerezeka

Mitundu khumi ikuluikulu, yokhazikitsidwa ndi kafukufuku wa 1996, imayang’ana zitsanzo zamaluwa, zipatso, ndi zonunkhira:

• 黃栀香 (huángzhīxiāng) — gardenia;
• 芝蘭香 (zhīlánxiāng) — orchid;
• 蜜蘭香 (mìlánxiāng) — uchi-orchid;
• 桂花香 (guìhuāxiāng) — osmanthus;
• 玉蘭香 (yùlánxiāng) — magnolia;
• 薑花香 (jiānghuāxiāng) — duwa la ginger;
• 夜來香 (yèláixiāng) — tuberose;
• 茉莉香 (mòlìxiāng) — jasmine;
• 杏仁香 (xìngrénxiāng) — amondi;
• 肉桂香 (ròuguìxiāng) — sinamoni.

Pambali pake pali mitundu yina yocheperako: 柚花香 (fungo la maluwa a manyumwa), 橙花香 (funfo la maluwa a lalanje), 楊梅香 (wax myrtle), 附子香, 黃茶香, komanso 苦種 (‘mtundu wowawa’) ndi zina. Maguluwa ndi ofunikira kuti aphatikizemo zitsamba zomwe mawonekedwe ake satha kufotokozedwa ndi zitsanzo khumi zokhazo.

姜花香 — ‘duwa la ginger’

姜花香 (m’mabuku a sayansi amalembedwa ndi zilembo za Chilatini kuti Jianghua Xiang) ndi umodzi mwa mitundu khumi ya fungo yomwe imatchulidwa ndi muyezo wa gulu wokhudza kupereka mayina a Fenghuang Dan Cong wa 2021 (T/CZTTBZ 002-2021). Muyezo wa chizindikiro cha malo DB4451/T 1-2021 umatchula 姜花香 pakati pa zitsanzo za mayina omwe oolong yomalizidwa imapatsidwa malinga ndi makhalidwe a fungo lake lachilengedwe la maluwa. Dzinali limafotokoza fungo, osati zomwe zili mkati: malinga ndi tanthauzo la muyezo wa mayina, 香型 ndi oolong yopangidwa kuchokera ku mitundu ndi mizere ya 凤凰水仙 mwa njira yachikhalidwe, yokhala ndi fungo lachilengedwe la maluwa (zipatso), ndipo tiyi womalizidwa amatenga dzina lake kuchokera ku fungo limeneli.

Tebulo la zitsamba lomwe lili mu zowonjezera za muyezo wogawa mtundu wa khalidwe T/CZTTBZ 001-2021 (lotengedwa m’buku lofotokozera ‘潮州茶叶’, 2009) limafotokoza mtunduwu motere: fungo la tiyi womalizidwa limakumbutsa 姜花 (‘duwa la ginger’), ndipo mu kukoma kutsekemera ndi kutsitsimuka kumaphatikizana ndi kukali pang’ono kwa ginger. Flora of China imapereka dzina la 姜花 ku mtundu wa Hedychium coronarium wa banja la ginger, chomera chokhala ndi maluwa oyera onunkhira; muyezo ndi buku lofotokozera sizinena kuti zikutanthauza chomera chiti.

Mu gawo la 姜花香 la tebulo ili muli zitsamba zisanu; kutalika ndi zaka zaperekedwa monga zinalili mu 2009:

• 姜花香 (chimatchedwanso 姜母香 ndi 通天香) — mudzi wa 凤西中坪村, kutalika pafupifupi 900 m, zaka zoposa 200; chimodzi mwa zitsamba zotchuka (名丛). Dzina la 姜花香 linachokera ku fungo, ndipo 姜母香 linachokera ku kukali pang’ono kwa ginger mu kukoma.
• 姜母香 — mudzi wa 凤北官头輋村, kutalika 1000 m, zaka 100; chinatchedwa motero chifukwa cha fungo lopepuka lofanana ndi 姜花 komanso kukoma kwa ginger.
• 通天香 — mudzi wa 凤西大庵村, kutalika pafupifupi 1150 m, zaka zoposa 300; chinatchedwa motero chifukwa poviika fungo lake ‘limatengedwa ndi mphepo ndi kudzaza nyumba yonse’.
• 李仔坪姜花香 — mudzi wa 乌岽李仔坪村, kutalika pafupifupi 1148 m, zaka 140.
• 坑墘姜花香 — mudzi wa 凤溪坑墘村, kutalika pafupifupi 630 m, zaka 50.

Mayina a 通天香 ndi 姜母香 ali ndi tanthauzo lawiri pano: lililonse ndi dzina lachiwiri la chitsamba cha ku 中坪 komanso dzina la mtengo wina wosiyana m’mudzi wina. Ichi ndi chitsanzo chapadera cha 同名異物, choncho ngakhale 通天香 kapena 姜母香 sayenera kutengedwa ngati dzina lofanana ndi mtundu wonse.

Tebulo silikwanira kufotokoza mtundu wonse: nkhani ya sayansi ya 2025 imatcha JiangHuaXiang gulu lodziwika bwino la fungo lomwe lili ndi mitundu ingapo, ndipo imaika mmenemo mitundu iwiri yomwe palibe pa tebulo — XiaPuJiangXiang ndi NanJiangXiang.

Mapu ndi manambala: momwe kaundula amapangidwira

Kukula kwa dongosololi kumawoneka bwino m’mapangidwe a mabuku ofotokozera. Mu ‘Atlas’ ya Chen Shaoping (《中國鳳凰單叢茶圖譜》) ndime 3.1–3.17 zimapereka ndendende 214 ‘odan cong oyimilira kwambiri’, ndipo ndime 3.18 (增录) imawonjezeranso 11 — okwana 225. Ma pasipoti azithunzi a mutu wa “名丛图文” mu monograph 《凤凰单丛》 (2020) amagawa 225 zitsamba zomwezo m’magawo 18 motere:

• 黄栀香 — Zitsamba 71;
• 芝兰香 — 38;
• 其他清香 (‘mafunso ena opepuka’) — 47;
• 桂花香 — 9; 杏仁香 — 6; 蜜兰香 — 5; 姜花香 — 5;
• 玉兰香 — 4; 肉桂香 — 4; 夜来香 — 4; 柚花香 — 4; 附子香 — 4; 黄茶香 — 4; 苦种茶 — 4;
• 杨梅香 — 2; 茉莉花香 — 2; 橙花香 — 1;
• 增录 — 11.

Kuchokera pakugawaku, chinthu chachikulu chikuwonekera: mitundu 黃栀香 (gardenia) ndi 芝蘭香 (orchid) ndiyomwe ili yochuluka, pomwe, mwachitsanzo, 橙花香 imayimilidwa ndi chitsamba chimodzi chokha. Ndiye kuti ‘mitundu khumi’ sinfanane kukula kwake, ndipo gulu lalikulu la 其他清香 limavomereza momveka kuti zina mwa zitsamba zakale sizigwirizana ndi zitsanzo khumi zokhazikika.

Pasipoti iliyonse ya chitsamba imafotokozedwa ndi magawo ofanana: 香型 (mtundu) / 单丛名·别名 (dzina ndi mawu ofanana) / 株系 (kamtundu kake) / 树龄 (zaka) / 海拔 (kutalika) / 产地村·管理人 (mudzi ndi woyang’anira) / 特征特性, 树高·树幅, 成叶·叶色, 春茶采期 (nthawi yotuta masika), 单株春产干茶 (kuchuluka kwa tiyi wouma kuchokera pamtengo umodzi), 品质特点 (kamvedwe). Kwa 32 odziwika bwino 名丛, mankhwala ake amawerengedwanso: 茶多酚 (polyphenols), 咖啡碱 (caffeine), 氨基酸 (amino acids), 水浸出物 (zinthu zotuluka m’madzi).

Mayina ofunikira pa mapu

夜來香 (yèláixiāng, tuberose) — si chitsamba chimodzi, koma mtundu wathunthu wa fungo, ndipo mu kaundula amayimilidwa ndi ma pasipoti 4. Cholongosola chake ndi fungo lausiku, lotsekemera lamaluwa la tuberose; dzinali ndi la gulu la mayina ‘potengera fungo’. M’mabuku a Chirasha dzinali limalembedwa kuti ‘Е Лай Сян’ (Ye Lai Xiang). Mulingo wa mzinda wa Chaozhou wokhudza chizindikiro cha malo, DB4451/T 1-2021 (gawo 3.1), umatchula 夜来香 pakati pa zitsanzo za mayina omwe Fenghuang Dan Cong womalizidwa amalandira potengera fungo lake lachilengedwe la maluwa (zipatso), ndipo mulingo wa gulu wa kupereka mayina T/CZTTBZ 002-2021 (gawo 3.2) umaliika m’gulu la ‘mitundu khumi ikuluikulu’ (十大香型). Milingo imeneyi sinanene kuti ndi duwa liti lomwe likutanthauzidwa, ndipo dzina la 夜来香 lenilenilo ku China limagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zomera zosiyanasiyana: mu Flora of China ndi Telosma cordata wa banja la Asclepiadaceae, pamene m’nkhani ya mu magazini ya 中草药 (2002) ndi Cestrum nocturnum; choncho kumasulira kuti ‘tuberose’ ndi mgwirizano chabe.

八仙 (bāxiān, ‘Asanu ndi Atatu Osafa’) — ndi dzina lodziwika bwino pamsika, lolozera ku nthano ya Chitao; malinga ndi mfundo zoperekera mayina, ichi ndi chitsanzo cha fanizo la chikhalidwe. Pa mapu a 香型 mayina amenewa amaikidwa potengera fungo lawo lalikulu, osati nthano.

通天香 (tōngtiānxiāng) — ndi dzina lina lalikulu lazamalonda la gulu la ‘potengera fungo’ (kumasulira kwenikweni ‘funso lofika kumwamba’), lomwe limapezeka pamsika pafupipafupi.

鸭屎香 (yāshǐxiāng) — ndi chitsanzo chowoneka bwino cha mayina osakhazikika: mu monograph, chitsambacho chimatchulidwa kuti 鸭屎香, pomwe mu pasipoti yojambulidwa yojambulidwa — monga 鸭屎单丛 mu gawo la 杏仁香 (mtundu wa amondi, malo 3.5.4). Ichi ndi fanizo loonekeratu la momwe mtengo umodzi umasainidwa mosiyana m’mabuku osiyanasiyana.

Poyerekeza magulu awiriwa, mayina 217 mwa 225 anali ofanana; zina mwa zosiyana ndi zongolembedwa chabe (黄栀香 motsutsana ndi 黄枝香 pa mtundu umodzi) kapena zimakhudzana ndi mawu ofotokozera ofanana (mwachitsanzo, 宋种黄枝香 ↔ 乌岽宋茶 / 东方红).

Malingaliro a mayina

Kumvetsetsa mfundo zoperekera mayina kumathandiza kuwerenga mapu. Zitsamba zimatchedwa: ndi fungo (夜來香, 通天香), ndi kukoma kwake, ndi mawonekedwe a tsamba, ndi mawonekedwe a chitsamba ndi korona wake, ndi maonekedwe a tiyi womalizidwa, ndi malo omwe amamera, ndi nthawi kapena chochitika, ndi mafanizo achikhalidwe (八仙), ndi mayina obwereka kuchokera ku nyama ndi zinthu, komanso mayina ophatikizika (复式命名). Chifukwa chake kachilombo kamodzi kakhoza kuonekera m’kalozera ndi mayina angapo.

Kukoma ndi kuthira

Mkati mwa mapu a 香型, maziko ofanana kwa Dan Cong onse amaperekedwa ndi kakonzedwe ngati ulong — kuwotcha pang’ono kudzera mu 做青 (kugwedeza ndi kufowetsa masamba obiriwira) ndi kuyaka kotsatira (焙火). Pa maziko awa, mtundu umakhazikitsa fungo lake lalikulu lodziwika: 黃栀香 — fungo la gardenia, 芝蘭香 — fungo lapamwamba la orchid, 夜來香 — fungo lausiku lotsekemera lamaluwa, 杏仁香 — fungo la amondi. Zodziwika ndi Dan Cong ndi zomwe zimatchedwa ‘phiri note’ (山韵) la minda yakale ndi kukoma kwakutali komwe kumatsalira pambuyo pake (回甘).

M’njira yothira, Dan Cong amatulutsa fungo lawo pamene mwayika masamba ochulukirapo ndi kuthira madzi otentha kwakanthawi kochepa m’chidebe chaching’ono: mwanjira imeneyi magawo a fungo amatulutsidwa motsatana, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kuyaka ndi zaka za chitsamba zimawonekera mu kukula kwa thupi ndi kukhalitsa kwake.

Momwe mungasiyanitsire pochita

• Choyamba yang’anani 香型, osati dzina lokongola: mtundu umapereka cholozera cha fungo, pomwe mayina monga 八仙 kapena 通天香 angakhale okhudzana ndi zitsamba zosiyana.
• Kumbukirani za 同名異物: kufanana kwa dzina sikutanthauza kufanana kwa zopangira; funsani za kachilombo (株系), mudzi komwe amachokera, ndi nthawi zotuta.
• Kuti mukhale odalirika mwamaphunziro, tsatirani mabuku ofunikira — 《中國鳳凰單叢茶圖譜》 ya Chen Shaopin, 《潮州鳳凰茶樹資源志》 ndi monograph 《凤凰单丛》; mabwalo ndi masitolo ogulitsa muzigwiritsa ntchito pokhapokha mutazindikira kuti ziyenera kufufuzidwa.
• Ganizirani za mitundu yosiyana yolembedwa (栀/枝) ndi mawu ofotokozera ofanana — awa ndi mawonekedwe abwinobwino a mabuku, osati tiyi osiyana.

Chidule

Mapu a 香型 — ndi chinenero chomwe chinapangidwa mwambiri, chokonzedwa mwadongosolo mu 1996, chomwe Phiri la Fenghuang limafotokozera tiyi wake. Mitundu khumi ikuluikulu imapereka zitsogozo, magulu ang’onoang’ono ndi gawo la 其他清香 zimasunga zina zonse, ndipo mayina odziwika — 夜來香, 通天香, 八仙, 鸭屎香 — amamveka bwino pokhapokha titadziwa fungo lanji komanso chitsamba chanji chomwe akulozera.

Magwero

Miyezo

• DB4451/T 1-2021
• T/CZTTBZ 001-2021
• T/CZTTBZ 002-2021

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero