Tiyi ya Dujiangyan (Dūjiāngyàn cháyè, 都江堰茶叶) — “tsamba la tiyi la Dujiangyan”: tiyi wobiriwira wa mzinda wa Dujiangyan (都江堰市) pansi pa Chengdu, m’chigawo cha Sichuan, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa chigwa cha Chengdu, pamene mtsinje wa Minjiang umatuluka m’mapiri. Kuyambira 2016 dzinali limatetezedwa ngati chizindikiro chaulimi chokhudza malo, ndipo kuyambira 2025 — ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro chokhudza malo, chovomerezedwa ndi State Administration for Intellectual Property (CNIPA). Dera limaphatikizapo phiri la Qingchengshan, limene tiyi wake, malinga ndi kafukufuku wofotokoza za chizindikirocho, unkatchulidwa m’misonkho kale mu nthawi ya Song.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). “茶叶” (cháyé) amangotanthauza “tsamba la tiyi”, ndipo gulu limakhazikitsidwa motsatira ukadaulo wa zolemba za chitetezo za 2016 ndi 2025: kukhazikitsa (杀青), kupotoza ndi kuwotcha kachiwiri, popanda okosijeni.
- Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa kumadzulo kwa Sichuan; chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro chokhudza malo (2025), kuyambira 2016 — komanso chizindikiro chaulimi chokhudza malo.
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Sichuan (四川, Sìchuān), mzinda wa Chengdu (成都, Chéngdū), mzinda wa Dujiangyan (都江堰, Dūjiāngyàn).
- Dera lotetezedwa: mizinda ndi midzi 12: Xiang’e (向峨乡), Daguan (大观镇), Qingchengshan (青城山镇), Zhongxing (中兴镇), Yutang (玉堂镇), Puyang (蒲阳镇), Guankou (灌口镇), Zipingpu (紫坪铺镇), Hongkou (虹口乡), Longchi (龙池镇), Tianma (天马镇) ndi Xujia (胥家镇). Wopempha mu 2025 ndi boma la Dujiangyan. Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa 2016, derali limadutsa malire ndi Wenchuan, Pengzhou ndi Chongzhou, malo ake ndi mahekitala 71,700.
- Zogwirizana za dera: 103°25′42″–103°47′00″ E, 31°02′09″–31°44′54″ N; m’zolemba za 2025 latitudes zinalembedwa mosiyana.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri (malinga ndi kafukufuku wofotokoza za chizindikiro cha 2016, m’kope):
- Tang. Pakati pa tiyi wa Shu woperekedwa ku nyumba yachifumu, bwalo linkakonda kwambiri “Wuzui” (乌嘴) ndi “Liuchuhua” (六出花); kafukufuku amanena kuti onsewa ndi a ku Dujiangyan.
- Minda ya tiyi. Buku la “Taiping Guangji” (太平广记, 978) limatchula m’boma la Jiulong (九陇县, lero Pengzhou; nthawi imeneyo madera a kummawa kwa Minjiang anali pansi pake) munda wa tiyi wa Zhang Shougui (张守圭), kumene chaka chilichonse ankalemba antchito oposa zana othyola.
- Msonkho wa Song. Umboni wachindunji wa tiyi wa Qingcheng mu msonkho umapezeka mu “Taiping Huanyu Ji” (太平寰宇记, 976–983): m’ndandanda wa “msonkho wakale” wa dera la Yongkang jun (永康军) atchulidwa 紫背龙芽, 白背龙芽, 大鹤仙 ndi 小鹤仙.
- 1674. Malinga ndi chikalata chotchulidwa m’kafukufuku, m’chaka cha 13 cha Kangxi chaka chilichonse ankakonza katundu wa 800 jin wa tiyi wa mphukira wa Qingcheng, mwa iwo 60 jin wosankhidwa bwino ndi 680 jin wa “nyumba yachifumu”.
- 1912. Kumayambiriro kwa Republic ku Qingchengshan, malinga ndi kafukufuku, panali minda yotchingidwa ya tiyi woperekedwa.
- 1981. Qingcheng Xue Ya, m’gulu la tiyi wa Dujiangyan, ankagulitsidwa ku Hong Kong, Macao ndi Japan.
- 2013. Mtundu wa “Qingcheng Dao Cha” (青城道茶) unalandira mphoto yoyamba pa mpikisano wachikhumi wa dziko lonse wa tiyi wodziwika “Zhongcha Bei”.
- 2016. Pa 31 March Ministry of Agriculture inavomereza kulembetsa chizindikiro chaulimi chokhudza malo; mwini wake ndi Dujiangyan Agricultural Technology Extension Center, nambala ya lamulo laukadaulo ndi AGI2016-01-1869.
- 2025. Ndi chidziwitso cha CNIPA No. 625 (chosainidwa 1 April, chosindikizidwa 14 April) tiyi anavomerezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro chokhudza malo. Mu May, malinga ndi nyuzipepala ya m’deralo, mzinda unachita kulawa tiyi wotetezedwa, pamene makampani asanu ndi awiri anasonyeza “ukadaulo wopanga tiyi — cholowa chosaoneka” (非遗制茶技艺); zomwe sizinafotokozedwe.
- Dzina: 都江堰 — Dujiangyan, mzinda ndi njira yothirira pa Minjiang; 茶叶 — “tsamba la tiyi”.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi kafukufuku wa 2016, tiyi wa m’derali ali ndi zizindikiro ziwiri zachigawo ndi mitundu khumi yotsogola, mwa iwo “Qingcheng” (青城), “Qingchengshan” (青城山), “Qingcheng Dao Cha” (青城道茶) ndi “Qingcheng Piaoxue” (青城飘雪).
3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zipangizo
- Mitundu / Cultivars: Malinga ndi zofunikira za 2025 — 黔眉502 (Qiánméi 502), 特早213 (Tèzǎo 213), 名选131 (Míngxuǎn 131), 福鼎大白茶 (Fúdǐng dàbáichá), 福选9号 (Fúxuǎn 9) ndi mitundu ina yosinthidwa bwino. Kufotokozera kwa 2016 kunkangofuna mitundu yakomweko yokolola bwino komanso yosamva matenda ya “series yoyamba kwambiri”.
- Mulingo wothyola: Mphukira umodzi wokha, mphukira ndi tsamba loyamba lotseguka, mphukira ndi masamba awiri.
- Njira yothyola: Kutsina (掐采), kukweza (提手采) ndi manja awiri (双手采).
- Kuthyola: Nthawi zothyola sizinapezeke m’magwero.
4. Malo ndi Zochitika za Kulima
- Dera: Pamsonkhano wa zigawo ziwiri zachilengedwe — mapiri a Longmenshan (龙门山) ndi pamwamba pa chipatso cha mtsinje wa Minjiang pa chigwa cha Chengdu; mtunda umatsika kuchokera kumpoto chakumadzulo kupita kumwera chakum’mawa.
- Kutalika kwa kulima: Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa 2016, dothi lalikulu la derali ndi dothi lachikasu la mapiri pa kutalika kwa 700–1200 m. Zofunikira za 2025 zimalola malo athyathyathya ndi malo otsetsereka pang’ono 3–15°.
- Dothi: Dothi lachikasu la mapiri (山地黄壤) — lozama, lachonde, lolemera ndi organic matter, pH 4.5–6.5.
- Nyengo (malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa 2016): nyengo yapakati pa subtropiki ya monsoon. Kutentha kwapakati pachaka 15.2 °C, mwezi wozizira kwambiri — 4.6 °C, wotentha kwambiri — 24.4 °C; mvula 1243.8 mm, kuwala kwa dzuwa 1016.9 maola pachaka, masiku opanda chisanu 280, chinyezi chapakati pachaka 75 mpaka 80 %.
- Madzi: Mitsinje ya dongosolo la Minjiang ndi ngalande za njira yothirira ya Dujiangyan.
- Kukula: Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa 2016 — matani 1700 a tiyi pachaka.
5. Ukadaulo Wopanga
Zofunikira za chitetezo cha 2025 zimakhazikitsa ndondomeko “kufowoka — kukhazikitsa — kuzizira — kupotoza — kuwotcha kachiwiri — kuzizira — kupotoza kwachiwiri — kuyanika — kusunga”:
- Kufowoka (摊放, tānfàng): Palibe zofotokozera mu zofunikira za 2025; kufotokozera kwa 2016 kumapereka maola 6–12, mpaka chinyezi pafupifupi 70 %.
- Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): Magawo atatu, mphindi 4–6. Woyamba — mbiya 260–220 °C, mpaka tsamba litafewa; wachiwiri — 20–30 °C kutsika, mpaka tsamba likulungidwa mu tiyi ndipo sikumamatira ku dzanja; wachitatu — pafupifupi 200 °C.
- Kuzizira (摊凉, tānliáng): Nthawi yomweyo pambuyo pa mbiya, mphindi 30–60.
- Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): “Tsamba losalimba — mopepuka, lolimba — mwamphamvu”, “mopepuka — mwamphamvu — mopepuka”. Tsamba losalimba — mphindi 20–25, lolimba — osapitirira mphindi 50.
- Kuwotcha kwachiwiri (杀二青, shā èr qīng): Choyamba 180–150 °C, mpaka tsamba lifewe; kenako 10–15 °C kutsika, ndi njira za “kukanikiza ndi kusinja” (压、磨), mphindi 3–5, mpaka mawonekedwe athyathyathya owongoka.
- Kupotoza kwachiwiri (二揉, èr róu): Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa 2016 — ngati kuli kofunikira.
- Kuyanika (烘干, hōnggān): Palibe zofotokozera mu zofunikira za 2025; kufotokozera kwa 2016 kumapereka 90–100 °C, mpaka tsamba lobiriwira la emerald.
- Kusunga (贮藏, zhùcáng): M’matumba otsekedwa bwino, kutentha kosapitirira 8 °C.
Zolemba zimatsutsana zokha: mu kufotokozera kwa 2016 komanso mu zofunikira za 2025 ukadaulo umafikitsa tsamba ku mawonekedwe “athyathyathya owongoka”, pomwe kufotokozera kwa maonekedwe kumanena za tsamba “lopindika pang’ono mwachilengedwe”; momwe izi zimagwirizanitsidwira, magwero sakufotokoza.
6. Zizindikiro za Kumverera kwa Thupi
Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo cha 2025:
- Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Tsamba lachilengedwe, lopindika pang’ono (条索自然微卷), lobiriwira lachikasu ndi tsitsi (黄绿带毫).
- Kununkhira kwa tsamba louma: Palibe kufotokozera kosiyana m’magwero opezeka.
- Kununkhira kwa madzi: Oyera, ndi kamvekedwe ka chestnut, kosatha (清香带栗香，持久).
- Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kolimbikitsa, kofewa ndi koyenera (鲜爽醇和).
- Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira wachikasu, wowala.
- Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lothira): Lofanana, lobiriwira lachikasu, lowala.
7. Zomwe Zili mu Thupi
| Chizindikiro | Muyezo |
|---|---|
| Ma polyphenols a tiyi | osachepera 20 % |
| Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi | osachepera 40 % |
| Mapuloteni | osachepera 30 g/100 g |
| Amino acid yonse | osachepera 3 % |
| Vitamini C | osachepera 200 mg/100 g |
Mu kope la kufotokozera kwa 2016 muyezo womwewo wa mapuloteni umalembedwa kumalo ena ngati 30 mg/100 g, kumalo ena — ngati 30 g/100 g; pano paperekedwa zolemba za zofunikira za 2025.
8. Kuthira
Mchitidwe wa gulu la tiyi wobiriwira. Madzi 80–85 °C, 3 g pa 150 ml, kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera. Thirani madzi m’mphepete, woyamba — pakadutsa masekondi 40–60; imwani, kusiya gawo la madzi, ndikuwonjezera — kuthira kawiri kapena katatu.
9. Kusunga
Mchitidwe wa gulu: m’paketi yotsekedwa, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo, bwino mufiriji; imwani mkati mwa chaka. Zofunikira za chitetezo pano ndi zenizeni kuposa nthawi zonse — osapitirira 8 °C.
10. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga
Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero opezeka.
- Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro chapadera cha malo: ufulu wa kuchigwiritsa ntchito kwa wopanga wa m’derali umaperekedwa ndi CNIPA poyimira mzinda ndi chigawo.
- Onetsetsani kuti tiyi ndi wa chimodzi mwa mizinda ndi midzi 12 ya derali.
- Kumbukirani kuti dzina ndi lachibadwidwe: mawu “tiyi wochokera ku Dujiangyan” popanda chizindikiro sakutanthauza chinthu chotetezedwa.
- Tsamba — lobiriwira lachikasu ndi tsitsi; kununkhira — koyera, ndi kamvekedwe ka chestnut.
11. Zochititsa Chidwi
- Pakati pa mitundu ya tiyi ya Qingcheng ya nthawi ya Song, kafukufuku amatchula “Wamkulu” ndi “Wamng’ono Wausodzi Wosafa” — 大鹤仙 ndi 小鹤仙.
- Kukhazikitsa malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo kumachitika m’magawo atatu, kuyambira ndi mbiya pa 260–220 °C.
- Mu 1674, malinga ndi kafukufuku, mwa ma jin 800 a tiyi wa Qingcheng, 680 ankalembedwa ngati “a nyumba yachifumu”.
12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Wina wa Sichuan
- Qingcheng Xue Ya (青城雪芽): Tiyi wodziwika wobiriwira wa phiri la Qingchengshan, lomwe lili m’derali; malinga ndi kafukufuku wa 2016 — mmodzi wa tiyi wa Dujiangyan.
- Emei Zhuyeqing (峨眉竹叶青): Tiyi wathyathyathya wobiriwira wa phiri la Emeishan; kwa Tiyi ya Dujiangyan mawonekedwe athyathyathya amaperekedwa ndi ukadaulo, koma osati kufotokozera kwa maonekedwe.
- Tianfu Long Ya (天府龙芽): Mtundu wachigawo wa tiyi wa Sichuan; Tiyi ya Dujiangyan ndi dzina laling’ono, la mzinda.
Pomaliza:
Tiyi ya Dujiangyan — dzina lachibadwidwe la tiyi wa mzinda umodzi pa potulukira mtsinje wa Minjiang m’mapiri, lomwe chitetezo chalipatsa tiyi wobiriwira wotsimikizika: tsamba lobiriwira lachikasu ndi tsitsi, kununkhira koyera ndi kamvekedwe ka chestnut, kukhazikitsa kotentha m’magawo atatu ndi kusunga kosapitirira 8 °C. Mbiri yake imachokera ku phiri la Qingchengshan ndi msonkho wake wa nthawi ya Song, ndipo zolemba ziwiri — za 2016 ndi 2025 — zimapereka ukadaulo watsatanetsatane, ngakhale mawonekedwe a tsamba amawafotokoza mosiyana.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero