Shāngnán chá · thetea.app

I-Shangnan Cha (Shāngnán chá, 商南茶) yigama elihlanganisayo letiye lesifunda saseShangnan (商南县) esifundazweni saseShangluo, esifundazweni saseShaanxi. Isifunda sisemthambekeni oseningizimu-mpumalanga wezintaba zaseQinling, emngceleni weShaanxi, Henan kanye neHubei, cishe ku-33° enyakatho yesimo sezulu — lena indawo esencane yasetiyeni esenyakatho: ukuhlolwa kwetiye kwaqala lapha ngo-1961, futhi lakhula kahle kuphela ngo-1970. Igama elingenalo uphawu lwesigaba lihlanganisa izigaba ezimbili: izidingo zomkhiqizo zichaza itiye eliluhlaza elinezimo ezimbili — eligoqiwe kanye neliyisicaba — kanye netiye elibomvu, ngasinye sinobuchwepheshe baso. Ngaphakathi kwesifunda kukhona negama elihlukile, elicishe libe lincane — iShangnan Quan Ming (商南泉茗). I-Shangnan Cha ivikelwe uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo kusukela ngo-2011, futhi ngo-2025 yamukelwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Isambulela phezu kwezigaba ezimbili: itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) — eligoqiwe (卷曲形茶) neliyisicaba (扁形茶) — kanye netiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá). Zombili zichazwe ezidingweni zomkhiqizo ngobuchwepheshe obuhlukile kanye nokubukeka okuhlukile.
Isigaba: Isambulela sesifunda; itiye lasenyakatho, elakhula ekuthuthweni kwetiye enyakatho ngeminyaka yawo-1960 kuya kowe-1970.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseShaanxi (陕西, Shǎnxī), isifunda saseShangluo (商洛, Shāngluò), isifunda saseShangnan (商南, Shāngnán).
Indawo evikelwe: Amadolobhana ayishumi kanye namakomidi emigwaqo esifunda, amadolobhana angama-93 kanye nemiphakathi. Izidingo zibuye zibonise amagama amadala ezingxenye ezihlanganisiwe:
- ikomidi lomgwaqo iChengguan (城关) — amadolobhana amadala iChengguan kanye nesigodi saseDangma (党马);
- iQingshan (青山) — isigodi saseQingshan sakudala;
- iShiliping (十里坪) — isigodi saseShuigou sakudala (水沟);
- iJinsixia (金丝峡) — amadolobhana amadala iTaijihe (太吉河) kanye neLiangjiawan (梁家湾);
- iXianghe (湘河) — amadolobhana amadala iXianghe kanye neBailang (白浪);
- kanye neFushui (富水), iShima (试马), iQingyouhe (清油河), iGuofenglou (过风楼) kanye neZhaochuan (赵川).
Umfakisicelo: Isikhungo sokuthuthukisa imboni yetiye yesifunda saseShangnan (商南县茶产业发展中心).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: 110°24′–111°01′ empumalanga nobude kanye no-33°06′–33°44′ enyakatho yesimo sezulu.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- 1961–1970. Ngokwemibhalo yeNational Development and Reform Commission, ukuhlolwa kokuthutha itiye eShangnan kwaqala ngo-1961 futhi kwaphumelela ngo-1970; ngaleyo ndlela umngcele wokulinywa kwetiye wakwazi ukududulwa ukuya enyakatho ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angamakhulu amathathu.
- 2011. NgoMeyi isicelo samukelwa yiqembu lochwepheshe lesifundazwe saseShaanxi; ngokwencazelo eyisithenjwa, ngomhla ka-15 Disemba uMnyango Wezolimo wagunyaza ukubhaliswa kweShangnan Cha njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo (inombolo AGI00738), futhi isitifiketi, ngokwemidiya yendawo, isifunda sasithola ngoMeyi 2012. Ngokombiko wangaleso sikhathi, lona kwakungumkhiqizo wokuqala wezolimo wesifunda onalolu phawu. Ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe kwahlaziya imigqa emibili yamagama etiye esifunda — iShangnan Quan Ming (商南泉茗) kanye neShangnan Xian Ming (商南仙茗).
- 2025. Ihhovisi likazwelonke lempahla yengqondo ngomemezelo No. 646 lamukela iShangnan Cha njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo futhi lagunyaza izidingo zalo.
Igama: «Shangnan» (商南) yigama lesifunda; «cha» (茶) itiye. Alikho igama lesigaba egameni.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isifunda sakha ngetiye isithombe «setiye le-33rd parallel» (北纬33°茶) futhi sikhangisa ngemikhiqizo ejwayelekile «Jinsi Quan Ming» (金丝泉茗) kanye ne«Shangnan Lu Ming» (商南鹿茗).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Izidingo zibala inani lendawo (群体种), iLongjing 43 (龙井43, Lóngjǐng 43), i«Anji Baicha» (安吉白茶 — kanjalo ebhalwe embhalweni igama lohlobo olunamacembe amhlophe), iWuniu Zao (乌牛早, Wūniú zǎo), iShaancha 1 (陕茶1号, Shǎnchá 1), iZhonghuang 2 (中黄2号, Zhōnghuáng 2) kanye neJin Mudan (金牡丹, Jīn mǔdān), kanye nenothi «nezinye».
Ukuvuna: Kusukela maphakathi noMashi kuya ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli. Ngokwencazelo yophawu lwezolimo, kuvunwa ikakhulukazi itiye lasentwasahlobo, elasehlobo kuyaqabukela, elasekwindla alivunwa, ukuze kulondolozwe isivuno sentwasahlobo esilandelayo.
Indinganiso yokuvuna: Ihlumela elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa kanye nehlumela elilodwa elinamaqabunga amabili — aphelele, amasha, alinganayo futhi ahlanzekile, ngaphandle kwamaxolo namahlumela amadala. Ngetiye elibomvu izidingo zicacisa: ihlumela elilodwa elineqabunga elisanda kuvuleka kufanele libe ngama-80% wezinto zokusetshenziswa.
Izidingo ngezinto zokusetshenziswa: Ukutshalwa komugqa owodwa (izitshalo ezingama-3500–4500 nge-mu) noma imigqa emibili (izitshalo ezingama-5500–6000).

4. Indawo kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Umthambeka oseningizimu-mpumalanga wezintaba zaseQinling, ukuhlangana kwezifundazwe ezintathu; isifunda sihamba nomfula iDanjiang (丹江), ingxenye yomfula iHan. Ubuningi bezihlahla, ngokwemibhalo yeNational Development and Reform Commission, bungu-67.1%.
Isimo sezulu: Ngokwencazelo yophawu lwezolimo — izinga lokushisa lonyaka elijwayelekile lingu-14 °C, cishe imvula engu-803 mm, cishe amahora okukhanya kwelanga angu-1974, izinsuku ezingama-216 ezingenasithwathwa. Incazelo ixhumanisa umehluko omkhulu wamazinga okushisa emini nasebusuku, ukuphola kanye nenani elincane lemvula nokukhula kancane kwetiye kanye nokuthi izinambuzane aziqhamuki ngobuningi lapha.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Akuchaziwe ezidingweni zika-2025. Incazelo yophawu lwezolimo ibeka ukuthi kufanele kube imithambeka enelanga evikelekile emoyeni yezintaba eziphansi ngaphansi kwe-1000 m, enomthambeka ongaphansi kuka-25°.
Inhlabathi: Izidingo zibiza amatshe anesihlabathi «amafutha» (油沙土), inhlabathi enamatshe okhula egranite ebolekile (麻骨石土) kanye nesihlabathi esivunduvundu; ukusabela kuncane kune-asidi, i-pH 4.5–6.0, ukujula kongqimba okungenani amasentimitha angama-40.
Ukunakekela: Izidingo ziyakwenqabela ukusetshenziswa kwezibulala-zinambuzane ekukhiqizeni: izinambuzane zilawulwa ngokuvuna, ukuthena, ukusebenza inhlabathi, izicupho kanye nokuhlakula, futhi ezindleleni kuvunyelwa kuphela uketshezi lweBordeaux kanye kabili ngonyaka kanye nenhlanganisela yesulfure-lime ekwindla.
Isilinganiso: Ngokwemibhalo yeNational Development and Reform Commission (okushicilelwe ekuqaleni kuka-2022), esifundeni kukhona ama-mu angu-250,000 ezinsimu zetiye kanye namathani acishe abe ngu-8000 etiye ngonyaka.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izidingo zomkhiqizo zichaza ubuchwepheshe obuthathu.

Itiye eliluhlaza eligoqiwe (卷曲形茶):

Ukubuna (摊放, tānfàng): Ungqimba olungaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-10, hhayi ngaphezu kwamahora ayi-10.
Ukumisa (杀青, shāqīng): Esigubhungeni ngo-110–120 °C noma ngesandla embizeni ngo-160–180 °C, kuze kube ukulahleka komswakama okungama-40%; bese kupholisa ngomoya (清风, qīngfēng).
Ukusonga kokuqala (初揉, chūróu) kanye nokugazinga kokuqala (初炒, chūchǎo): Cishe imizuzu emi-2 yokusonga, bese imbiza isuka ku-100 iye ku-80 °C.
Ukubumba (做形, zuòxíng) kanye nokuphakamisa uboya (起毫, qǐháo): Ngo-70 no-60–70 °C iqabunga ligoqwa libe yizigaxa futhi lihlakazwe, kuze kube ukusonga kuminyene, kugobekile futhi «kuhlaba» lapho kuthintwa.
Ukomisa (烘焙, hōngbèi): Kusuka ku-80 kuya ku-60 °C cishe imizuzu engama-30, kuze kube umswakama ongaphansi kuka-7%.

Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba (扁形茶): ukubuna amahora ayi-6–12; ukumisa esigubhungeni ngo-100–110 °C; ukubumba embizeni enesitayela ngo-100 °C ngaphansi kwezinduku zokucindezela ezilula nezisindayo, ukugazinga kabusha kuze kube iqabunga eliyisicaba, elibushelelezi futhi eliqondile; ukomisa kuze kube umswakama ongaphansi kuka-7%.

Ithemu elibomvu (红茶):

Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): Egunjini amahora ayi-15–20 noma esitayeleni ngezinga lokushisa elingaphezu kuka-30 °C amahora ayi-6–12, kuze kube umswakama ongu-60–64%.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ngokomthetho «kalula — ngamandla — kalula»; bese kuhlakazwa izigaxa nokuhlunga.
Ukuvutshelwa (发酵, fājiào): Ngo-25–35 °C kanye nomswakama ongaphansi kuka-85%, amahora ama-3–6, kuze kube ngaphezu kuka-85% weqabunga selibomvu.
Ukomisa kabili: Okokuqala ngo-100–120 °C cishe isigamu sehora, emva kokupholisa — ngo-85–90 °C cishe ihora (足干焙香, zúgān bèixiāng), kuze kube umswakama ongu-6%.

6. Izici Zezwa

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Itiye eliluhlaza — eliminyene, elihle futhi elilinganayo, elinoboya obumhlophe obuphawulekayo (紧秀匀称、白毫显露). Elibomvu — elicolekile, eliminyene, elinamaphuzu amaningi ehlumela, elinamafutha futhi elicwebezelayo (细紧多锋、色泽油润).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lomuthi wetiye: Eliluhlaza — iphunga le-chestnut eligcwele futhi eliqhubekayo (栗香浓郁持久). Elibomvu — elimnene futhi elimnandi (嫩甜).
Ukunambitheka: Eliluhlaza — okusha futhi okuvuselelayo, nobumnandi obubuyayo, ukwazi ukumelana nokuthelwa kaningi (鲜爽、回甜、耐泡). Elibomvu — okumnandi, okuthambile futhi okuhlanzekile (甘醇甘爽).
Umbala womuthi wetiye: Eliluhlaza — oluhlaza okotshani omncane, obala futhi okhanyayo. Elibomvu — obomvu futhi okhanyayo.
Iqabunga letiye eliphekwe: Eliluhlaza — liphuzi-luhlaza futhi likhanya (黄绿明亮). Elibomvu — elicolekile nelithambile, elinamahlumela abonakalayo, elibomvu ngokulinganayo futhi elicwebezelayo (细嫩显芽红匀亮).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zomkhiqizo zethula izinkomba njengezakhi zetiye laseShangnan, ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa ngezigaba:

Inkomba	Inani
I-Iron	172–355.3 mg/kg
I-Zinc	45.5–54.6 mg/kg
Izinto ezikhishwayo	44–46.7%
Ama-polyphenol etiye	17.2–18.2%
Ushukela ophelele	2.4–2.6%

Izidingo zengeza ukuthi iphunga lakhiwa inhlanganisela ezinzile yezinto ezingama-24 eziphilayo; umbhalo awuzisho lezi zinto. Imininingwane yendawo ikhuluma nangeselenium, kodwa angizange ngiwathole amanani ayo.

8. Ukwenza Itiye

Umkhuba wesigaba — ngokwehlukana kwetiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: Kweliluhlaza — 80–85 °C, kwelibomvu — 90–95 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
Izitsha: Ingilazi yeglasi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe kweliluhlaza, i-gaiwan noma imbiza ye-porcelain kwelibomvu.
Inqubo:
1. Shisa izitsha bese ufaka itiye.
2. Eliluhlaza — thela amanzi ngasodongeni bese ulinda imizuzwana engama-40–60; elibomvu — emva kokugeza okufushane imizuzwana eyi-10–20.
3. Eliluhlaza limelana nokuthelwa kabili noma kathathu kabusha, elibomvu — kahlanu noma isithupha ngokunwetshwa kancane kancane.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Eliluhlaza — ephaketheni elivalekile, efrijini ngo-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga, kungcono ukuphuzwa onyakeni. Elibomvu — endaweni eyomile nepholile engenamaphunga, esitsheni esivaleke kahle.

10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Ugwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lwendawo; igama elihlanganisayo alisho isigaba, ngakho bheka ephaketheni ukuthi itiye liluhlaza noma libomvu.
- Qiniseka ukuthi umkhiqizi usesifundeni saseShangnan.
- Qhathanisa ukubukeka nezidingo: eliluhlaza — elinoboya obumhlophe nephunga le-chestnut, elibomvu — elicolekile, elinamaphuzu ehlumela.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Imithombo yendawo ibiza iShangnan njengendawo entsha yasetiyeni esenyakatho kakhulu entshonalanga yeChina — «itiye le-33rd parallel».
Izidingo zomkhiqizo azibali nje amadolobhana amanje, kodwa namagama amadala ezigodi ezihlanganisiwe — ngawo indawo ingatholakala emabalazweni amadala.
Ohlwini lwezinhlobo kuhlangene uhlobo olunamacembe amhlophe «Anji Baicha» kanye nohlobo olunamacembe aphuzi iZhonghuang 2.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aseShaanxi

I-Shangnan Quan Ming (商南泉茗): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esifanayo elinophawu lwendawo lwaso lwango-2007; sinendatshana ngalo. I-Shangnan Cha yigama elibanzi elinendlela ehlukile yokuvikela: umhlaba ofanayo, kodwa kokubili itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu.
I-Ziyang Mao Jian (紫阳毛尖): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseZiyang eningizimu yesifundazwe, emgodini womfula iHan.
I-Hanzhong Xian Hao (汉中仙毫): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseHanzhong eningizimu-ntshonalanga yeShaanxi.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Shangnan Cha yigama lesifunda letiye elincane lasenyakatho: ukuhlolwa kwaqala ngo-1961, impumelelo yafika ngo-1970, futhi namuhla ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa kuvikelwa itiye eliluhlaza eligoqiwe neliyisicaba kanye netiye elibomvu. Izidingo zomkhiqizo ziningiliziwe — kusukela ekwenqatshweni kwezibulala-zinambuzane kuya kumazinga okushisa esigaba ngasinye. Itiye eliluhlaza leShangnan Cha libonakala ngoboya obumhlophe nephunga le-chestnut, elibomvu — ngeqabunga elicolekile elinamaphuzu ehlumela kanye nomuthi wetiye omnandi.