Shāngnán chá · thetea.app

Shannan Cha (Shāngnán chá, 商南茶) ndi dzina lalikulu la tiyi wa m’boma la Shannan (商南县) m’chigawo cha Shāngluò, m’chigawo cha Shaanxi. Bomali lili kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa phiri la Qinling, pamalire a Shaanxi, Henan ndi Hubei, pafupifupi 33° kumpoto kwa equator. Awa ndi dera latsopano lakumpoto la tiyi: kuyesa kulima tiyi kunayamba kuno mu 1961, ndipo udamera bwino mu 1970. Dzinali lopanda gulu limene likusonyeza mtundu wa tiyi limakhudza magulu awiri: zofunika pa malonda zimafotokoza tiyi wobiriwira wamitundu iwiri, wopindika ndi wosalala, komanso tiyi wofiira, aliyense ndi njira yake yopangira. M’boma muno mulinso dzina lina locheperako, la payekha, lotchedwa Shannan Quan Ming (商南泉茗). Shannan Cha akutetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication chaulimi kuyambira 2011, ndipo mu 2025 anavomerezedwa kukhala malonda a geographical indication.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Dzina lalikulu la magulu awiri: tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá) — wopindika (卷曲形茶) ndi wosalala (扁形茶) — ndi tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá). Onse amafotokozedwa muzofunikira za malonda ndi njira zawo zosiyana ndi maonekedwe awo.
Gulu: Dzina lalikulu la m’boma; tiyi wakumpoto amene anachokera ku kusamutsa tiyi kupita kumpoto m’zaka za m’ma 1960 ndi 1970.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Shaanxi (陕西, Shǎnxī), chigawo cha mzinda wa Shangluo (商洛, Shāngluò), boma la Shannan (商南, Shāngnán).
Dera lotetezedwa: Matauni khumi ndi makomiti a m’misewu a m’bomali, midzi 93 ndi madera. Zofunikira zimatchulanso mayina akale a magawo ophatikizidwa:
- komiti ya msewu ya Chengguan (城关) — omwe kale anali tawuni ya Chengguan ndi volo ya Dangma (党马);
- Qingshan (青山) — omwe kale anali volo ya Qingshan;
- Shiliping (十里坪) — omwe kale anali volo ya Shuigou (水沟);
- Jinsixia (金丝峡) — omwe kale anali matauni a Taijihe (太吉河) ndi Liangjiawan (梁家湾);
- Xianghe (湘河) — omwe kale anali matauni a Xianghe ndi Bailang (白浪);
- komanso Fushui (富水), Shima (试马), Qingyouhe (清油河), Guofenglou (过风楼) ndi Zhaochuan (赵川).
Wopempha: Center yachitukuko cha mafakitale a tiyi ya boma la Shannan (商南县茶产业发展中心).
Makonzedwe a geographical: 110°24′–111°01′ kum’mawa ndi 33°06′–33°44′ kumpoto.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- 1961–1970. Malinga ndi National Development and Reform Commission, kuyesa kusamutsa tiyi ku Shannan kunayamba mu 1961 ndipo kunachita bwino mu 1970; mwanjira imeneyi malire a kulima tiyi anakwanitsa kukankhidwira kumpoto ndi makilomita oposa mazana atatu.
- 2011. Mu May kufunsaku kunavomerezedwa ndi gulu la akatswiri a m’chigawo cha Shaanxi; malinga ndi kufotokoza kwachidule, pa 15 December Unduna wa Zaulimi unavomereza kulembetsa Shannan Cha monga chizindikiro cha geographical indication chaulimi (nambala AGI00738), ndipo satifiketiyo, malinga ndi atolankhani a komweko, boma linalandira mu May 2012. Malinga ndi nkhani ya nthawi imeneyo, awa anali malonda oyamba aulimi a m’boma kukhala ndi chizindikiro chotere. Kafukufuku wa akatswiri anayesa mizere iwiri ya tiyi yodziwika ya m’bomali — «Shannan Quan Ming» (商南泉茗) ndi «Shannan Xian Ming» (商南仙茗).
- 2025. State Intellectual Property Office polengeza nambala 646 inavomereza Shannan Cha kukhala malonda a geographical indication ndipo inavomereza zofunikira zake.
Dzina: «Shannan» (商南) ndi dzina la boma; «cha» (茶) ndi tiyi. Palibe mawu otchula gulu m’dzinali.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Bomali limamanga pa tiyi chithunzi cha «tiyi wa 33rd parallel» (北纬33°茶) ndipo limalimbikitsa malonda amodzi «Jinsi Quan Ming» (金丝泉茗) ndi «Shannan Lu Ming» (商南鹿茗).

3. Kufotokozera za Zomera ndi Zopangira

Mitundu / Mitundu ya mbewu: Zofunikira zimatchula mtundu wamba wamba (群体种), Longjing 43 (龙井43, Lóngjǐng 43), «Anji baicha» (安吉白茶 — m’chikalatamo mtundu wa masamba oyera umatchulidwa motere), Wuniu zao (乌牛早, Wūniú zǎo), Shancha 1 (陕茶1号, Shǎnchá 1), Zhonghuang 2 (中黄2号, Zhōnghuáng 2) ndi Jin Mudan (金牡丹, Jīn mǔdān), ndi mawu akuti «ndi ena».
Kukolola: Kuyambira pakati pa March mpaka kumapeto kwa April. Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa chizindikiro chaulimi, amakolola makamaka tiyi wa masika, wa chilimwe kawirikawiri, ndipo wa m’dzinja sakololedwa kuti asunge zokolola za masika otsatira.
Mulingo wa kukolola: Mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi ndi mphukira ndi masamba awiri — athunthu, atsopano, ofanana ndi oyera, opanda mamba ndi mphukira zakale. Kwa tiyi wofiira zofunikira zimatsimikizira: mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi lokhalo lomwe likungotuluka liyenera kukhala 80% ya zopangira.
Zofunikira pa zopangira: Minda ya tiyi imakhala mzere umodzi (zomera 3500–4500 pa mu) kapena mizere iwiri (5500–6000).

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Dera: Malo akum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa phiri la Qinling, pamalire a zigawo zitatu; mtsinje wa Danjiang (丹江), womwe ndi mtsinje wopita ku Han River, umadutsa m’boma. Nkhalango, malinga ndi National Development and Reform Commission, ndi 67.1%.
Nyengo: Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa chizindikiro chaulimi — kutentha kwapachaka 14 °C, pafupifupi 803 mm ya mvula, pafupifupi 1974 maola a dzuwa, masiku 216 opanda chisanu. Kufotokozaku kumagwirizanitsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa usana ndi usiku, kuzizira komanso mvula yochepa ndi kukula kwapang’onopang’ono kwa tiyi komanso kuti tizilombo timene timawononga timakonda kuchulukana mopambanitsa pano.
Kutalika kwa malo: Sizinatchulidwe muzofunikira za 2025. Kufotokoza kwa chizindikiro chaulimi kumafuna malo otetezedwa ku mphepo, oyang’ana dzuwa, a mapiri otsika ochepera 1000 m, ndi malo otsetsereka ochepera 25°.
Nthaka: Zofunikira zimatchedwa njere za «mafuta» (油沙土), dothi la miyala yowola ya granite (麻骨石土) ndi dothi la mchenga wocheperako; acidity yochepa, pH 4.5–6.0, makulidwe a dothi osachepera 40 cm.
Chisamaliro: Zofunikira zimaletsa mankhwala ophera tizilombo popanga: tizilombo timaletsedwa ndi kukolola, kudulira, kulima nthaka, misampha ndi kupalira, ndipo mwa mankhwala amaloledwa kokha madzi a Bordeaux kamodzi pa zaka ziwiri ndi madzi a sulphur ndi laimu m’dzinja.
Kukula kwake: Malinga ndi National Development and Reform Commission (kufalitsidwa koyambirira kwa 2022), m’bomali muli 250,000 mu ya minda ya tiyi ndipo pafupifupi matani 8000 a tiyi pachaka.

5. Njira Yopangira

Zofunikira za malonda zimafotokoza njira zitatu.

Tiyi wobiriwira wopindika (卷曲形茶):

Kufooketsa (摊放, tānfàng): Osanjikiza osapitirira 10 cm, osapitirira maola 10.
Kuletsa oxidation (杀青, shāqīng): Mu ng’oma pa 110–120 °C kapena pamanja pampoto pa 160–180 °C, mpaka kutaya 40% ya chinyezi; kenako kuzizira ndi mpweya (清风, qīngfēng).
Kupindika koyamba (初揉, chūróu) ndi kuwotcha koyamba (初炒, chūchǎo): Pafupifupi mphindi 2 zopindika, kenako mpoto kuchokera 100 mpaka 80 °C.
Kupanga maonekedwe (做形, zuòxíng) ndi kukweza ubweya (起毫, qǐháo): Pa 70 ndi 60–70 °C tsamba limakulungidwa m’mipira ndi kusweka, mpaka kupindika kukhala kolimba, kopindika ndi «kobaya» pakakhudza.
Kuyanika (烘焙, hōngbèi): Kuchokera 80 mpaka 60 °C pafupifupi mphindi 30, mpaka chinyezi chochepera 7%.

Tiyi wobiriwira wosalala (扁形茶): kufooketsa maola 6–12; kuletsa oxidation mu ng’oma pa 100–110 °C; kupanga maonekedwe pampoto wathyathyathya pa 100 °C pansi pa ndodo zopondereza zopepuka ndi zolemera, kuwotchanso mpaka tsamba lokhala lathyathyathya, losalala ndi lowongoka; kuyanika mpaka chinyezi chochepera 7%.

Tiyi wofiira (红茶):

Kufooketsa (萎凋, wěidiāo): M’chipinda maola 15–20 kapena pampoto pa kutentha kosapitirira 30 °C maola 6–12, mpaka chinyezi 60–64%.
Kupindika (揉捻, róuniǎn): Motsatira lamulo «mopepuka — mwamphamvu — mopepuka»; kenako kuswa mipira ndi kusefa.
Kuwiritsa (发酵, fājiào): Pa 25–35 °C ndi chinyezi chosachepera 85%, maola 3–6, mpaka kuposa 85% ya tsamba likhala lofiira.
Kuyanika kawiri: Choyamba pa 100–120 °C pafupifupi theka la ola, pambuyo kuzizira — pa 85–90 °C pafupifupi ola limodzi (足干焙香, zúgān bèixiāng), mpaka chinyezi 6%.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Tiyi wobiriwira — wolimba, wokongola ndi wofanana, ndi ubweya woyera wowonekera (紧秀匀称、白毫显露). Wofiira — wopyapyala, wolimba, ndi nsonga zambiri za mphukira, wonyezimira ngati mafuta (细紧多锋、色泽油润).
Nkhuli ya tsamba louma: Palibe kufotokozera komwe kunapezeka m’magwero.
Nkhuli ya madzi: Tiyi wobiriwira — nkhuli ya mtedza wa chestnut yolemera ndi yokhalitsa (栗香浓郁持久). Wofiira — wofewa ndi wotsekemera (嫩甜).
Kukoma: Tiyi wobiriwira — watsopano ndi wamphamvu, ndi kubwerera kotsekemera, umapirira kuthira madzi kambiri (鲜爽、回甜、耐泡). Wofiira — wotsekemera, wofewa ndi woyera (甘醇甘爽).
Mtundu wa madzi: Tiyi wobiriwira — wobiriwira wofewa, wowonekera bwino ndi wowala. Wofiira — wofiira ndi wowala.
Masamba otsala (pambuyo kuthira): Tiyi wobiriwira — obiriwira achikasu ndi owala (黄绿明亮). Wofiira — ofewa ndi ochepa, ndi mphukira zowonekera, ofiira mofanana ndi owala (细嫩显芽红匀亮).

7. Zili M’kati Mwake

Zofunikira za malonda zimapereka miyeso ngati makhalidwe a tiyi wa Shannan, popanda kugawa m’magulu:

Chizindikiro	Mtengo
Iron	172–355.3 mg/kg
Zinc	45.5–54.6 mg/kg
Zinthu zotulutsidwa m’madzi	44–46.7%
Polyphenols a tiyi	17.2–18.2%
Shuga wamba	2.4–2.6%

Zofunikira zimawonjezera kuti nkhuli imapangidwa ndi kuphatikiza kokhazikika kwa zinthu 24 za organic; chikalatacho sichitchula zinthuzo. Mafotokozedwe a komweko amatchulanso selenium, koma sindinapeze manambala ake.

8. Kuthira Tiyi

Kachitidwe ka gulu — mosiyana kwa tiyi wobiriwira ndi wofiira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: Kwa wobiriwira — 80–85 °C, kwa wofiira — 90–95 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Zotengera: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera kwa wobiriwira, gaiwan kapena mtsuko wa porcelain kwa wofiira.
Njira:
1. Tenthetserani chotengeracho ndi kuyika tiyi.
2. Wobiriwira — thirani madzi m’mphepete ndipo siyani kwa masekondi 40–60; wofiira — pambuyo potsuka mwachidule masekondi 10–20.
3. Wobiriwira amapirira kuthira madzi kuwiri kapena katatu, wofiira — kasanu mpaka kasanu ndi chimodzi ndi kuwonjezera nthawi pang’onopang’ono.

9. Kusunga

Kachitidwe ka gulu. Wobiriwira — m’chipinda chotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi nkhuli, ndibwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka. Wofiira — pamalo ouma ozizira opanda nkhuli, m’chidebe chotsekedwa mwamphamvu.

10. Mitengo ndi Zachinyengo

Palibe chidziwitso cha mitengo chomwe chinapezeka m’magwero.

Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro cha geographical indication; dzina lalikulu silitchula gulu, choncho yang’anani papaketi ngati ndi tiyi wobiriwira kapena wofiira.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ali m’boma la Shannan.
- Fananizani maonekedwe ndi zofunikira: wobiriwira — ndi ubweya woyera ndi nkhuli ya chestnut, wofiira — wopyapyala, ndi nsonga za mphukira.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

Zolemba za komweko zimatchedwa Shannan dera latsopano lakumpoto kwambiri la tiyi kumadzulo kwa China — «tiyi wa 33rd parallel».
Zofunikira za malonda zimatchula osati matauni apano okha, komanso mayina akale a ma volo ophatikizidwa — mwa iwo malowa angapezeke pamapu akale.
M’ndandanda wa mitundu pamodzi pali «Anji baicha» wa masamba oyera ndi Zhonghuang 2 wa masamba achikasu.

12. Kufanizira ndi tiyi wina wa Shaanxi

Shannan Quan Ming (商南泉茗): Tiyi wobiriwira wa m’boma lomwelo ndi chizindikiro chake cha geographical indication cha 2007; tili ndi nkhani yake. Shannan Cha ndi dzina lalikulu kwambiri ndi njira ina yotetezera: malo omwewo, koma zonse ziwiri, tiyi wobiriwira ndi wofiira.
Ziyang Mao Jian (紫阳毛尖): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma la Ziyang kumwera kwa chigawo, m’chigwa cha mtsinje wa Han.
Hanzhong Xian Hao (汉中仙毫): Tiyi wobiriwira wa m’chigawo cha Hanzhong kumwera chakumadzulo kwa Shaanxi.

Pomaliza:

Shannan Cha ndi dzina la m’boma la tiyi watsopano wakumpoto: kuyesa kunayamba mu 1961, kupambana kunabwera mu 1970, ndipo lero pansi pa dzina limodzi amatetezedwa tiyi wobiriwira wopindika ndi wosalala komanso tiyi wofiira. Zofunikira za malonda ndi zatsatanetsatane — kuyambira kukana mankhwala ophera tizilombo mpaka kutentha kwa sitepe iliyonse. Tiyi wobiriwira wa Shannan Cha amadziwika ndi ubweya woyera ndi nkhuli ya chestnut, wofiira — ndi tsamba lopyapyala lokhala ndi nsonga za mphukira ndi madzi otsekemera.