I-Maoshan Changqing (Máoshān chángqīng, 茅山长青) — itiye eliluhlaza lasedolobheni laseJurong (句容市) esifundeni sasedolobheni saseZhenjiang esifundazweni saseJiangsu, lisuka ezintabeni zaseMaoshan eningizimu yesifunda. Itiye liselincane: ngokwencazelo yoMnyango Wezolimo, lasungulwa yipulazi letiye laseMaoshan ngo-1986. Iqabunga liyisicaba futhi liqondile, linombala ohlaza njenge-emeraldi, ukumnika kunombala ohlaza ngobumnene, ukunambitheka kusha. Kusukela ngo-2020 igama lifakwe kurejista yezimpawu zokuma kwezolimo zemikhiqizo; indawo yokuvikela — yonke iJurong.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Ubuchwepheshe obuchaziwe — ukulungiswa, ukuqondiswa, ukunikezwa isimo, ukomiswa, ngaphandle kokuvutshelwa nokufakwa umoya — bungobohlaza; incwadi eyisithenjwa ikubeka ngqo itiye esigabeni esiluhlaza.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lesimanje laseJiangsu, elasungulwa yipulazi letiye; umkhiqizo onophawu lokuma kwendawo (2020).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseJiangsu (江苏, Jiāngsū), isifunda sasedolobheni saseZhenjiang (镇江, Zhènjiāng), idolobha laseJurong (句容, Jùróng), izintaba zaseMaoshan (茅山, Máoshān).
- Indawo yokuvikela: Indawo yokuphatha yamanje yaseJurong: amalokishi ayisishiyagalolunye — iTianwang, iMaoshan, iHoubai, iGuozhuang, iBaitu, iBiancheng, iHuayang, iBaohua, iXiashu — kanye nezingxenye ezintathu ezikhethekile: izindawo zokubuka iMaoshan neChishanhu kanye nendawo yokuthuthukiswa komnotho yaseJurong. Yile ndlela echazwa isimemezelo se-China National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) No. 640.
- Izixhumanisi zokuma: Esimemezelweni — 118°59′–119°22′ empumalanga kanye no-”31°37′–31°12′ enyakatho”: umngcele wasenyakatho ubhalwe uphansi kunowaseningizimu. Leli yiphutha lokubhala; lapho kuhlolwa imingcele kufanele kusetshenziswe umbhalo wangempela wesimemezelo.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Itiye laseMaoshan ngaphambi kweChangqing. Ngokwencwadi eyisithenjwa, indawo yaseMaoshan yayiyindawo yetiye kusukela ngesikhathi saseSui; ngesikhathi sikaShunzhi (emndenini wakwaQing) yayidume nge-”qiancha” (乾茶) ezindaweni ezizungeze ithempeli laseQianyuan Guan (乾元观), eminyakeni yeRiphabhlikhi — “imaoshan lucha” (茅山麓茶) yenkampani yaseMaolu. Le ncwadi efanayo ibhala ukuthi itiye lamafu lezindela zethempeli laseFangshan Si (方山寺) lalishintshwa ngerayisi elilingana neshumi lezinkomishi ngaleso naleso sikhathi setiye. Embikweni we-Central Radio (2022) umlando wokutshalwa kwetiye esifundeni ulandelwa kusukela enkathini yase-Wei, Jin kanye nezizwe zaseNyakatho neNingizimu. Imibhalo esekelwe kulezi zimangalo angikaze ngiyibone.
- 1983. Ngokwencazelo yoMnyango Wezolimo, itiye eliluhlaza elomisiwe elinephunga elimnandi (烘青, hōngqīng) lezinga lokuqala lepulazi letiye laseMaoshan lahlonishwa ngetiye lekhwalithi yesifundazwe.
- 1986 noma 1987. UMnyango Wezolimo ubhala ukuthi ipulazi lasungula i-Maoshan Changqing ngo-1986; incwadi eyisithenjwa ithi ngo-1987. Ukungqubuzana angikakuxazululi.
- 2008. Isiphathimandla sesifundazwe sezimboni nezohwebo samukela uphawu lokuhweba “茅山长青” njengophawu olwaziwayo lwaseJiangsu (ngokombiko we-Central Radio).
- 2019. Ubuchwepheshe betiye lesandla laseMaoshan (茅山手工茶制作技艺) bafakwa ohlwini lwamagugu angaphatheki esifunda sasedolobheni saseZhenjiang. Lolu ubuchwepheshe betiye lesandla laseMaoshan jikelele, hhayi i-Changqing kuphela.
- 2020. Ngo-Ephreli uMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya wafaka i-Maoshan Changqing kurejista yezimpawu zokuma kwezolimo zemikhiqizo; inombolo — AGI02820.
- 2021–2022. Inhlangano yetiye yaseJurong yamukela imithetho yokuphatha uphawu, yaqala ukulandelela umkhiqizo wezinkampani eziyi-13 ezinesitifiketi “somkhiqizo ohlaza”, kwathi ngoMashi 2022 — izinga leqembu. Kuhlu lwamazinga eqembu kubhalwa nenguqulo ka-2023 (T/JRCY 001-2023); umbhalo wezinga awukwazanga ukuvulwa.
- 2025. I-CNIPA ngesimemezelo No. 640 sango-16 Julayi yamukela njengomkhiqizo onophawu lokuma kwendawo amagama ayi-1409; i-Maoshan Changqing ingelinye lawo.
- Igama: “IMaoshan” (茅山) — izintaba eningizimu yaseJurong. “I-Changqing” (长青) — “uhlala uluhlaza”, njengasesishweni 万古长青 (“uhlala uluhlaza kuze kube phakade”). Ngokwencwadi eyisithenjwa, igama linikezwe ukukhumbula umzabalazo wokulwa namaJapan endaweni yaseMaoshan.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokombiko we-Central Radio, i-Maoshan Changqing ingenye “yamatiye ayishumi adumile aseJiangsu” futhi ihlala iwuphawu oluyinhloko lwesifunda; ngo-2022 iqembu lokuhlola amabrendi etiye lahlaziya ibrendi yesifunda ngezigidigidi ezingu-1.624 zamayuan. I-Maoshan yaziwa njengentaba yamaDaoist, kanti uMnyango Wezolimo ngo-2021 wafaka umzila “茅山长青” ezincomweni zasehlobo zokuvakasha kwezolimo zasemakhaya: ipaki letiye, ipulazi letiye laseMaoshan kanye nezindawo eziyisikhumbuzo zeminyaka yempi.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Yiziphi izinhlobo ezivunyelwe uphawu, emithonjeni etholakele akukasho. Ipulazi letiye laseMaoshan, ngokwencazelo yoMnyango Wezolimo, linyanga zonke litshala 10–20 mu wezinhlobo zama-clone — i-Longjing 43 (龙井43, Lóngjǐng 43), i-Longjing Changye (龙井长叶, Lóngjǐng chángyè), i-Wunniu Zao (乌牛早, Wūniú zǎo) — esikhundleni sohlobo lwendawo lwaseJurong.
- Ukuvuna: Imiqumbe iqhakaza ngoMashi.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Ngokwamazwi kasihlalo wenhlangano yetiye embikweni ka-2022, itiye elingcono kakhulu lenziwa ngezinduna ezingamakhemisi, elilandelayo — ngeqabunga elilodwa noma amaqabunga amabili ngokwesilinganiso esithile. I-Maoshan Changqing yendawo ebiza kakhulu (极品), ngokwawo mbiko, ikhiqiza kuphela u-1.5 kg ngemu.
- Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Ngokwawo mbiko, uphawu lungasetshenziswa kuphela umkhiqizi onesitifiketi “somkhiqizo ohlaza”; umquba iningi lawo ungowemvelo (utshani obolile, umquba wezilwane), ezinkingeni zezinambuzane — izicupho zokukhanya kanye namapuleti aphuzi anamathelayo.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: I-Jurong ilele eduze kwe-31st parallel. Ububanzi besifunda — 1385 km²; eningizimu — izintaba zaseMaoshan, enyakatho — ukhahlamba lwaseNingzhen. Imibhalo yendawo ichaza indawo ngefomula “izingxenye ezinhlanu zezintaba, eyodwa — amanzi, ezine — amasimu” (五山一水四分田).
- Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon, enezikhathi ezine ezicacile.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokombiko — izintaba eziphansi, amagquma kanye nezihosha ezinomvini ofanele wenhlabathi kanye nokuqukethwe okunothile kwamaminerali; izinga eliphezulu lehlathi linikeze iminyaka eminingi i-organic eningi.
- Ukuphakama kokukhula: Imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Ubukhulu: Ngokwemininingwane yombiko ka-2022, izingadi zetiye zaseJurong zithatha cishe ama-mu angu-50 000, umkhiqizo — cishe amathani angu-900 ngonyaka, inani lomkhiqizo — cishe izigidigidi ezingu-0.5 zamayuan. Lokhu yilo lonke itiye lesifunda, hhayi i-Maoshan Changqing kuphela.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Umbiko we-Central Radio ubala le misebenzi elandelayo futhi uyasho ukuthi uhlu alupheleli (“nokunye”); imingcele umthombo awuyinikezi:
- Ukunqamula (摊放, tānfàng): Iqabunga elisha liyanqunywa ukuze likhiphe ingxenye yomswakama.
- Ukulungiswa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa ukufakwa komoya.
- Ukupholisa (摊凉, tānliáng).
- Ukuqondiswa kweqabunga (理条, lǐtiáo): Iqabunga liqondiswa libe yimicu eqondile.
- Ukunikezwa kwesimo (整形, zhěngxíng): Iqabunga lenziwa libe yisicaba futhi liqondile.
- Ukomiswa (干燥, gānzào).
Itiye lenziwa ngemishini nangesandla: eJurong kuqhutshwa izifundo zazo zombili izindlela. Ngaphambi kokunamathisela uphawu, iqembu lihlolwa ngochwepheshe; iqembu elingadlulanga ukuhlolwa alilutholi uphawu.
6. Izici Zokunambitheka
Incazelo emfushane evela encwadini eyisithenjwa:
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Isicaba, siqondile futhi sihle, sinombala we-emeraldi (外形扁直挺秀、色翠).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Iphunga lokumnika: Kusha futhi kuphakeme (香气鲜高).
- Ukunambitheka: Kusha futhi kuvuselelayo (鲜爽).
- Umbala wokumnika: Uhlaza ngobumnene (汤色嫩绿).
- Iqabunga elithengiwe: Kukhanya, kuyakhanya (叶底明亮).
Izinga leqembu lika-2022, ngokombiko wokukhishwa kwalo, lihlangaanise izinhlobo ezintathu zangaphambili zaba ezinhlanu: elikhethekile lokuqala, elikhethekile lesibili, elokuqala, elesibili nelesithathu. Kwelikhethekile lokuqala iqabunga lisicaba kancane, lihle futhi lilingene, umbala usha, uhlaza njengejade; iphunga lihlanzekile futhi licwebile, ukunambitheka kusha futhi kuvuselelayo, ukumnika kunombala ohlaza ngobumnene futhi kukhanya, iqabunga elithengiwe lingaphansi luhlaza, likhanya futhi lilingene (条索微扁、挺秀、均齐，色泽翡翠鲜润；香气清香幽雅，滋味鲜爽，汤色嫩绿、明亮，叶底嫩绿、鲜亮、匀齐).
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Imininingwane ye-physicochemical emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g ngawo-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa isitsha.
- Beka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
- Ukumnika kokuqala — ngemuva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yokumnika.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuphindwa kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephepheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakale ayikho.
- Uzivikela kanjani emikhiqizweni yomgunyathi:
- Bheka isitika sophawu: ngokombiko, kunesithombe se-QR esinolwazi ngomkhiqizo nomkhiqizi.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowaseJurong.
- Iqabunga — lisicaba, liqondile, linombala we-emeraldi; ukumnika — kunombala ohlaza ngobumnene.
- Ungadidanisi ne-Maoshan Qingfeng (茅山青锋) — elinye itiye lentaba efanayo.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Endaweni yokuvikela kufakwe nendawo yokuthuthukiswa komnotho yaseJurong — ngokuvamile izindawo zetiye zichazwa ngamayunithi asemakhaya.
- I-latitude yendawo esimemezelweni ibhalwe ngephutha: umngcele wasenyakatho uphansi kunowaseningizimu.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aluhlaza aseJiangsu
- I-Maoshan Qingfeng (茅山青锋): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseJintan sesifunda saseChangzhou entabeni efanayo yaseMaoshan; igama elihlukile.
- I-Jintan Queshe (金坛雀舌): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esifanayo saseJintan.
- I-Nanjing Yuhua Cha (南京雨花茶): Itiye eliluhlaza laseNanjing elingumakhelwane; nalo lasungulwa engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu lama-20.
Ekuphethweni:
I-Maoshan Changqing — itiye eliluhlaza elincane laseJurong, elasungulwa yipulazi letiye laseMaoshan maphakathi nawo-1980: iqabunga elisicaba eliqondile eliwumbala we-emeraldi, ukumnika okunombala ohlaza ngobumnene kanye nokunambitheka okusha. Uphawu lwayo luvikela sonke isifunda, kusukela emalokishini asezintabeni kuya endaweni yokuthuthukiswa komnotho, kanti isitika sitholwa kuphela iqembu eliphumelele ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo