Tiānmù qīngdǐng

Tianmu Qingding (Tiānmù qīngdǐng, 天目青顶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’mapiri a Tianmushan (天目山) m’boma la Lin’an (临安区) mumzinda wa Hangzhou, m’chigawo cha Zhejiang. Dzina lina ndi Tianmu Yunwu (天目云雾茶), kutanthauza “mitambo ndi chifunga cha Tianmu”. Mapiri a Tianmu anatchulidwa kale m’buku la “Canon of Tea” la Lu Yu, ndipo m’nthawi ya Ming Tu Long anaika tiyi wa Tianmu m’gulu la asanu ndi mmodzi opambana. Malinga ndi deta ya boma la chigawo, malo abwino kwambiri ndi otsetsereka a Eastern Tianmu pautali wa 600–1200 m, kumene chifunga chimakhala masiku oposa 250 pachaka. Tiyiyu akutetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication kuyambira 2012, kuyambira 2016 akugwiritsidwa ntchito mulingo wa makampani, ndipo mu 2025 adavomerezedwa ngati malonda a geographical indication.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Mulingo wa makampani GH/T 1128-2016 umafotokoza momveka kuti ndi tiyi wobiriwira, ndipo boma la chigawo limafotokoza luso la tiyi wobiriwira: kukhazikika m’mphika, kupotoza pang’ono ndi kuyanika pamoto. Mawu 青顶 — “nsonga zobiriwira” — amafotokoza maonekedwe, osati gulu.
• Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa m’mapiri a kumadzulo kwa Zhejiang; dzina lodziwika m’mbiri.
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), mzinda wa Hangzhou (杭州, Hángzhōu), boma la Lin’an (临安, Lín’ān), mapiri a Tianmushan.
• Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi malemba, ndi matauni ndi midzi 16 ya boma la Lin’an ndi midzi yoyang’anira 78. Mayina khumi ndi asanu alembedwa: Taihuyuan, Xitianmu, Gaohong, Yuqian, Zaoxi, Taiyang, Qianchuan, Leping, Changhua, Heqiao, Tuankou, Longgang, Qingliangfeng, Daxiagu ndi Daoshi. Kusiyana kwa nambala ndi mndandanda kulipo m’malemba otetezedwa omwe. Mulingo wa makampani umafotokoza malo opangira mosiyana — ndi matauni khumi ndi awiri a boma la Lin’an.
• Malo ogwirira ntchito: 29°56′–30°23′ N, 118°51′–119°44′ E.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • Nthano. Buku la geographical indication limalemba za malemba omwe Mei Fu (梅福) adabzala tiyi ku Tianmu m’zaka za Yuanshi za Western Han. Iyi ndi nthano, osati chikalata chokhudza tiyi.
  • Tang. M’buku la “Canon of Tea” (茶经) Lu Yu (陆羽) alemba kuti m’maboma a Lin’an ndi Yuqian a chigawo cha Hangzhou tiyi amamera m’mapiri a Tianmu ndipo ndi wofanana ndi tiyi wa chigawo cha Shuzhou.
  • Ming. Tu Long (屠隆) m’buku la “Kaopan yushi” (考槃余事) anaika tiyi wa Tianmu m’gulu la asanu ndi mmodzi opambana — pamodzi ndi Huqiu, Tianchi, Yangxian, Liuan ndi Longjing.
  • 1910. Mbiri ya boma la Lin’an ya chaka chachiwiri cha Xuantong imalemba kuti tiyi “wamtambo ndi chifunga” amapangidwa m’matauni onse, koma wabwino kwambiri akuchokera ku Tianmu.
  • Mphotho. Buku lolemba kuti mu 1910 Tianmu Yunwu adalandira mphotho ya golide wapamwamba pa Nanyang Exhibition ku Jiangning. Boma la chigawo limatchula chaka cha 1936 ndi “misonkhano yapadziko lonse ya Nanyang”. Kusiyana kwa deti ndi dzina sikunathetsedwe.
  • 1986. Malinga ndi malemba ofotokozera, tiyiyu adalowa m’gulu la tiyi khumi odziwika kwambiri a Zhejiang.
  • 2012. Pa 3 August Unduna wa Zaulimi udalembetsa geographical indication yaulimi “天目青顶”, nambala AGI00892.
  • 2016. All-China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives idatulutsa mulingo wa makampani GH/T 1128-2016 “天目青顶茶”.
  • 2025. National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) idavomereza ngati malonda a geographical indication ndi chilengezo № 640.
• Dzina: “Tianmu” (天目) — “Maso a Kumwamba”, dzina la mapiri. “Qingding” (青顶) — “nsonga zobiriwira”.
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Tianmushan ndi malo otetezedwa ndi nkhalango zakale, kumene kumamera mitengo ya cryptomeria ndi ginkgo. Malo a tiyi akuphatikizapo Qingliangfeng (清凉峰) ndi Daxiagu (大峡谷) — malo omwe amadziwika kwambiri ngati otetezedwa komanso okopa alendo.

3. Kufotokozera za Zomera ndi Zopangira

• Mitundu / Cultivar: Sizinatchulidwe m’mabuku omwe anapezeka.
• Mitundu malinga ndi nyengo: Boma la chigawo limalemba magulu 顶谷, 雨前, 夏乌, 梅尖, 梅白 ndi 小春.
• Mulingo wa kuthyola: Kwa 顶谷 wapamwamba wa masika — mphukira imodzi ndi tsamba limodzi. Buku limalemba mokulira: mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi kapena awiri omwe angotuluka kumene, kuthyola — panyengo yoyera.

4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

• Dera: Eastern Tianmu. Malo abwino kwambiri malinga ndi boma la chigawo ndi Taizimiao, Longxuyan, Xili, Xiaolingkeng, mudzi wa Zhujia ndi Senluoping.
• Kutalika kwa kulima: Malinga ndi deta ya boma la chigawo — 600–1200 m, m’mabeseni otetezedwa ku mphepo ndi m’zigwa za mapiri.
• Nyengo: Malinga ndi deta yomweyi, chifunga chimakhala pafupifupi masiku oposa 250 pachaka.
• Dothi: Podzolic brown forest soil, yopangidwa kuchokera ku masamba ogwa a nkhalango yowirira: wosanjikiza wa humus ndi wokhuthala, organic matter ndi yambiri, dothi ndi lofewa komanso lachonde, pH 4,5–6,0.

5. Luso la Kupanga

Buku limafotokoza masitepe asanu ndi atatu:

1. Kufowoketsa (摊放, tānfàng).
2. Kukhazikika (杀青, shāqīng).
3. Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn).
4. Kuwotcha kachiwiri (炒二青, chǎo èr qīng).
5. Kuyanika koyamba pamoto (初烘).
6. Kuyanikanso (复烘).
7. Kuziziritsa (摊凉, tānliáng).
8. Kusunga.

Boma la chigawo limafotokozanso njira yakale yamanja ya mitundu yamasika 顶谷 ndi 雨前. Tsamba limakhazikika m’mphika, kusonkhezeredwa ndi timitengo ta nsungwi, ndipo atachotsa pamoto amaziziritsa ndi fani. Amapotoza mopepuka, pa nsalu yolimba ya hemp, kuti madzi asatuluke m’tsamba. Amayanika m’dengu pamwamba pa moto wa makala kawiri — kuyanika koyamba (毛火, máohuǒ) ndi kuyanikanso (足火, zúhuǒ). Kutentha ndi nthawi za opareshoni sizinapezeke m’mabuku.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Mafotokozedwe m’mabuku amasiyana; m’munsimu muli mafotokozedwe a geographical indication, owonjezeredwa ndi mfundo za mulingo wa makampani GH/T 1128-2016 ndi mafotokozedwe a boma la chigawo.

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Malinga ndi mafotokozedwe a geographical indication — lofanana ndi orchid, tsamba ndi lonyowa, mtundu wobiriwira ndi wonyezimira (形似兰花、叶质肥厚、色泽绿润). Boma la chigawo limafotokoza mizere yothina ndi ubweya wooneka bwino, wobiriwira kwambiri (紧结成条，芽毫显著，色泽深绿); mulingo wa makampani wa mtundu wapamwamba — woonda, wopepuka pang’ono, wofanana komanso woyera, wobiriwira wofewa ndi wonyezimira (挺秀略扁、匀整、匀净；嫩绿润).
• Fungo la tsamba louma: Mafotokozedwe sanapezeke m’mabuku.
• Fungo la madzi: Loyera ndi lokhalitsa (清香持久); mulingo wa mtundu wapamwamba — lofewa ndi lokhalitsa (嫩香持久).
• Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kofewa, kotsitsimula (鲜醇爽口); mulingo wa mtundu wapamwamba — kwatsopano, kofewa, kotsitsimula (鲜嫩爽口).
• Mtundu wa madzi: Woyera ndi wosafisha (清澈明净); malinga ndi mulingo wa mtundu wapamwamba — woyera ndi wowala (清澈明亮).
• Masamba ataphikidwa: Mphukira ndi masamba ofanana, amatseguka ngati “maluwa” (芽叶匀齐成朵); mulingo wa mtundu wapamwamba akuwonjezera mtundu wobiriwira wofewa wowala (嫩绿明亮). Boma la chigawo limalemba kuti mphukira iliyonse ndi tsamba zimatha kusiyanitsidwa m’kapu.

7. Zomwe Zili M’thupi

Zofunika za mulingo wa makampani GH/T 1128-2016:

• Chinyezi: osaposa 6,5 %.
• Phulusa lonse: osaposa 6,5 %.
• Zosungunuka m’madzi: osachepera 36,0 %.

Deta za catechins, amino acids ndi caffeine sizinapezeke m’mabuku.

8. Kupanga

Njira ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
• Zinthu: Kapu yagalasi, kumene mphukira zotseguka zimawoneka, kapena gaiwan yoyera.
• Njira:
  1. Tenthetsa chida.
  2. Ikani tiyi ndipo thirani madzi pambali.
  3. Kupanga koyamba — masekondi 40–60.
  4. Mwani, kusiya gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu la madzi.
  5. Onjezerani madzi.
  6. Thirani kawiri kapena katatu mobwerezabwereza.

9. Kusunga

Njira ya gulu. M’chidebe chotseka bwino chosapatsa kuwala, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda chinyezi, kuwala ndi fungo. Mwani mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.

10. Mitengo ndi Zonamizira

Deta za mitengo sizinapezeke m’mabuku.

• Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
  • Osasokoneza ndi Tianmuhu Bai Cha (天目湖白茶): chokha chofanana ndi 天目 m’dzina la malo.
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro cha geographical indication “天目青顶” ndi wopanga wochokera m’boma la Lin’an.
  • Tsamba — lonyowa, lobiriwira ndi lonyezimira; madzi — oyera komanso osafisha.
  • Mphukira ndi masamba m’kapu zimatseguka ngati “maluwa” ofanana.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

• Mapiri a Tianmu adatchulidwa kale m’buku la Tang “Canon of Tea” la Lu Yu.
• Tu Long m’nthawi ya Ming anaika tiyi wa Tianmu m’gulu limodzi ndi Longjing.
• Malinga ndi deta ya boma la chigawo, chifunga chimakhala pamwamba pa minda masiku oposa 250 pachaka.
• M’malemba otetezedwa akuti “matauni ndi midzi 16”, koma mayina khumi ndi asanu okha alembedwa.

12. Kufanizira ndi Tiyi Woyandikana

• Tianmuhu Bai Cha (天目湖白茶): Tiyi wa nyanja ya Tianmuhu pafupi ndi Liyang m’chigawo cha Jiangsu; malo ena ndi malonda ena, chofanana chokha ndi 天目.
• Jing Shan Cha (径山茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa phiri la Jingshan kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa mapiri a Tianmushan, m’boma la Yuhang.
• Anji Bai Cha (安吉白茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wochokera ku mtundu wamasamba owala kuchokera kumapiri akumpoto kwa Tianmu.
• Xi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井): Tiyi wopanda msuzi wa Hangzhou; Tu Long anaika tiyi wa Tianmu pafupi naye kale m’nthawi ya Ming.

Pomaliza:

Tianmu Qingding ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’mapiri a kumadzulo kwa Hangzhou ndi mbiri yakale kwambiri: kutchulidwa kwa mapiri m’buku la “Canon of Tea”, malo m’gulu la asanu ndi mmodzi a Ming ndi mbiri ya 1910. Minda ya m’mapiri, malinga ndi deta ya boma, nthawi yaikulu ya chaka imakhala m’chifunga; mafotokozedwe a geographical indication ndi mulingo wa makampani amapereka tsamba lobiriwira lonyowa, madzi oyera ndi fungo loyera lokhalitsa. Mabuku amasiyana pa mafotokozedwe a maonekedwe ndi deti ya mphotho yaikulu — kusiyana kumeneku kwatchulidwa pano, osati kubisidwa.

Magwero

Miyezo

• GH/T 1128-2016

Chizindikiro cha malo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №640

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero