Fújiàn wūlóngchá

I-Fujian Wulongcha (Fújiàn wūlóngchá, 福建乌龙茶) yigeographical indication eyisambulela yewulong yesifundazwe saseFujian. Ngaphansi kwayo kuhlanganiswe izifunda ezingamashumi amathathu nanhlanu, izifunda zasemadolobheni kanye nezindawo, kusukela e-Anxi naseZhaoan eningizimu kuya eWuyishan naseShouning enyakatho. Umbhalo uhlukanisa umkhiqizo ngezinhlobo ezine, iwulong yaseningizimu ethiwa yi-shezhong kanye neyi-southern Tieguanyin, neyi-northern wulong kanye neyi-northern Shuixian (闽南色种, 闽南铁观音, 闽北乌龙, 闽北水仙). Legama livikelwe kusukela ngo-2007, kwathi ngo-2009 lakhishelwa izinga lesifundazwe. Ngaphezu kwalesi sambulela kusebenza amagama azimele, anjenge-安溪铁观音, 武夷岩茶, 永春佛手, 漳平水仙 kanye namanye.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nendabuko

Uhlobo: Iwulong (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá), evutshelwe ingxenye: iqabunga liyanyakaziswa, imiphetho i-oxidize ingxenye, bese liyalungiswa. Isigaba sivezwa egameni laso.
Isigaba: Isambulela segeographical indication yesifundazwe; umkhiqizo onegeographical indication (2007) enezinga lesifundazwe elithi DB35/T 943—2009.
Indabuko: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Fujian (福建, Fújiàn).
Indawo evikelwe: Amayunithi angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu ngokohlu lukahulumeni wesifundazwe: i-Anxi, i-Yongchun, i-Nan’an, i-Dehua, i-Tong’an, i-Zhaoan, i-Nanjing, i-Pinghe, i-Changtai, i-Hua’an, i-Yunxiao, i-Zhangpu, i-Longhai, i-Zhangping, i-Changting, i-Xinluo, i-Datian, i-Youxi, i-Shaxian, i-Yong’an, i-Minqing, i-Ninghua, i-Qingliu, i-Xianyou, i-Minhou, i-Yongtai, i-Lianjiang, i-Wuyishan, i-Jian’ou, i-Jianyang, i-Zhenghe, i-Shouning, i-Fu’an, i-Zhouning kanye ne-Jiaocheng. Uhlu lungokomshicilelo wombhalo wesimemezelo.
Ama-coordinate ezindawo: Isifundazwe sase-Fujian cishe singu-23.5–28.3° enyakatho kanye no-115.8–120.7° empumalanga.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- 2007. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) ngesimemezelo esingu-No. 33 yathatha «福建乌龙茶» njengomkhiqizo onegeographical indication ukuze uvikelwe. Ngokwemibiko yabezindaba bezimboni, ukuvikelwa kusebenze kusukela mhla ziyi-14 kuNhlolanja 2007; ngesikhathi esifanayo kwavikelwa netiye elibomvu lase-Fu’an 坦洋工夫 njengegama elihlukile.
- 2009. Isifundazwe sakhipha izinga elithi DB35/T 943—2009 «地理标志产品福建乌龙茶» (elishicilelwe mhla zingama-26 kuNhlaba, laqala ukusebenza mhla zingama-30 kuNhlaba). Ababhali yi-Fujian Provincial Institute of Standardization, i-Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University kanye ne-National Tea Quality Supervision and Inspection Center (Fujian). Izinga lichaza indawo, ukuhlukaniswa komkhiqizo, izidingo, izindlela zokuhlola, ukumakwa, ukupakishwa, ukuthuthwa kanye nokugcinwa.
- Namuhla. Leli gama liseqoqweni lesifundazwe lemikhiqizo ye-GI evikelwe yase-Fujian.
Igama:
- «Fujian» (福建) yigama lesifundazwe.
- «Wulongcha» (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá) lisho «itiye likadrako omnyama», igama lesigaba.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Imithombo yezindaba yezimboni ngo-2007 yabiza i-Fujian Wulongcha njengomkhiqizo onendawo yokuvikelwa ebanzi kunayo yonke, inani elikhulu kunawo wonke lezinhlobo, kanye nomthelela omkhulu kunawo wonke phakathi kwemikhiqizo evikelwe e-China ngaleso sikhathi. Igama eliyisambulela livumela abakhiqizi abavela emayunithi angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu ukuthi babonise uphawu olujwayelekile lapho isifunda sabo singenalo igama laso.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenzwa

Izinhlobo / Ama-Cultivar: Ngokwesimemezelo, izinhlobo ezifanele iwulong yase-Fujian: izinhlobo zewulong ezigunyazwe ikhomishini kazwelonke noma yesifundazwe yezinhlobo, kanye nezihlahla eziqokiwe zase-Wuyishan, okungukuthi 大红袍 (dàhóngpáo), 铁罗汉 (tiěluóhàn), 白鸡冠 (báijīguān), 水金龟 (shuǐjīnguī), kanye nezihlahla zasendaweni zase-Wuyishan ezibizwa nge-«caicha» (武夷菜茶).
Izithombo: Izindlela zokuphindaphinda kuphela: izithombo eziphilile zonyaka owodwa ezisatshalaliswe ngezimbewu.
Ukuvuna: Ngamaqoqo, njengoba ihlumela livuthwa; izinkathi zonyaka azizange ziqanjwe embhalweni otholakele.
Indinganiso yokuvuna: Lapho ihlumela eliphezulu limile ekukhuleni (驻芽), kuvunwa ihlumela kusukela «ekuvulekeni okuncane» kuya «ekuvulekeni okukhulu» kweqabunga (小开面至大开面).
Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenzwa: Amaqabunga avela emayunithi angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu endawo.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Amagquma nezintaba zesifundazwe sase-Fujian ngaphakathi kwamayunithi angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu endawo.
Inhlabathi: Ngokwesimemezelo, inhlabathi ebomvu-nephuzi yamagquma nezintaba ene-pH engu-4.0–6.5, endaweni enesimo sezemvelo esihle.
Ukutshala nokunakekela: Kutshalwa kusukela ngo-Okthoba kuya kuNdasa, ngosuku oluguqubele ngemuva kwemvula; ubuningi bungaba izitshalo ezingu-30,000–90,000 ngehektha. Umhlabathi uyalinywa ngesikhathi futhi kususwe ukhula, kuvundiswa ikakhulukazi ngemvelo, uma kunesidingo kuthuthukiswa ngomhlabathi olethwayo, futhi izihlahla ziyathenwa ngesikhathi.
Ukuphakama nesimo sezulu: Azikho izidingo ezijwayelekile esimemezelweni; amagama azimele angaphakathi endaweni abeka awakhe.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ngokwesimemezelo, uchungechunge lokucwaninga kokuqala lumi kanje: iqabunga elisha → ukuphola emthunzini noma ukubuna elangeni → ukunyakazisa okushintshaniswa nokuphumula → ukulungisa → ukusonga (noma ukusonga ngendwangu) → ukomisa → itiye elingahluziwe (毛茶). Imingcele yemisebenzi ayizange ivezwe engxenyeni yombhalo etholakele.

Ukuphola noma ukubuna (晾青 — liàngqīng, 晒青 — shàiqīng): Iqabunga lilahlekelwa ingxenye yomswakama emthunzini noma elangeni.
Ukunyakazisa (摇青 — yáoqīng) nokuphumula (摊青 — tānqīng): Kuyashintshana; kulo msebenzi imiphetho yamaqabunga iyalimala futhi i-oxidize ingxenye.
Ukulungisa (杀青 — shāqīng): Kumisa i-oxidation.
Ukusonga (揉捻 — róuniǎn) noma ukusonga ngendwangu (包揉 — bāoróu).
Ukoma (烘焙 — hōngbèi).

Ukucwaninga itiye eselilungile ngokwesimemezelo: ukuhlanganisa amaqoqo → ukukhetha ngesandla → ukusefa → ukupephetha → ukuphinda kufudumale → ukuphola → ukuxuba → ukupakisha.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba

Ifomula evamile yesimemezelo sayo yonke leligama inikezwe ngezansi ngokwezigaba; ngayinye yezinhlobo ezine inethebula layo elinezilinganiso ezine zekhwalithi, kusukela kwephakeme kakhulu kuya kwesithathu.

Isimo seqabunga elomile: Ukusongeka okuqinile noma okukhulu nokuminyene (紧卷或壮实); umbala othi «oluhlaza-sihlabathini» onamafutha noma omnyama onamafutha (砂绿油润、乌润); iqabunga lihlanzekile futhi lilingana. Ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu le-southern Tieguanyin, kukhona ukusongeka okukhulu, okuyindilinga, nokusindayo; e-northern wulong kukhona okukhulu, okuminyene, nokumnyama.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Alizange lichazwe ngokwehlukana; imininingwane ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lotshwala obusetshenziswayo: Iphunga lezimbali eliminyene (花香浓郁), elinezici ezicacile zohlobo.
Ukunambitheka: Kuminyene, kuthambile, kuqabulayo, nokubuya okumnandi (醇厚鲜爽回甘). Ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu le-southern Tieguanyin, ithebula lengeza «yinyun» (音韵), okuwukuzwakala okukhethekile kohlobo ekunambithekeni.
Umbala wotshwala: Osawolintshi-nophuzi noma osawolintshi-obomvu (橙黄或橙红). Ezingeni eliphezulu kakhulu lezinhlobo zaseningizimu, usagolide futhi obala, kanti eziyakuthi zasenyakatho, usawolintshi-obomvu futhi obala.
Izinqa zetiye (iqabunga eseliphekwe): Lithambile, licwebezela, lilingana, linomphetho obomvu ogqamile (软亮、匀齐、显红边).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Azikho izindinganiso ze-physicochemical engxenyeni etholakalayo yomshicilelo wesimemezelo; umbhalo wezinga awuvulekanga emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba sewulong. Azikho izincomo ezihlukile embhalweni.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
Inani letiye: 6–8 g ku-110–150 ml.
Imbiza: Igaiwan noma imbiza encane yobumba.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza imbiza.
2. Beka itiye.
3. Ligeze ngokushesha ngamanzi ashisayo bese uwachithe.
4. Ukuphisa kokuqala kube imizuzwana engu-10–20; iqabunga elisongwe ngokuqinile livuleka kancane kancane.
5. Thela ngokuphelele.
6. Ukuphisa okuphindaphindiwe nokwengeza isikhathi.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba sewulong. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, endaweni epholile, emnyama, neyomile, ngaphandle kwamaphunga angaphandle. Amaqoqo akhanyayo, ashiswe kancane agcinwa endaweni ebandayo; lawo amnyama ashiswe kakhulu akwazi ukuhlala ekamelweni elijwayelekile.

10. Intengo kanye Nokukhwabanisa

Ayikho imininingwane yamanani etholakalayo ngegama eliyisambulela: ngaphansi kwalo kuthengiswa amatiye ezinhlobo ezahlukene, izinhlobo, kanye nezifunda.

Indlela yokugwema ukukhwabanisa:
- Bheka uphawu lwegeographical indication kanye nomkhiqizi ovela kwelinye lamayunithi angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu endawo.
- Khumbula ukuthi isambulela asilingani negama elizimele: umbhalo othi «福建乌龙茶» ephaketheni awusho ukuthi yi-Tieguanyin yase-Anxi noma itiye lamatshe lase-Wuyishan.
- Bheka ukuthi yiluphi uhlobo kwezine olubhalwe ephaketheni, bese uqhathanisa ukubukeka kwalo nakho: i-southern Tieguanyin inokusongeka okuyindilinga nokusindayo kanye notshwala obusagolide, kanti izinhlobo zasenyakatho zinokusongeka okumnyama nokukhulu kanye notshwala obusawolintshi-obomvu.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Igama elilodwa lihlanganisa amayunithi okuphatha angamashumi amathathu nanhlanu esifundazwe.
Embhalweni wokuvikelwa kushiwo ngamagama izihlahla ezine zase-Wuyishan, okuyi-Da Hong Pao, i-Tie Luohan, i-Bai Jiguan kanye ne-Shui Jingui.
Ngayinye yezinhlobo ezine zomkhiqizo inesikali sayo sezilinganiso ezine zekhwalithi.
Izinga lika-2009 lishicilelwe futhi laqala ukusebenza ngomehluko wezinsuku ezine.

12. Ukuqhathanisa Namanye Ama-Wulong

I-Tieguanyin (铁观音): Itiye eliyinhloko lengxenye eseningizimu yendawo; i-Anxi inegeographical indication yayo ethi 安溪铁观音.
I-Da Hong Pao (大红袍) kanye namatiye amatshe ase-Wuyishan: Ingxenye esenyakatho yendawo; itiye lamatshe lase-Wuyishan linendinganiso yalo ethi GB/T 18745.
I-Zhangping Shuixian (漳平水仙): Iwulong yesifunda sase-Zhangping, esingaphakathi kwendawo, enegama layo elizimele.
I-Dancong (单丛): Igatsha lase-Guangdong lewulong, elingaphandle kwesifundazwe naleli gama.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Fujian Wulongcha akulona itiye elilodwa, kodwa wuphawu lwesifundazwe oluhlanganisa izifunda ezingamashumi amathathu nanhlanu kanye nezinhlobo ezine zewulong, ezimbili zaseningizimu nezimbili zasenyakatho. Umbhalo ubeka okufanayo kubo bonke: izinhlobo zewulong ezifanele kanye nezihlahla eziqokiwe zase-Wuyishan, inhlabathi ebomvu-nephuzi, ukuvuna ihlumela elivulekile, ukunyakazisa nokuphumula, iphunga lezimbali, kanye neqabunga elinomphetho obomvu. Ngemininingwane ethile, bheka e-Anxi, e-Wuyishan, e-Yongchun nase-Zhangping.