Bǐjià chá · thetea.app

I-Bi Jia Cha (Bǐjià chá, 笔架茶; emibhalweni yesifunda nedolobha futhi kubhalwa 笔架山茶 — «itiye lentaba i-Bijiashan») — itiye lendawo lasentabeni i-Bijiashan (笔架山) edolobhaneni lase-Taihe (太和镇) esifundeni sase-Qingxin (清新区) emkhandlwini wedolobha wase-Qingyuan (清远市), esifundazweni sase-Guangdong. Ngokobuchwepheshe leli yitiye eliluhlaza, elibuye ligcinwe isikhathi eside. Ubuciko bendabuko, njengoba buchazwa yisifunda, ukulungiswa ngokugazinga epanini lensimbi, ukusongwa ngesandla, ukuqhunyiselwa umusi phezu komlilo ovulekile wezinkuni zikaphayini, kanye nokomiswa ngamalahle okhuni kubhasikidi woqalo; itiye eselilungile bese liyagcinwa. Ubuciko bokulenza — «笔架茶制作工艺» — ngo-2018 bafakwa ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu angaphatheki ase-Guangdong, kanti ngokwalo i-笔架茶 ngo-2017 lafakwa ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwemikhiqizo yesifunda. Emibhalweni ubuciko bubhalwe ngaphansi kwesigaba se-oolong, kanti uhlelo lwedolobha lubiza itiye ngo-«itiye lokuvutshelwa kamuva», kodwa izincazelo zobuchwepheshe azikufakazeli lokhu kubhalwa.

1. Isigaba Nendabuko

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) eligciniwe. Isigaba sinqunywe ngobuchwepheshe, njengoba kudingwa yizinga likazwelonke lokuhlukanisa itiye i-GB/T 30766-2014: lihlukanisa itiye ngokuyinhloko ngendlela yokulicubungula. Itiye eliluhlaza lichazwa yizinga njengomkhiqizo ovela eqabungeni elisha, elidlule ekulungisweni ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng), ukusongwa (揉捻, róuniǎn) kanye nokomiswa. Yile ndlela ubuciko obuchazwa ngayo imibhalo yesifunda, umbhalo wophiko lwamasiko lwesifunda kanye nomunye wabakhiqizi: isigaba sokuqala sokushisa — ukulungiswa ngokushisa, bese kuba ukusongwa nokomiswa. Isigaba se-做青 (zuòqīng), ngaphandle kwaso okungekho oolong, kanye nokufumba okumanzi 渥堆 (wòduī), ngaphandle kwako okungekho itiye elimnyama, akukho kunoma iyiphi incazelo etholiwe. Ngokwendlela yokomisa, itiye lendabuko lisondele ku-烘青 (hōngqīng) — ngokwe-GB/T 30766-2014 lawa ngamatiye aluhlaza omiswa ikakhulukazi ngokufudumala (烘), hhayi ngokugazinga epanini noma kusigubhu. Izinga lenkampani lenhlangano yase-Bijiashan, ngokwekhadi lenhlangano elekelelayo yamazinga, libizwa kanjalo — «绿茶（笔架茶）», «itiye eliluhlaza (i-Bi Jia Cha)»; ohlwini lwezinyathelo zalo ukulungiswa ngokushisa kwandulelwa ukubuneka (萎凋, wěidiāo), kanti i-做青 ayikho. Kulayisense yokudla yomunye wabakhiqizi, ngokwengxenye yenkomba yokusesha esemthethweni, i-笔架茶 ibhalwe esigabeni setiye eliluhlaza.
Kungani emibhalweni kuvela ezinye izigaba: Imithombo ayivumelani ngamalebula, hhayi encazelweni yobuchwepheshe. Ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu ubuciko bufakwe njengesandiso esigabeni esijwayelekile «乌龙茶制作技艺» — «ubuchule bokwenza i-oolong». Uhlelo lwedolobha lokuthuthukisa imboni yetiye lwango-2013, ngokwengxenye yenkomba yokusesha esemthethweni (umbhalo ngokwawo awuvulekile), lubiza i-笔架山茶 kanye ne-Pukeng Cha ngokuthi «后发酵茶» — «amatiye okuvutshelwa kamuva». I-encyclopedia i-360百科 ilandisa umbono wochwepheshe ongadalulwanga igama, owavakashela entabeni ekuqaleni kwawo-1960, wathi i-笔架茶 ingeyesigaba se-青茶, okungukuthi ama-oolong, futhi ubhala ukuthi indlela «icishe ifane» nokwenziwa kwetiye elibomvu i-xiaozhong (小种红茶). Akukho neyodwa yale mithombo echaza i-做青, noma i-渥堆, noma ukwenyuka komoya kweqabunga, kanti ubuchwepheshe ekulandiseni kwe-360百科 ngokwayo buqala ngokulungiswa ngokushisa epanini lensimbi. Ukuthi kungani ubuciko bufakwe esigabeni se-oolong, imithombo ayikuchazi. Akuchazeki ngokungabikho kohlu lobuciko betiye eliluhlaza: ngokwemininingwane yengosi yesifundazwe yemilando yendawo, ubuciko betiye eliluhlaza i-玉湖炒茶制作技艺 bafakwa ohlwini lwesifundazwe kusukela ngo-2012. Ukuthi kwakukhona yini ngo-2018 ohlwini isigaba esijwayelekile «绿茶制作技艺», akutholakalanga.
Isigaba: Itiye lasezintabeni lendawo lesifunda, hhayi uhlobo lwesihlahla futhi hhayi umkhiqizo womkhiqizi oyedwa. Elinye «lamatiye ayisishiyagalombili asezintabeni» ase-Qingxin (八大山茶, bā dà shānchá), kanye ne-Pukeng Cha (蒲坑茶). Uhlu oluphelele lwayisishiyagalombili lulethwa ngumshicileli wase-Guangdong i-«Nánfāng+» (南方+, 2022): 笔架茶、蒲坑茶、骆坑茶、石坎木古营茶、鱼坝风云茶、秦皇山茶、禾云飞鹅茶、石马大坑茶.
Indabuko: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), umkhandlu wedolobha wase-Qingyuan (清远, Qīngyuǎn), isifunda sase-Qingxin (清新, Qīngxīn), idolobhana lase-Taihe (太和, Tàihé), intaba i-Bijiashan (笔架山, Bǐjià shān).
Indawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza: Ngokombhalo wesifunda wokufakwa kobuciko ohlwini lwamagugu (2018), indawo eyinhloko yokukhiqiza (主要产地) — amakomidi ayisithupha ezindawo zasehlathini i-Bijiashan (笔架林场, Bǐjià línchǎng): i-Kengkou (坑口), i-Kengwei (坑尾), i-Zhongshan (中山), i-Genzhuyuan (根竹园), i-Sankengtan (三坑滩) kanye ne-Tianbian (田边). Umthombo ukhuluma ngendawo eyinhloko, hhayi okuwukuphela kwayo; indawo yokukhiqiza egunyazwe ngokusemthethweni ayikho emithonjeni etholiwe. Ukuthi ihlathi lihlobana kanjani nedolobhana lase-Taihe ngokokuphatha, imithombo ayikuchazi.
Akulona itiye lase-Yingde: Akukho mthombo otholiwe obeka i-Bi Jia Cha e-Yingde (英德) — elinye idolobhana elingaphansi komkhandlu ofanayo. I-«Nánfāng+» (2022) ihlukanisa umkhandlu wase-Qingyuan ngezindawo ezintathu zetiye: indawo yetiye elibomvu enkabeni e-Yingde, indawo yetiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni eziphakeme enyakatho, kanye nendawo yamatiye anephunga eligciniwe (陈香, chénxiāng) avela ezinhlotsheni ezinamacembe aphakathi namancane, ikakhulukazi esifundeni sase-Qingxin.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Aziwona atholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.
Amazinga: Ukusesha kusizindalwazi sikazwelonke samazinga endawo nge-笔架茶 kanye ne-笔架山 akuzange kuthole imibhalo. Ngokwamakhadi ezinhlangano ezilekelelayo zamazinga, kukhona izinga leqembu i-T/QYZL 9-2020 «清新笔架茶生产技术规程» — «Imithetho yobuchwepheshe yokukhiqiza i-Qingxin Bi Jia Cha», eshicilelwe ngomhla ka-12 Agasti 2020. Ihlanganisa ukukhetha indawo, ukutshala, inhlabathi nomquba, ukwakheka kwesihlahla, ukuvikela ezinambuzaneni, ezifweni nasekukhuleni, kanye nokukha, kanti ukucubungula akukulawuli; izinhlangano ezilekelelayo azivumelani ngegama lenhlangano eyaleshicilela. Ngokwekhadi lenhlangano elekelelayo, inhlangano yabalimi i-清远市清新区笔架山农业专业合作社 ishicilele izinga lenkampani u-Q/BJS 0002 S-2021 «绿茶（笔架茶）» ngomhla ka-1 Agasti 2021 futhi yalisebenzisa ngomhla ka-1 Septhemba; usuku lokukhansela luyefana nalelo lango-18 Okthoba 2026. Imibhalo yawo womabili amazinga ifundwe kuphela ngokulandiswa kwezinhlangano ezilelekela. I-«Nánfāng+» (2022) ibhala ukuthi i-笔架茶 ne-Pukeng Cha «kancane kancane zakha imithetho yobuchwepheshe yokucubungula», kodwa alinikezi igama lombhalo.
Amagugu: Ngesinqumo sikahulumeni wesifundazwe sase-Guangdong i-粤府函〔2018〕116号 yangomhla ka-12 Meyi 2018, i-«笔架茶制作工艺» yafakwa ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu angaphatheki — ohlwini lwesandiso, olumenyezelwe kanye neqembu lesi-7, njengesengezo esigabeni i-Ⅷ－74 «乌龙茶制作技艺»; umfakisicelo — isifunda sase-Qingxin. Isifunda ngokwaso sibiza lokhu ngokufakwa eqenjini lesi-7 lesifundazwe. Isimo sibhekiswe kubuciko, hhayi ohlotsheni noma emkhiqizweni.
Umkhiqizo wesifunda: Ngesinqumo sangomhla ka-15 Novemba 2017, i-笔架茶 yafakwa ohlwini lwesibili lwesifundazwe lwemikhiqizo yezolimo «edumile, eyisipesheli, esezingeni nephusha» yase-Guangdong (广东省第二届名特优新农产品目录) njengomkhiqizo womphakathi wesifunda womkhandlu wase-Qingyuan, indawo 283. Uhlu lwemikhiqizo — akulona izinga futhi akulona uphawu lwendawo.
Uphawu lwendawo: Akutholakalanga: irejista yezimpawu zokuhweba nezimpawu zendawo ayihloliwe.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Inganekwane nge-Tang. Imibhalo yophiko lwesifunda (2025) nabezindaba baphinda inganekwane yokuthi kakade ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwa-Tang (唐, Táng) itiye lasentabeni i-Bijiashan lalithunyelwa phesheya kwezilwandle. Ubufakazi bemibhalo abukho emithonjeni etholiwe: lokhu kuyinganekwane, hhayi umlando.
- I-Ming ne-Qing. Umbhalo womlando wendawo osesizeni sesifunda sase-Qingcheng emkhandlwini ofanayo ubhala ukuthi «kusukela ezikhathini ze-Ming ne-Qing» i-笔架茶 kanye neminye imikhiqizo ekhethekile yase-Qingyuan yaduma ngemigwaqo yokuhweba yase-Shangkuo nase-Xiakuo (上下廓街). Ukuthi lolu lwazi luvelaphi, umbhalo awukusho.
- 2017. Umkhiqizo wesifunda ohlwini lwesifundazwe, indawo 283.
- 2018. Ubuciko — ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu angaphatheki.
- 2020–2021. Ngokwamakhadi ezinhlangano ezilelekela — izinga leqembu lokutshala nokukha (2020) kanye nezinga lenkampani «绿茶（笔架茶）» lenhlangano eyodwa yabalimi (2021).
- 2025. Izinkampani zesifunda zabonisa i-笔架茶 kanye ne-Pukeng Cha endaweni yokubukisa ye-«Qingxin Shancha» embukisweni wetiye wamazwe omhlaba wase-China (Guangzhou) wasentwasahlobo nowasekwindla. Ngo-Agasti, ngokombiko wophiko lwesifunda lwe-«mpucuko kamoya» (文明办), umphathi wobuciko esifundweni sesikole sakusihlwa wahlaziya «izinyathelo eziyisikhombisa» zobuchwepheshe bendabuko, «ukunambitheka kwentuthu» (烟火味, yānhuǒwèi) okuwuphawu, kanye nokugcinwa (陈化, chénhuà); izinyathelo eziyisikhombisa ngokwazo azibalwanga embikweni.
Igama: i-笔架 (bǐjià) — «isisekelo samabhulashi», i-山 (shān) — intaba, i-茶 (chá) — itiye. I-笔架茶 — itiye lentaba i-Bijiashan, «intaba yesisekelo samabhulashi»; ukuthi kungani intaba ibizwa kanjalo, akushiwongo emithonjeni ehloliwe. Emibhalweni yesifunda nedolobha kuyavela futhi indlela egcwele ethi 笔架山茶. Ubuciko ezinhlelweni zamagugu bubizwa nge-«笔架茶制作工艺», kuyavela futhi i-«笔架茶制作技艺» kanye ne-«笔架茶制茶工艺». Emithonjeni etholiwe igama letiye ngesiLatini livela kuphela ezihlokweni zesiNgisi zezindatshana zesayensi — Bijia Tea kanye ne-BiJia Tea, ngaphandle kwamathoni; ukufundwa ngamathoni Bǐjià chá — kusuka esichazamazwini.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Bi Jia Cha — elinye «lamatiye ayisishiyagalombili asezintabeni» esifunda, inhlangano yesifunda yokuhlinzeka nokuthengisa ngo-2025 eyawethula ndawonye ngesikhathi sonyaka wesifundazwe wesiko letiye. Edolobhaneni lase-Kengkou (坑口村) lase-Taihe, ngokombiko we-«Nánfāng+» (2022), i-笔架茶 ithuthukiswa ngohlelo lwe-«dolobhana elilodwa — umkhiqizo owodwa» (一村一品, yī cūn yī pǐn) eholwa yinkampani yetiye yendawo. Ukugcinwa isifunda sikubheka njengenani: ngamatiye ayisishiyagalombili asezintabeni jikelele sibhala ukuthi uma itiye ligcinwa isikhathi eside, liba yigugu kakhulu ekuphuzeni.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

Uhlobo / Cultivar: Uhlobo olubhalisiwe alubizwa emithonjeni etholiwe; ukuthi yisiphi isihlahla esiyisisekelo setiye, akutholakalanga emibhalweni ehloliwe. Ngokokulandiswa kwenhlangano elelekela, izinga lenkampani lenhlangano yabalimi lisebenza eqabungeni letiye lendawo lasezintabeni eziphakeme lase-Bijiashan (本土茶, běntǔ chá) noma izihlahla ezinamacembe aphakathi namancane. Isihloko sesayensi sango-2019 siqhathanisa ukutholwa kwezithombo ze-笔架茶 nge-tissue culture nokuhlwanyela okuvamile kwembewu nokusika.
Ukukha: Ngokombiko wethelevishini yesifunda (2017), kukhiwa itiye lasentwasahlobo lokuqala — ngaphambi komkhosi we-Qingming (明前, míngqián), lapho iqabunga «lisavuleke kancane» (半开面, bàn kāimiàn). Ezinye izikhathi zokukha imithombo ayizisho.
Izinga lokukha: Iqabunga elilodwa elinamacembe amabili — kubhala kanjalo umbiko wethelevishini yesifunda (2017) kanye nephephandaba (2022) ngokwamazwi omqondisi wenye yezinkampani. Omunye wabakhiqizi besifunda uvumela iqabunga elilodwa elinegatsha elilodwa noma amabili: iqabunga elithambile kakhulu, ngokwamazwi akhe, «aliniki ukunambitheka kwe-笔架茶», kanti eleqile lona lonakalisa ukunambitheka. Izinga leqembu lango-2020 lihlanganisa imithetho yokukha, kodwa umbhalo walo awufundwanga.
Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Azikho izidingo zesitayela emithonjeni efundwe. Kuyaziwa inqubo yenye inkampani: ngokwamazwi omqondisi wayo (2022), iqabunga licutshungulwa ngokushesha, lingashiywa ubusuku bonke, — «ukusuka ensimini kuya enkomishini akudluli amahora angu-24», kanti kuma-jin amahlanu (斤, jīn) eqabunga elisha ngokuvamile kuphuma i-jin letiye lasentwasahlobo. Lokhu kuyinqubo yenye inkampani ngesizini eyodwa, hhayi isidingo sezinto zokusetshenziswa ze-Bi Jia Cha.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Intaba i-Bijiashan edolobhaneni lase-Taihe esifundeni sase-Qingxin. Isifunda siyibiza phakathi kweziqiwi zemvelo ezintathu zedolobha (市级自然保护区) zase-Qingxin, kanti umnyango wesifundazwe wamasiko nezokuvakasha ubiza indawo yezokuvakasha yentaba i-Bijiashan phakathi kwezinsiza zedolobhana.
Izimila: Isifunda (2018) sibhala ukuthi intaba igcwele izitshalo namanzi, kanti imithambeka igcwele ophayini noqalo (漫山松竹, mànshān sōngzhú). Ngalokhu sichaza ukuthi i-笔架茶 inephunga elikhulu «likaphayini noqalo» kune-Pukeng Cha.
Ubude bendawo: Ukuphakama kwezinsimu zetiye imithombo ayikuniki. Isiqongo esikhulu sentaba — i-Huajian (花尖峰), cishe amamitha angu-740 ngaphezu kolwandle, ngokombiko wophiko lwesifunda (2025).
Isimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.
Inhlabathi: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholiwe.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izinga lesifunda lokucubungula alitholakalanga: izinga leqembu lango-2020 lilawula kuphela ukutshala nokukha. Indlela yendabuko yaziwa ngezincazelo ezimfushane zesifunda, zomkhiqizi oyedwa kanye nethelevishini yesifunda. Izindlela, ngaphandle kwezibalo ezimbalwa zomlimi wetiye kanye nomkhiqizi, imithombo ayizisho, kanti ukulandelana kwemisebenzi ethile ezincazelweni kuyehluka. Umbiko jikelele wango-2017, onengxenye yokucubungula, ufundwe kuphela ngesifinyezo.

Indlela yendabuko:

Ukukha nokomisa. Ngokwamazwi omlimi wetiye embikweni wethelevishini yesifunda (2017), iqabunga elikhiwe liqale lomiswe emswakama (待水分晾干). Isigaba se-做青 — ukucubungula ngenkini, lapho, ngokwe-GB/T 30766-2014, imiphetho yeqabunga ilinyazwa futhi ikhishwe umoya ngokwengxenye — asikho kunoma iyiphi incazelo.
Ukulungiswa ngokushisa epanini lensimbi (铁镬炒青, tiěhuò chǎoqīng). Iqabunga liyagazingwa epanini lensimbi ukuze kumiswe ukusebenza kwama-enzyme alo. Umlimi wetiye ofanayo ugcina ipani «lingaphezu kwamadigri angamakhulu amathathu» (300多度); iyunithi yokulinganisa umbiko awuyisho. Umkhiqizi ubhala ukuthi ngemva kokulungiswa ngokushisa iqabunga liyapholiswa bese liyasongwa.
Ukusongwa ngesandla (手工揉捻, shǒugōng róuniǎn). Ngokwamazwi omlimi wetiye, iqabunga lisongwa liye ohlangothini olulodwa imizuzu engaba ngu-15, lize lisonge libe yimicu (条索, tiáosuǒ).
Ukuqhunyiselwa umusi wezinkuni zikaphayini (松柴明火烟熏, sōngchái mínghuǒ yānxūn). Iqabunga ligcinwa phezu komlilo ovulekile wezinkuni zikaphayini ukuze limunce umusi. Ukuthi nini ncamashi — imithombo iyehluka: umbhalo wesifunda ngobuciko (2018) ubeka ukuqhunyiselwa umusi ngemva kokulungiswa ngokushisa nokusongwa kokuqala, kanti ithelevishini yesifunda ibeka ngesikhathi sokugazinga epanini, ngesikhathi sokuxova iqabunga ngokushesha. Umkhiqizi ubhala ukuthi ngesikhathi sokuqhunyiselwa umusi phezu komlilo kaphayini iqabunga liyaphendulwa njalo ngemizuzu engu-10.
Ukomisa ngamalahle kubhasikidi woqalo (竹箩炭火焙干, zhúluó tànhuǒ bèigān). Ngokwamazwi omlimi wetiye, cishe ihora, ngokuxova njalo ngemizuzu engu-10, lize iqabunga libe mnyama ngokunsomi (乌黑, wūhēi). Umkhiqizi uchaza umbala wetiye elingakacutshungulwa eselilungile ngokuthi «mnyama ngokumpunga okunokuluhlaza» (灰黑色带青).
Ukugcinwa (藏茶, cángchá). Isifunda sibonisa ukugcinwa phakathi kwezinyathelo zobuciko, kanti embikweni wango-2025 umphathi wobuciko ukhuluma ngokuguga (陈化). Umkhiqizi ubhala ukuthi itiye elingakacutshungulwa (毛茶, máochá) aliphuzwa ngokushesha futhi ligcinwa ezikhwameni iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu; umlimi wetiye weluleka cishe iminyaka emithathu; i-360百科 ibiza unyaka owodwa kuya kwemibili. Isikhathi esisodwa imithombo ayisiniki.

Izinga lenkampani. Ngokokulandiswa kwenhlangano elelekela, izinga le-Q/BJS 0002 S-2021 lenhlangano yabalimi yase-Bijiashan lichaza ukwenziwa kwe-«tiye eliluhlaza (笔架茶)» ngokubuneka (萎凋), ukulungiswa ngokushisa, ukusongwa, ukuhlukanisa izigaxa (解块, jiěkuài), ukugazinga kokuqala (初次炒干, chūcì chǎogān), ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān) kanye, uma kudingeka, nokucwenga (精制, jīngzhì). Izindlela azikho ekulandisweni, ukuqhunyiselwa umusi nokugcinwa nakho akukho ohlwini lwezinyathelo. Lokhu kuyisimiso senhlangano eyodwa, hhayi incazelo yesitayela.

Kungani ukugcinwa kungenzi itiye libe mnyama. I-GB/T 30766-2014 ichaza itiye elimnyama ngokufumba okumanzi (渥堆) — ukugcinwa kweqabunga enqwabeni lapho kunezinga lokushisa elithile kanye nomswakama, lapho ukwakheka kwalo kuguquka kancane. Ezincazelweni zokugcinwa kwe-Bi Jia Cha akukho zinqwaba, akukho ukumanzisa: itiye elomile eselilungile ligcinwa ezikhwameni. Ngakho i-Bi Jia Cha egugiwe ngobuchwepheshe ihlala iluhlaza, nakuba uhlelo lwedolobha lango-2013 luyibiza nge-«tiye lokuvutshelwa kamuva».

6. Izici Zokuzwa

Ukunambitha okujwayelekile akukho emithonjeni etholiwe. Ngezansi — ifomula yendabuko yekhwalithi, edlula emibhalweni ngayinye (umbhalo wesifunda ngobuciko wango-2018, umbiko wophiko lwesifunda wango-2025), kanye nezincazelo zokukhangisa. Lezi yizincazelo, hhayi imiphumela yezilinganiso; ukuthi kungukuhlola kukabani, kuboniswe endimeni ngayinye.

Isimo setiye elomile: Ngokwefomula yesifunda — imicu esongwe ngokuqinile (条索紧结, tiáosuǒ jǐnjié), umbala omnyama, onamafutha, onokuluhlaza (乌润带青, wūrùn dài qīng). Umkhiqizi uchaza umbala wetiye elingakacutshungwa ngokuthi mnyama ngokumpunga okunokuluhlaza, umlimi wetiye — ngokuthi mnyama ngokunsomi.
Iphunga letiye elomile: Azikho izincazelo ezihlukene. Ngokwamazwi omlimi wetiye, itiye elisha linephunga lentuthu, eliphantse linyamalale ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa.
Iphunga lokuphisa: Ngokwefomula yesifunda — lihlanzekile, linde futhi liqinile (香气清长持久, xiāngqì qīngcháng chíjiǔ). Isifunda sibhala ukuthi i-笔架茶 inephunga elikhulu «likaphayini noqalo» kune-Pukeng Cha. Umbiko wango-2025 ngesifundo nomphathi wobuciko ubiza «ukunambitheka kwentuthu» (烟火味) ngokuthi wuphawu lobuciko.
Ukunambitheka: Ngokwefomula yesifunda — kuqabulayo futhi kushelelayo, nobumnandi (滋味爽口而滑，带甜甘味); futhi ngemva kokuphisa okuyishumi ubumnandi buhlala (冲泡上十次，甘味犹存). Umqondisi wenye yezinkampani (2023) ubiza ukunambitheka ngokuthi kuqabulayo futhi kushelelayo, kanti umbiko wesiza sesifunda ngombukiso wango-2025 — ngokuthi kukhulu, nobumnandi obubuyayo (醇厚回甘, chúnhòu huígān).
Umbala wokuphisa: Ngokwefomula yesifunda — ubomvu ngokunsundu, obala futhi okhanyayo (棕红透亮, zōnghóng tòuliàng); umqondisi wenkampani — «ubomvu ngokunsundu, awudungi». Ematiyeni amaningi aluhlaza umbala onjalo awujwayelekile; ukuthi uhlobene yini nokuqhunyiselwa umusi nokugcinwa, imithombo ayikuchazi.
Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Ngokwefomula yesifunda — kulingene (叶底匀整, yèdǐ yúnzhěng). Azikho ezinye izincazelo.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho imininingwane ye-physicochemical ye-Bi Jia Cha — ama-polyphenol, ama-amino acid, i-caffeine — emithonjeni efundwe. Kuyaziwa imisebenzi emithathu yesayensi, efundwe kuphela ngezifinyezo:

Imibala (2010). Isihloko kuphephabhuku i-«食品研究与开发» sikhipha imibala e-«清远笔架茶» ngokufudumala nangama-solvent e-organic, siyayihlaziya futhi sihlole ukuzinza kwayo. Izibalo zalolu hlelo azikho lapha: umbhalo ogcwele awufundwanga.
Umbiko jikelele (2017). I-«清远笔架茶发展综述» kuphephabhuku i-«广东茶业» ihlanganisa umlando, izindlela zokutshala, ukucubungula, izici zekhwalithi, isimo somkhakha kanye nocwaningo.
Ukusatshalaliswa (2019). Isihloko kuphephabhuku lase-Qingyuan Polytechnic College (清远职业技术学院学报) siqhathanisa ukutholwa kwezithombo nge-tissue culture nokuhlwanyela okuvamile nokusika.

Njengasematiyeni amaningi aluhlaza, phakathi kwezinto eziyinhloko ezincibilikayo ngokuvamile kubalwa ama-catechin, ama-amino acid, kuhlanganise ne-L-theanine, kanye ne-caffeine. Ukuthi e-Bi Jia Cha ukushiswa komusi nokugcinwa iminyaka eminingi kukuguqula kanjani lokhu, akulinganiswanga emithonjeni etholiwe.

8. Izinzuzo Zezempilo

Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela waleli tiye uqobo: imisebenzi yesayensi etholiwe iphathelene nemibala, ukusatshalaliswa kwesihlahla kanye nentuthuko yomkhakha, hhayi umphumela wetiye emzimbeni. Imibhalo yendawo ngokwesiko yengeza efomuleni yekhwalithi izinkolelo zomphakathi ngomphumela welapha wetiye; lezi ziyizindlela zokuchaza, hhayi izakhiwo eziqinisekisiwe, kanti i-encyclopedia ayiziphindi. Izinkolelo ezijwayelekile ngezinzuzo zetiye eliluhlaza azihloliwe e-Bi Jia Cha ephuqwe umusi negugiwe futhi azivezwanga lapha.

9. Ukuphisa

Ayikho imininingwane ngokuphisa i-Bi Jia Cha uqobo emithonjeni etholiwe; kwaziwa kuphela ukuthi, ngokwefomula yendabuko yesifunda, ubumnandi buhlala ngisho nangemva kokuphisa okuyishumi. Ngezansi — inqubo, njengasematiyeni amaningi aluhlaza ase-China. Kwitiye eligugiwe neliphuqwe umusi ayihloliwe, kanti izindlela zendawo zokuphisa azaziwa.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C, njengasematiyeni amaningi aluhlaza.
Inani letiye: Cishe amagremu angu-3 ku-150 ml.
Izitsha: I-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) noma ingilazi.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza izitsha ngamanzi ashisayo.
2. Thela itiye.
3. Ukugeza ngokuvamile akudingeki ematiyeni aluhlaza amasha; ukuthi kuyadingeka yini e-Bi Jia Cha egugiwe, imithombo ayisho.
4. Ukuphisa kokuqala — imizuzwana engu-30–60.
5. Thela konke ukuphisa futhi ukwehlukanisele ezinkomishini.
6. Phinda ukuphisa, kancane kancane wandise isikhathi; ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe yokuthi itiye lingamelana nokuphisa okungakanani — ifomula yesifunda ithembisa nje ubumnandi nangemva kokuphisa kweshumi.

10. Ukugcinwa

Ukuguga kuyingxenye yesiko (bheka isigaba 5): itiye elingakacutshungwa, ngokwamazwi omkhiqizi, ligcinwa ezikhwameni iminyaka emibili kuya kwemithathu, ngokweminye imithombo — kusukela onyakeni owodwa kuya kwemithathu. Izimo zokuguga — izinga lokushisa, umswakama, izitsha, ngaphandle kwezikhwama, — imithombo ayizichazi. Iseluleko esijwayelekile samatiye aluhlaza amasha — ukupakishwa okuvalekile kanye nesiqandisi ku-0–5 °C — senzelwe ukugcina ukusha, futhi etiyeni eligcinwa ngenhloso alidluliselwa ngokuqondile. Ukuthi kugcinwa kanjani itiye eseligugile, imithombo ayisho; njenganoma iliphi itiye, kufanele livikelwe emswakama, ekukhanyeni naseziphungweni zangaphandle.

11. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa

Awekho amanani emithonjeni etholiwe. Izindlela zokubona umgunyathi imithombo ayizichazi; ngezansi — lokho okungaqhathaniswa namaqiniso aziwayo.

Indlela yokugwema umgunyathi:
- Hlola indabuko: intaba i-Bijiashan, idolobhana lase-Taihe esifundeni sase-Qingxin, umkhandlu wase-Qingyuan, isifundazwe sase-Guangdong. Izintaba ezinamagama afanayo e-笔架山 zikhona nakwezinye izifundazwe — ngokwesibonelo, e-Luoyuan County esifundazweni sase-Fujian, — futhi azihlangene ne-Bi Jia Cha.
- Ungadidanisi namatiye ase-Yingde: leli elinye idolobhana lomkhandlu ofanayo, futhi i-Bi Jia Cha ayibhekiswa kulo.
- Ungathathi umkhiqizo wesifunda njengesiqinisekiso: indawo 283 yohlu lwesifundazwe — akulona izinga futhi akulona uphawu lwendawo, kanti isimo sophawu lwendawo se-笔架茶 asitholakalanga.
- Buza ngendlela: itiye lendabuko liqhunyiselwa umusi kaphayini futhi liyagcinwa, kanti ohlwini lwezinyathelo zezinga lenkampani, njengoba lilandisa inhlangano elelekela, akukho ukuqhunyiselwa umusi noma ukugcinwa. Igama liyefana, izindlela zehlukile.
- Qaphela ngesikhathi sokuguga esishiwo: indlela ethengwayo yokuhlola isikhathi sayo imithombo ayiyisho.

12. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo

Ubuciko betiye ngobuchwepheshe eliluhlaza bufakwe ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu ngaphansi kwesigaba esijwayelekile se-«ubuchule bokwenza i-oolong»; ukuthi kungani, imithombo ayikuchazi.
Iphunga likaphayini noqalo isifunda silichaza ngokuthi imithambeka yentaba i-Bijiashan igcwele ophayini noqalo.
Itiye elisha, ngokwamazwi omlimi wetiye, linephunga lentuthu, eliphantse linyamalale ngemva kwezinyanga ezimbalwa, kanti itiye elingakacutshungwa, ngokwamazwi omkhiqizi, aliphuzwa nhlobo ngokushesha.
Emithonjeni etholiwe isiLatini esithi Bijia, ngaphandle kwamathoni, sivela kuphela ezihlokweni zesiNgisi zezindatshana zesayensi ngetiye; ukufundwa kwegama ngamathoni — kusuka esichazamazwini.
Intaba-«yesisekelo samabhulashi» — i-笔架山 — igama lendawo alilona elilodwa: izintaba ezinamagama afanayo zikhona nakwezinye izifundazwe zase-China.

13. Ukuqhathanisa Namatiye Afanayo

I-Pukeng Cha (蒲坑茶): Itiye elingumakhelwane «lezintaba» lesifunda esifanayo elivela kwelinye idolobhana — i-Shitan (石潭); ezinhlelweni zamagugu nasohlwini lwemikhiqizo amatiye amabili anezindawo ezihlukene. Ku-encyclopedia i-Pukeng Cha ichazwa ngetiye elimnyama: isihloko sesayensi sango-2026 sinikeza kuyo ukulungiswa ngokushisa ngomusi nokufumba okumanzi, kanti e-Bi Jia Cha ukufumba akukho kunoma iyiphi incazelo. Kodwa izincazelo ze-Pukeng Cha ziyehluka, kwezinye zazo — ukulungiswa ngokushisa epanini nokomisa phezu kwezinkuni zikaphayini, njengase-Bi Jia Cha, ngakho ukuthi ubuchwepheshe buhluka kangakanani empeleni, imithombo ayikubonisi ngokungangabazi. Izici ezifanayo — umusi kaphayini nokugcinwa; isifunda sibhala ukuthi i-笔架茶 inephunga elikhulu «likaphayini noqalo».
I-Zheng Shan Xiao Zhong (正山小种): Itiye elibomvu, elomiswa phezu komusi kaphayini. I-360百科 ibhala ukuthi indlela ye-笔架茶 «icishe ifane» nokwenziwa kwe-xiaozhong, kodwa itiye elibomvu liyakhishwa umoya, kanti e-Bi Jia Cha isigaba sokuqala sokushisa — ukulungiswa ngokushisa.
I-Oolong (乌龙): Ngaphansi kwesigaba esijwayelekile se-«ubuchule bokwenza i-oolong» ubuciko bufakwe ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwamagugu, kodwa isigaba se-做青, izinga elichaza ngalo i-oolong, asikho ezincazelweni ze-Bi Jia Cha.
I-Hei Cha (黑茶): Uhlelo lwedolobha lango-2013 lubiza i-笔架山茶 nge-«tiye lokuvutshelwa kamuva», kodwa ukufumba okumanzi, izinga elichaza ngalo itiye elimnyama, akuchazwanga e-Bi Jia Cha.
I-Kejia Chao Lü (客家炒绿) kanye ne-Xinyi He Luo Lü Cha (信宜合箩绿茶): Amanye amatiye aluhlaza ase-Guangdong, okuthi, ngezihloko ze-encyclopedia ngawo, nawo ayagcinwa. Lokhu kufana kwenqubo, hhayi ukuhlobana.
I-Ying De Hong Cha (英德红茶) kanye ne-Yingde Lü Cha (英德绿茶): Itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza ledolobhana lase-Yingde emkhandlwini ofanayo wase-Qingyuan.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Bi Jia Cha — itiye lendawo lasentabeni i-Bijiashan esifundeni sase-Qingxin, ubuciko balo kusukela ngo-2018 buyingxenye yohlu lwesifundazwe lwamagugu ase-Guangdong, kanti igama ngo-2017 lafakwa ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwemikhiqizo yesifunda. Ngobuchwepheshe leli yitiye eliluhlaza: endleleni yendabuko iqabunga lilungiswa ngokushisa epanini lensimbi, lisongwa ngezandla, liqhunyiselwa umusi kaphayini, lomiswa ngamalahle kubhasikidi woqalo futhi ligcinwe iminyaka. Amalebula e-«oolong» kanye ne-«tiye lokuvutshelwa kamuva» akhona emibhalweni, kodwa awasekelwa izincazelo zobuchwepheshe.

Kumuntu owazi itiye eliluhlaza ngezivuno zasentwasahlobo ezintsha, i-Bi Jia Cha iyinhlanganisela engajwayelekile: umusi kaphayini, ukugcinwa iminyaka eminingi kanye nobumnandi, ifomula yendawo ebuthembisa ngisho nangemva kokuphisa kweshumi. Okuningi kusavulekile: umbhalo ogcwele wombiko jikelele wango-2017, «izinyathelo eziyisikhombisa» zobuciko, imibhalo yamazinga, isihlahla okwenziwa ngaso itiye, kanye nokunambitheka ngokunambitha okujwayelekile, hhayi ngefomula yendabuko.

Imithombo

Amazinga

GB/T 30766-2014
T/QYZL 9-2020

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T/QYZL 9-2020 清新笔架茶生产技术规程 — 规范网 (guifan.net)
笔架茶 — 360百科 — 360百科 (baike.so.com)
清远笔架茶无性系良种繁育技术 (廖侦成, 穆小婷, 张新才, 莫邦益)
团体标准《清新笔架茶生产技术规程》编制说明 (book118)
这里的茶被英国王室列为御用茶，还被苏东坡盛赞…… — 广东农业农村

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo