Liánnán dàyè chá

Liannan Daye Cha (Liánnán dàyè chá, 连南大叶茶) — “tii ya masamba akulu ya Liannan”, tii wobiriwira wa chigawo chodzilamulira cha anthu a mtundu wa Yao ku Liannan (连南瑶族自治县) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Qingyuan kumpoto kwa chigawo cha Guangdong. Dzina lomweli limagwiritsidwanso ntchito kutanthauza mtundu wa tii wa m’deralo, umene, malinga ndi atolankhani a m’deralo, anthu a mtundu wa Yao akhala akuwusamalira ndi kuufalitsa m’mapiri kwa zaka mazana ambiri; mwambi wa kuno umati “有瑶就有茶” — “kumene kuli a Yao, kumenekonso kuli tii”. Chikalata choteteza chimafotokoza mitundu iwiri ya tii, wophikidwa m’chitsulo ndi wouma ndi mpweya wotentha, ndi mawu akuti “kununkhira kokoma kwa mtedza wa chestnut, kuwawa koyera komwe kumatsatidwa ndi kutsekemera”. Kuyambira 2021, dzinali limatetezedwa ngati chizindikiro cha malo a zaulimi, ndipo kuyambira 2025, ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo.

1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tii wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá) wamitundu iwiri — 炒青 (chǎoqīng, wouma m’chitsulo) ndi 烘青 (hōngqīng, wouma ndi mpweya wotentha). M’mayendedwe onse awiri a chikalata choteteza, pambuyo pa kuyala masamba, mwachindunji pamatsatira kukhazikitsa kutentha, popanda okosijeni. Kuchokera ku masamba omwewo, m’chigawochi amapanganso tii wofiira, koma chikalatacho chimafotokoza za tii wobiriwira wokha.
Gulu: Chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn), 2025; chizindikiro cha malo a zaulimi (农产品地理标志), 2021.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), chigawo cha mzinda wa Qingyuan (清远, Qīngyuǎn), chigawo chodzilamulira cha anthu a mtundu wa Yao ku Liannan (连南, Liánnán).
Malo otetezedwa: Matauni asanu ndi awiri ndi midzi 69 ya chigawocho — Sanjiang (三江镇), Zhaigang (寨岗镇), Sanpai (三排镇), Damaishan (大麦山镇), Daping (大坪镇), Xiangping (香坪镇) ndi Woshui (涡水镇).
Kusiyana kwa ma coordinates: M’malongosoledwe a malo a chizindikiro cha zaulimi — 112°02′–112°29′ kum’mawa, 24°17′–24°56′ kumpoto. M’chilengezo cha CNIPA cha 2025 — 112°17′–113°2′ kum’mawa, 21°34′–22°8′ kumpoto. Latitude m’chilengezocho imasiyana ndi madigiri oposa awiri ndipo siyikugwirizana ndi malo a chigawocho kumpoto kwa chigawocho; mwina pali cholakwika cholemba.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

A Yao ndi tii. Malinga ndi nkhani ya “Nanfang+” (2021), a Yao anasamukira kumapiri awa kuchokera ku Hunan ndi malo ena m’nthawi ya mafumu a Sui, Tang ndi Song. Kumalo atsopano, banja lirilonse linkabzala mitengo ya tii, ndipo m’chuma cha mkwatibwi munkakhala tii. Palibe umboni wolembedwa wokhala ndi masiku omwe wapezeka m’zinthu zomwe zinapezeka. Malinga ndi nkhani yomweyi, anthu a mafuko ang’onoang’ono, makamaka a Yao, amapanga 57.57% ya anthu a m’chigawocho, ndipo midzi yawo inakhazikika mu dongosolo la “八排二十四冲” — midzi ikuluikulu isanu ndi itatu (排) ndi midzi yaing’ono makumi awiri ndi inayi (冲) ya m’mapiri.
Mwambo wopereka tii. Malinga ndi “Nanfang+” (2021), a Yao ali ndi mwambo wotchedwa “敬茶”: pa maholide akuluakulu, amalemekeza makolo awo ndi tii. Mkwatibwi pa ukwati amanyamula teapot yasiliva yokhala ndi tii, pambuyo polemekeza makolo amathira pang’ono m’makapu a guwa ndipo amathira madontho angapo pakhomo; m’nyumba ya mafuko pa tsiku loyamba ndi la khumi ndi chisanu la mwezi woyendera mwezi, okalamba amasintha tii m’makapu a guwa. M’chinenero cha a Yao, mwambowu, malinga ndi nkhaniyo, umatchulidwa “典哒”.
Nthano ya tii wa kutchire. Malinga ndi malo ogulitsa a m’deralo, makolo a a Yao okhala m’mapiri (过山瑶, Guòshān Yáo) anapeza mitengo ya tii ya kutchire ndipo ankasamutsa mbande ndi mbewu zake pafupi ndi nyumba.
Zolemba zakale. “Nanfang+” imagwira mawu kuchokera ku “Mbiri ya Chigawo cha Lianshan” (《连山县志》) ya 1928: m’madera a Daxu, Dalong ndi Jinkeng tii “unkachita bwino kuyambira kale”; ndi “Mbiri ya Chigawo cha Lianxian” (《连县志》) ya nthawi ya Republic: tii wochuluka kwambiri amachokera ku Dalong, ndipo 黄连茶 ndi chinthu chapadera cha m’deralo.
Kumapeto kwa Qing ndi zaka za m’ma 1950. Malinga ndi “Nanfang+” (2021), tii ankalimidwa kuno kale kumapeto kwa mafumu a Qing. Malo ogulitsa a m’deralo (2017) akuwonjezera kuti panthawi imeneyo ankapanga tii wochuluka: amalonda anakhazikitsa mafakitale kuno ndi kutumiza tii ku likulu la chigawo, kumene kunkapita pafupifupi 90% ya zopangidwa. Malinga ndi malo omwewo, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1950, akatswiri a tii a m’chigawo anafufuza derali, anathandiza kulisintha kukhala tii wofiira, ndipo panthawiyo masamba a m’deralo anapatsidwa dzina lakuti “连南大叶种”.
Zaka za zana la 20. Malinga ndi malo ogulitsa a m’deralo (2017), kumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1960 — kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1970, chigawocho chinakhazikitsa minda ya tii yambiri, ndipo minda inali ndi mahekitala 5400 mu; kenako ina inasiyidwa. Mu 1988, komiti ya chigawo yoyesa mitundu inavomereza tii wa m’deralo ngati mtundu wa “连南大叶” (“Nanfang+”).
Zikalata zoteteza:
- 2021. Chilengezo cha Unduna wa Zaulimi No. 431 — kulembetsa chizindikiro cha malo a zaulimi.
- Pofika m’chaka cha 2023. Kutulutsa kwachiwiri kwa mndandanda wadziko lonse wa zinthu zaulimi zodziwika, zapadera ndi zatsopano; mwambo wopereka kwa mabizinesi ufulu wa chizindikiro cha malo; chizindikiro cha zanyengo “岭南生态气候优品”.
- 2025. Mwa chilengezo cha State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA) No. 632 cha pa June 9 (chofalitsidwa June 27), dzinali linavomerezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo — malo 177 mwa 224. Wopempha — likulu lofalitsa luso la zaulimi la chigawo cha Liannan.
Mphotho. Pofika 2021, malinga ndi “Nanfang+”, tii anali ndi golide ndi siliva wa mlingo wa dziko, ndipo pa mlingo wa chigawo — golide zitatu, siliva zisanu ndi chimodzi ndi mphotho ziwiri za khalidwe. Chaka chilichonse chigawocho chimachita mpikisano wa tii “大叶杯” (斗茶大赛).

3. Kufotokoza za Zomera ndi Zopangira

Mtundu: Malinga ndi chikalata choteteza — mtundu wa m’deralo “连南大叶” (连南大叶群体种) kapena mitundu yochokera m’mbande zake ndi mizere.
Chomera: Malinga ndi malo ogulitsa a m’deralo (2017), ichi ndi mtengo wa tii wamitengo ikuluikulu (乔木型大叶种): mtengo ukhoza kukhala wamtali kuposa 10 m, kuzungulira kwa thunthu la mitengo ikuluikulu — mpaka 1 m, korona imakhala yowongoka kapena yotambasuka pang’ono, imakhala ndi nthambi zochepa; malinga ndi mawonekedwe a masamba amasiyanitsa mitundu yamasamba akulu ndi yamasamba aatali, kawirikawiri amapezeka masamba akulu otambalala okhala ndi mano akulu, ang’onoang’ono ndi osalala. Pomwepo akuti m’nyengo yozizira kwambiri ya m’deralo sanawonepo kuzizira kwa chomera ndipo kuti masamba ndi abwino pa tii wobiriwira ndi wofiira komanso pa pu’er (普洱茶). Malinga ndi “Nanfang+” (2021), mtengo wakale kwambiri wodziwika, malinga ndi kafukufuku wa akatswiri a tii a m’chigawo, umamera m’mapiri a mudzi wa Huanglian (黄连村), ndipo uli ndi zaka pafupifupi chikwi.
Tii wa kutchire: Malinga ndi “Nanfang+” (2021), magulu akuluakulu a tii wa kutchire alipo pa phiri la Huanglianshan (黄连山) m’tauni ya Damaishan, ku Bandong (板洞) ndi pa phiri la Dalongshan (大龙山); m’minda ya m’chigawocho mtundu wambiri ndi “连南大叶”.
Masamba: Malinga ndi atolankhani, owonda ndi ofewa, otambalala-elliptical, okhala ndi nsonga yayitali yopapatiza ndi pamwamba posalala; zadziwika kuti ali ndi zinthu zambiri zotulutsa, polyphenols ndi zinki.
Mayina am’deralo: Malinga ndi malo a chiyambi, tii umatchedwa 高界茶, 黄连茶 ndi 大龙茶.
Muyezo wokolola: Bud ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu ndi masamba ofanana nawo mu kukhwima “amaphatikizidwa” (对夹叶).

4. Malo ndi Zinthu Zake

Dera: Kumpoto kwa Guangdong, mapiri akumwera a chingwe cha Nanling; malowa amafotokozedwa ndi mawu akuti “zigawo zisanu ndi zinayi za mapiri, theka la madzi ndi theka la minda”. Malinga ndi “Nanfang+” (2021), kumpoto kwa chigawocho kuli phiri la Dalongshan (大龙山), kumadzulo — Doushan (大雾山), kumwera — Qiweishan (起微山); chigawocho chimatambasuka kuchokera kumpoto kupita kumwera ndipo ndi chopapatiza kuchokera kumadzulo kupita kummawa.
Kutalika kwa malo: Poyambirira, tii wa kutchire, malinga ndi malo a m’deralo (2017), amamera m’madambo a m’mapiri pa 700–1000 m; malinga ndi “Nanfang+” (2021), tii amafalikira m’madambo pa 600–1000 m. Chikalata choteteza sichitchula kutalika: minda ili pa mapiri ndi mapiri otsetsereka opanda kuposa 30°.
Nthaka: Malinga ndi chikalata choteteza — nthaka zakuya, zosalala ndi zachonde za red soil, lateritic red soil ndi yellow soil, kuchokera acidic kupita pang’ono acidic, pH 4.5–6.5. Kufotokoza kwa chizindikiro cha zaulimi kumapereka pH 4.5–5.5 ndi nthaka zolemera ndi organic matter. Malo a m’deralo amafotokoza kuti nthaka zofiira ndi zachikasu pano zinapangidwa chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa granite ndi sandstone.
Nyengo: Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa malo, nyengo ndi ya subtropical monsoon yachinyezi; kutentha kwapakati pachaka 19.5 °C, mvula 1705.1 mm. Pakati pa nsonga ndi zigwa, kusiyana kwa kutentha kumafika 4–5 °C (“Nanfang+”). Kuchuluka kwa nkhalango malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa malo — 80.88%, malinga ndi “Nanfang+” (2021) — 83.8%. Kufotokoza kwa malo pa tsamba la chigawochi kumatchula nsonga yaitali kwambiri phiri la Doushan m’tauni ya Sanjiang, 1659 m, ndi chinyezi cha 79%.
Kukula: Malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa malo a chizindikiro cha zaulimi — mahekitala 624 ndi matani oposa 829 pachaka; malinga ndi atolankhani — 15,000 mu pofika pakati pa 2021, 25,000 mu ndi matani 914 a tii wouma (2022), 29,700 mu (2023).

5. Njira Zopangira

Ndondomeko malinga ndi chikalata choteteza cha 2025.

Wophikidwa m’chitsulo 炒青:

Kuyala (摊青, tānqīng): Wosanjikiza 5–10 cm, maola 8–12, mpaka kutaya kuwala ndi chinyezi 68–70%.
Kukhazikitsa kutentha (杀青, shāqīng): Mu makina a chitsulo kapena a ng’oma pa 280–300 °C, mphindi 5–8.
Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Kupanikizika “mopepuka — kwapakati — mwamphamvu — mopepuka”, mpaka masamba okhwima.
Kuwotcha kwachiwiri (炒二青, chǎo èrqīng): M’chitsulo pa 160–220 °C mpaka kuumitsa kwapafupifupi 70%.
Kuzizira (摊晾, tānliàng): Wosanjikiza 3–5 cm, mphindi 30.
Kuumitsa pa makala (炭焙, tànbèi): Mu dengu loumitsira (烘笼) pamwamba pa makala, ophimbidwa ndi phulusa, 55–60 °C, maola 4.
Kuumitsa komaliza (辉锅, huīguō): M’chitsulo ndi kukweza kununkhira mpaka chinyezi chochepera 6%.

Wouma ndi mpweya wotentha 烘青: Kuyala, kukhazikitsa kutentha ndi kupotoza n’zofanana; kenako kuumitsa kuwiri (烘干) — wosanjikiza 3 cm pa 120 °C mpaka chinyezi 30% ndi wosanjikiza 4–6 cm pa 80 °C mpaka kuumitsa kwathunthu; ndi kuwotcha komaliza (焙火, bèihuǒ) pakadutsa masiku 30–60 pambuyo popanga, pa 70–80 °C, maola 5.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Kufotokoza kwa chikalata choteteza cha 2025.

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: 炒青 — masamba opindika mwamphamvu, obiriwira-siliva, ndi dothi loyera. 烘青 — opindika mwamphamvu, opindika pang’ono, obiriwira-buluu.
Kununkhira kwa masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokoza kwapadera komwe kwapezeka.
Kununkhira kwa madzi: 炒青 — kununkhira kokoma kwa mtedza wa chestnut (栗香馥郁); 烘青 — koyera ndi kotsekemera (清甜).
Kukoma: Onse awiri — okhuthala ndi odzaza (浓醇); mawu onse — kuwawa koyera ndi kubwerera kotsekemera (清苦回甘).
Mtundu wa madzi: Onse awiri — wobiriwira-chikasu, wowala (黄绿亮).
Masamba pambuyo pophika: Obiriwira-chikasu, owala pang’ono (黄绿尚亮).

Atolankhani amatcha zizindikiro za tii kuti ndi madzi okhuthala (易起膏) ndi kusintha kwa mtundu kwa madzi ozizira — “冷后浑” (lěnghòuhún). Tii wofiira kuchokera ku masamba omwewo amafotokozedwa mosiyana: masamba opindika oonda, akuda owala, madzi ofiira-buluu, akazizira amakhala ngati mkaka wosakanikirana.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Zofunikira za thupi ndi mankhwala za chikalata choteteza cha 2025:

Chizindikiro	Chofunikira
Tii polyphenols	20–25 %
Phulusa losungunuka m’madzi, gawo la phulusa lonse	60–78 %
Zinthu zotulutsa zosungunuka m’madzi	50–76 %

Mlingo wapamwamba wa zinthu zotulutsa, 76%, umalembedwa choncho m’chikalatacho; mwina pali cholakwika cholemba. M’kufotokoza kwa chizindikiro cha zaulimi, malinga ndi kufotokozanso pa tsamba la chigawochi, mfundo zake n’zosiyana: chinyezi chosaposa 6.5%, phulusa lonse losaposa 6.5%, polyphenols osachepera 22.0%, zinthu zotulutsa osachepera 50.0%.

Kuyerekezera popanda manambala: malinga ndi malo ogulitsa a m’deralo (2017), kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1980, Tea Institute ya Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences inachita kafukufuku wa kumva ndi biochemical wa tii wobiriwira ndi wofiira kuchokera ku masamba awa, ndipo polyphenols, malinga ndi malowa, anali ochuluka kwambiri kuposa a mitundu wamba ya Guangdong yapakati ndi yaing’ono, komanso ochuluka kuposa a Yunnan wamasamba akulu. Manambala malowa sawatchula.

8. Kupanga Tii

Njira zoyenera pa tii wobiriwira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C; pa 炒青 wokhuthala wophikidwa m’chitsulo — mpaka 90 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tii: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Ziwiya: Kapu yagalasi, gaiwan kapena teapot ya porcelain.
Ndondomeko: Tenthetsa ziwiya, madzi oyamba — pakadutsa masekondi 40–60, kenako kuthira kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira zoyenera. M’mapaketi otsekedwa bwino, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo, bwino mufiriji pa 0–5 °C. Imwe m’chaka chimodzi.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga

Palibe mitengo ya malonda yomwe yapezeka m’magwero. Pali nambala imodzi yokha yazinthu zopangira: malinga ndi malo a m’deralo, m’chaka cha 2017, makilogalamu oposa 200,000 a masamba atsopano anayitanidwa pasadakhale ndi ndalama zoposa 3 miliyoni yuan. Mtengo wa zinthu za m’gululi atolankhani amatchula mosiyana: oposa 347 miliyoni yuan (nkhani ya 2022) ndi 80 miliyoni yuan pa 2022 (nkhani ya 2023); nambala iti ndi yolondola, sizinatheke kudziwa.

Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha malo: CNIPA imavomereza kwa opanga ochokera m’malo otetezedwa.
- Onetsetsani kuti tii akuchokera ku umodzi mwa matauni asanu ndi awiri a chigawo cha Liannan.
- 炒青 — masamba obiriwira-siliva ndi dothi ndi kununkhira kwa mtedza wa chestnut, 烘青 — masamba obiriwira-buluu ndi kununkhira kotsekemera.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Dzina limodzi limagwiritsidwa ntchito kutanthauza mtundu wa zomera komanso tii wotetezedwa.
Kuumitsa kwa 炒青 malinga ndi chikalata kumachitika pamwamba pa makala a nkhuni, ophimbidwa ndi phulusa.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tii Ena

Yingde Lu Cha (英德绿茶): Tii wobiriwira wa chigawo cha mzinda wa Yingde m’chigawo chomwecho cha Qingyuan.
Ying De Hong Cha (英德红茶): Tii wofiira wa chigawo chomwecho cha Qingyuan.
Jinxiu Hongcha (金秀红茶): Tii wofiira wa chigawo chodzilamulira cha anthu a mtundu wa Yao ku Jinxiu ku Guangxi — nayenso tii wa m’mapiri komwe kumakhala a Yao.

Pomaliza:

Liannan Daye Cha ndi tii wobiriwira wa m’mapiri komwe kumakhala a Yao, wochokera ku mtundu wa m’deralo wa masamba akulu ndi dzina lomweli. Chikalata choteteza chimafotokoza mitundu iwiri yake: 炒青 wophikidwa m’chitsulo ndi kuumitsa pamwamba pa makala, masamba obiriwira-siliva ndi kununkhira kwa mtedza wa chestnut, ndi 烘青 wouma ndi mpweya wotentha ndi masamba obiriwira-buluu ndi kununkhira kotsekemera. Nthano za tii m’chuma cha mkwatibwi ndi za mitengo ya kutchire ya a Yao a m’mapiri zimadziwika kudzera mu atolankhani a m’deralo.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №632

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero