Wǔyí yánchá (Wǔyí yánchá, 武夷岩茶) — “itiye ledwala lase-Wǔyí”, igama elinendawo evikelwe ye-oolong yesifunda sedolobha lase-Wǔyíshān (武夷山市) esifundeni sase-Nánpíng enyakatho yesifundazwe sase-Fújiàn. Izinga likazwelonke lichaza njenge-oolong evela endaweni evikelwe, eyenziwe ngezinhlamvu ezisakanywa nge-clone ngobuchwepheshe bendabuko futhi “ukuzwana kwedwala” — 岩韵 (yányùn), izinga elichaza ngokuthi “uhlaka lwedwala nephunga lezimbali” (岩骨花香). Ngaphansi kwaleli gama eliyisambulela kuphuma amaqembu amahlanu okudayisa: Dà Hóng Páo, amahlumela aqanjwe amagama, Ròuguì, Shuǐxiān kanye ne-Qízhǒng. Igama livikelwe kusukela ngo-2002, futhi ubuchwepheshe bufakwe ohlwini lokuqala lukazwelonke lwamagugu angaphatheki.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Oolong (乌龙茶, wūlóngchá); isigaba sibhalwe ngqo encazelweni yezinga likazwelonke GB/T 18745—2006. Itiye ledwala lase-Wǔyíshān liyingxenye yakudala ye-oolong yasenyakatho ye-Fújiàn (闽北乌龙).
- Isigaba: Igama eliyisambulela elinendawo esemthethweni; ngaphansi kwalo kukhona amaqembu amahlanu okuhweba ezinga.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Fújiàn (福建, Fújiàn), isifunda sedolobha sase-Nánpíng (南平, Nánpíng), isifunda sedolobha sase-Wǔyíshān (武夷山市, Wǔyíshān shì).
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwezinga — yonke indawo yokuphatha yesifunda sedolobha sase-Wǔyíshān. Umbhalo we-CNIPA ubala amayunithi ayishumi: amakomiti emigwaqo ase-Wǔyí (武夷), Chóng’ān (崇安) kanye ne-Xīnfēng (新丰), izigodi zase-Yángzhuāng (洋庄), Lángǔ (岚谷), Wútún (吴屯) kanye ne-Shàngméi (上梅), amadolobhana ase-Xīngcūn (星村), Xīngtián (兴田) kanye ne-Wǔfū (五夫).
- Izixhumanisi zokuma: Ngokombhalo we-CNIPA — 117°37′22″–118°19′44″ empumalanga no-27°27′31″–28°04′49″ enyakatho.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Imvelaphi. Incazelo yohlu lukazwelonke lwamagugu angaphatheki ikhuphula ukwenziwa kwetiye lase-Wǔyíshān emuva enkathini yase-Hàn, futhi ekuqaleni kwe-Qīng ibeka ubuchwepheshe obuphelele betiye ledwala, “okwaqala ukuvula indlela” yokwenziwa kwe-oolong.
- Amahlumela amadala. Umbhali we-Qīng u-Guō Bǎicāng encwadini “Amarekhodi Ezimangaliso zase-Fújiàn” (《闽产录异》) wabhala ukuthi amahlumela e-Tiěluóhàn kanye ne-Zhuīliǔtiáo angawase-Sòng futhi akhula njengezibonelo eziyodwa.
- Inganekwane ka-Dà Hóng Páo. Ngokwenganekwane, eminyakeni ye-Hóngwǔ yobukhosi bakwa-Míng, isazi esasihamba siya ezivivinyweni selashwa itiye lase-Wǔyíshān ezinhlungwini zesisu, kwathi lapho siphuma kuqala ezivivinyweni, saqamba ihlumela ngegama lejazi laso elibomvu — kuvela igama elithi “Ijazi Elibomvu Elikhulu”.
- 2002. I-AQSIQ isimemezelo № 23 yathatha i-Wǔyí Yánchá ngaphansi kokuvikelwa njengomkhiqizo wendawo yemvelaphi; ngaleso sikhathi kwaphuma izinga eliyimpoqo GB 18745—2002.
- 2006. Ubuchwepheshe bokwenza i-Wǔyí Yánchá (Dà Hóng Páo) bangenela ohlwini lokuqala lukazwelonke lwamagugu angaphatheki ngaphansi kwenombolo Ⅷ-63. Kwaphuma izinga elinconyiwe GB/T 18745—2006: ligunyazwe ngomhla ka-18 Julayi, lisebenza kusukela ngomhla ka-1 Disemba 2006; lathatha indawo yezinga lango-2002, lasusa ukwahlukaniswa kwezindawo zempahla eluhlaza kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezinhlamvu, lasusa umkhawulo wesikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi futhi lethula izigaba ze-Dà Hóng Páo.
- 2006–2007. I-Wǔyíshān yayeka ukuqoqa emahlumeleni angumzali e-Dà Hóng Páo; imithombo ibiza unyaka wokuqala wokuvinjelwa ngo-2006 noma ngo-2007.
- 2018–2019. Isichibiyelo № 1 sezinga sathatha indawo yethebula lezinkomba zokuhlanzeka ngezinkomba zezinkambiso ezijwayelekile zokuphepha; sisebenza kusukela ngomhla ka-1 Ephreli 2019.
- 2020. UMnyango Wezolimo wabhalisa i-GI yezolimo AGI02896; umnikazi — i-Wǔyíshān Tea Research Institute.
- 2025. I-CNIPA isimemezelo № 640 yaqinisekisa ukuqashelwa komkhiqizo ngendawo yamayunithi ayishumi.
- 2026. Kwaphuma inguqulo entsha — GB/T 18745—2026 “Izidingo zekhwalithi zomkhiqizo onendawo evikelwe. I-Wǔyí Yánchá”: yagunyazwa ngomhla ka-31 Mashi 2026 futhi izoqala ukusebenza ngomhla ka-1 Ephreli 2027. Ngokwemibiko yabezindaba, yethula isigaba setiye ledwala eligugile (陈年岩茶), idinga i-polyphenols yetiye ingabi ngaphansi kwe-12,0 % futhi inikeza isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi ekuboneni komkhiqizi.
- I-European Union. Ngokwesivumelwano se-China–EU igama livikelwe njenge-PGI (Wuyi Yan Cha, idokodo PGI-CN-2720); ofake isicelo — uhulumeni wesifunda sedolobha sase-Wǔyíshān.
- Igama:
- “Wǔyí” (武夷) — igama lezintaba zase-Wǔyíshān.
- “Yánchá” (岩茶, yánchá) — “itiye ledwala”.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwabezindaba bendawo, e-Wǔyíshān abantu abacishe babe ngu-120 000 bahilelekile etiyeni. Ngaphakathi kwegama kwaqubuka imiqondo yemakethe: ukwahlukaniswa kwezindawo zokukhula kwitiye lamadwala angempela (正岩), elingaphezu kwedwala (半岩) kanye nelisemfuleni (洲茶), amahlumela aqanjwe amagama kanye nezinganekwane zawo.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza
- Izinhlamvu / Ama-cultivar: Izinga alibali izinhlamvu; lidinga kuphela ukusakazwa nge-clone. Amaqembu okuhweba aqanjwe ngezinhlamvu kanye nemvelaphi: Dà Hóng Páo (大红袍), amahlumela aqanjwe amagama (名枞), Ròuguì (肉桂), Shuǐxiān (水仙) kanye ne-Qízhǒng (奇种).
- Ukusakazwa: Ngezinqwembe ezineqabunga elilodwa nehlumela elilodwa le-axillary; amahlumela angumzali ahlanzekile futhi aphilile. Ukusikwa kwenziwa entwasahlobo, ehlobo nasekwindla; izinga libheka ukutshalwa kwasekwindla kwamahlumela asehlobo njengokuhamba phambili.
- Ukutshala: Isilinganiso sezinhlamvu zakuqala, ezimaphakathi nezasekupheleni engadini — 1 : 3 : 2.
- Izinga lokuqoqa: Ukuqoqa ngokuvuleka kweqabunga eliphezulu (开面采). Ukuvuleka okuncane (iqabunga eliphezulu — 30–40 % wendawo yesibili) — amaqabunga amane; okumaphakathi (50–70 %) — amaqabunga amathathu; okukhulu (80–90 %) — amaqabunga amabili. Izinga libheka ukuvuleka okumaphakathi njengokuhamba phambili.
- Impahla eluhlaza ngamakilasi: Ikilasi lokuqala — ingabi ngaphansi kwe-90 % yeqabunga elifanelekile, elesibili — ingabi ngaphansi kwe-80 %, elesithathu — ingabi ngaphansi kwe-70 %. Iqabunga lilethwa efemini phakathi namahora ama-4.
- Isikhathi sokuqoqa: Entwasahlobo — eduze nesizini ye-Gǔyǔ (谷雨, cishe ngomhla ka-20 Ephreli), ehlobo — eduze ne-Xiǎomǎn (小满, cishe ngomhla ka-21 Meyi), ekwindla — ngemuva kwe-Lìqiū (立秋, ekuqaleni kuka-Agasti).
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Ukwakheka komhlaba: Inyakatho-ntshonalanga iphakeme, imiqulu yamaqhuqhuva ivimba amakhaza asenyakatho. Imifudlana emine, amaqhuqhuva namagquma kuhlangana futhi kwakha i-microclimate ekhethekile — enomswakama nenkungu.
- Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical. Izinga lokushisa lonyaka elimaphakathi 18–18,5 °C, imvula cishe 2000 mm ngonyaka, umswakama womoya omaphakathi cishe 80 %, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa side; ukukhanya kwelanga cishe amahora angu-2000 ngonyaka.
- Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi yezintaba yehlathi elihlala liluhlaza le-subtropical. Ezingadini eziningi — i-gravel yentaba-mlilo, i-sandstone ebomvu kanye ne-shale; ungqimba lwe-humus lukhulu, kukhona izinto eziphilayo eziningi, i-pH 4–6.
- Izimila: I-kuninghamia (杉), i-castanopsis (苦槠), uphayini we-masson (马尾松), ama-fern.
- Ukunakekela: Umanyolo we-nitrogen, i-phosphorus ne-potassium — ngesilinganiso 3 : 2 : 1; ukuphakama komqhele ezingadini ezikhiqizayo — 80–120 cm.
- Izindawo zokukhula: Ukwahlukaniswa kwezindawo zempahla eluhlaza kwakusezingeni lango-2002, kodwa inguqulo ka-2006 yakususa. Ukwahlukaniswa kwemakethe kwitiye “lamadwala angempela”, elingaphezu kwedwala kanye nelisemfuleni kuhlala kungumqondo wokuhweba, hhayi inkambiso.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izinga libeka ukulandelana, kodwa hhayi izindlela zokusebenza.
- Ukukhiqizwa kokuqala (初制):
- Ukubuna elangeni noma endlini (晒青 / 萎凋, shàiqīng / wěidiāo).
- Ukunyakazisa nokuxhuma umoya-mpilo (做青, zuòqīng) — umsebenzi obalulekile we-oolong.
- Ukulungiswa (杀青, shāqīng).
- Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān): ukomisa kokuqala, ukuphola nokomisa kabusha; kuvela itiye eliluhlaza (毛茶, máochá).
- Ukuqedela (精制): Ukuhlunga ngamaqembu nangamakilasi, ukukhetha ngezisefo, ukukhipha iziqu, ukuphephetha, ukuhlanganisa izingxenye zesefo (拼配, pīnpèi), ukomisa, ukuphola, ukuxuba kube yiqoqo elilodwa, ukuhlola nokupakisha.
- Ubuciko ngokwencazelo yamagugu: Imisebenzi eyishumi; amasu abalulekile — ukubuna okuphindaphindiwe (复式萎凋), “ukuxhuma umoya-mpilo ngokubheka iqabunga” (看青做青), “ukunyakaza komswakama nokubuyela kobusha” (走水返阳), ukugazinga kabili nokusonga kabili (双炒双揉), ukomisa isikhathi eside ezingeni lokushisa eliphansi (低温久烘).
Ukuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye zesefo kube yiqoqo (拼配) kungenhla ekuqedeleni ngokwezinga ngokwalo lika-2006. Enguqulweni entsha ka-2026 i-Dà Hóng Páo, ngokulandisa kwabezindaba, ichazwa ngqo njengetiye lempahla eluhlaza yezinhlamvu eziningana ze-clone zase-Wǔyíshān, ezihlanganiswe ngokuxuba.
6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba
Izinga lidinga ubumsulwa, ukungabikho kwemibala, ukungcola, iphunga langaphandle kanye nesikhunta futhi linikeza ithebula lalo leqembu ngalinye. Ngezansi — isigaba esiphezulu (特级) se-Dà Hóng Páo; amanye amaqembu — asethebuleni.
- Isimo seqabunga elomile: Elisongwe ngokuqinile, eliqinile, eligobe kancane; elinokucwebezela “okuyigugu” noma ukucwebezela okunamafutha (带宝色或油润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lokuphisa: Elibukhali, elijulile nelide noma elicolekile, elihlanzekile nelikude (锐、浓长或幽、清远).
- Ukunambitheka: Ukuzwana kwedwala okucacile, okugcwele, nokubuya okumnandi okuqabulayo; iphunga lihlala phansi kwenkomishi (岩韵明显、醇厚、回味甘爽、杯底有余香).
- Umbala wokuphisa: Osobala, ogqamile, ophuzi-osawolintshi omnyama.
- Iqabunga eliphisiwe: Elithambile, elicwebezelayo, elilinganayo, elinomphetho obomvu noma umbala we-cinnabar (红边或带朱砂色).
| Iqembu | Izigaba | Iphunga lesigaba esiphezulu | Ukunambitheka kwesigaba esiphezulu |
|---|---|---|---|
| Dà Hóng Páo | 特级, 一级, 二级 | 锐、浓长或幽、清远 | 岩韵明显、醇厚、回味甘爽 |
| Amahlumela aqanjwe amagama | ngaphandle kwezigaba | 较锐、浓长或幽、清远 | 岩韵明显、醇厚、回甘快 |
| Ròuguì | 特级, 一级, 二级 | 浓郁持久，似有乳香或蜜桃香、或桂皮香 | 醇厚鲜爽、岩韵明显 |
| Shuǐxiān | 特级 — 三级 | 浓郁鲜锐、特征明显 | 浓爽鲜锐、品种特征显露、岩韵明显 |
| Qízhǒng | 特级 — 三级 | 清高 | 清醇甘爽、岩韵显 |
Kwi-Ròuguì izinga libiza ithoni yobisi, ipentshisi noma i-cinnamon yephunga; kwi-Shuǐxiān — umlingiswa wesihlahla osobala.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Imikhawulo yemvelo namakhemikhali ngokusho kwe-GB/T 18745—2006:
| Inkomba | Akukho ngaphezulu |
|---|---|
| Umswakama | 6,5 % |
| Umlotha ophelele | 6,5 % |
| Imvuthuluka | 15,0 % |
| Uthuli | 1,3 % |
Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini izinga lika-2006 alikulawuli. Inguqulo entsha ka-2026, ngokwemibiko yabezindaba, idinga i-polyphenols yetiye ingabi ngaphansi kwe-12,0 %; umbhalo ogcwele angizange ngiwubone.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba se-oolong yedwala.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: Amanzi abilayo aphelele, 95–100 °C.
- Inani letiye: 7–8 g nge-gaiwan engu-110 ml.
- Izitsha: I-gaiwan noma imbiza ye-yixing.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza izitsha.
- Geza iqabunga kafushane ngamanzi abilayo.
- Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-10–20, khipha ngokushesha.
- Ngokuphisa ngakunye engeza imizuzwana embalwa.
- Itiye elihle limelana nokuphisa okuyisithupha kuya kwayisishiyagalombili.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Kuvalwe kahle, endaweni eyomile nepholile, ngaphandle kokukhanya namaphunga angaphandle. Izinga lika-2006 lalidinga indawo enomoya, eyomile, ehlanzekile, epholile ngaphandle kwelanga eliqondile. Inguqulo ka-2006 yasusa umkhawulo wesikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi; inguqulo entsha, ngokulandisa kwabezindaba, inikeza ngqo lokho ekuboneni komkhiqizi futhi yethula isigaba setiye ledwala eligugile.
10. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa
Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Uzivika kanjani ekukhwabaniseni:
- Umkhiqizi kufanele abe evela esifundeni sedolobha sase-Wǔyíshān; abavunyelwe kuphawu banamathisela uphawu olukhethekile oluvikelayo lwendawo evikelwe.
- Kulebula ngokwezinga — umkhiqizi nekheli, igama lomkhiqizo nohlobo, isisindo, isigaba, usuku lokukhiqiza, isikhathi sokuphelelwa yisikhathi nenombolo yezinga.
- Igama elithi “Dà Hóng Páo” alisho itiye lamahlumela angumzali: ukuqoqwa kuwo kuyekiwe.
- Umlingiswa “wedwala” kunzima ukuwukhohlisa, kodwa indawo ayibonakali enkomishini: imvelaphi iqinisekiswa ngemibhalo, hhayi ngendaba yomdayisi.
11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo
- Izinga lika-2006 liqine kakhulu kunezinga elijwayelekile le-oolong GB/T 30357.1 ngomswakama nangemvuthuluka, kodwa alidingi izinto ezikhiphekayo: ikhwalithi liyigcina ekuzweni ngezitho zomzimba nasekuzwaneni kwedwala.
- Idolobhana lase-Xīngcūn endaweni evikelwe ngokomlando laliyindawo yokuhweba yetiye lase-Wǔyíshān, futhi lapho kukhona umnyombo wesifunda setiye elibomvu i-Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng: indawo eyodwa inamagama ezigaba ezimbili ezahlukene.
- Ngaphandle kwegama elithi Wǔyí Yánchá, i-Wǔyíshān inophawu oluhlukile lokuqinisekisa “武夷山大红袍” № 1687896.
- Ngokwemibiko yabezindaba, inguqulo entsha yezinga lika-2026 yaqala ukusemthethweni itiye ledwala eligugile.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye
- Yán Chá (岩茶): Isihloko esijwayelekile sendikimba ngetiye ledwala njengohlobo; i-Wǔyí Yánchá — igama elinendawo esemthethweni nezinga.
- Dà Hóng Páo (大红袍): Elidume kakhulu emaqenjini amahlanu; enguqulweni yezinga lika-2026, ngokulandisa kwabezindaba, lichazwa ngqo njengokuxubwa kwezinhlamvu eziningana ze-clone.
- Ròuguì (肉桂): Iqembu elinephunga le-cinnamon, lobisi noma lepentshisi ngokwezinga.
- Shuǐxiān (水仙): Uhlobo olwafika e-Wǔyíshān luvela e-Jiànyáng engumakhelwane; iqembu elinezigaba ezine.
- Wǔyíshān Qízhǒng (武夷山奇种): Iqembu lesihlanu lezinga ngaphansi kophawu lwalo.
- Zhèngshān Xiǎozhǒng (正山小种): Itiye elibomvu lendawo efanayo eduze kwase-Xīngcūn — isigaba esihlukile negama elihlukile.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Wǔyí Yánchá — igama eliyisambulela le-oolong yedwala lase-Wǔyíshān elinezinga likazwelonke, elibeka konke: indawo ngaphakathi kwemingcele yesifunda sedolobha, izinhlobo ze-clone, ukuqoqa ngokuvuleka kweqabunga, ukulandelana kokukhiqizwa kokuqala nokuqedela, amaqembu amahlanu okuhweba kanye nezigaba zawo. Ingqikithi yokunambitheka izinga liyibiza ngegama elilodwa — 岩韵, “uhlaka lwedwala nephunga lezimbali”. Kusukela ngo-2027 itiye lizophila ngenguqulo entsha, lapho kuzovela khona netiye ledwala eligugile.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo