Liánnán dàyè chá

I-Liannan Daye Cha (Liánnán dàyè chá, 连南大叶茶) — «itiye elinamaqabunga amakhulu lase-Liannan», itiye eliluhlaza lase-Liannan-Yao Autonomous County (连南瑶族自治县) edolobheni lase-Qingyuan enyakatho yesifundazwe sase-Guangdong. Igama elifanayo liphinde lisho inani lendawo lamasimu etiye, okuthi, ngokwemithombo yezindaba yendawo, amakhulu eminyaka alondolozwa futhi asatshalaliswa ezintabeni ngabantu base-Yao; isisho lapha sithi «有瑶就有茶» — «lapho kukhona i-Yao, kukhona netiye». Umbhalo wokuvikela uchaza izinhlobo ezimbili zetiye, elomiswe epanini nelomiswe ngomoya oshisayo, nefomula ethi «iphunga eliminyene lekasteni, ukubaba okuhlanzekile nokubuya okumnandi». Kusukela ngo-2021 igama livikelwa njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo, kusukela ngo-2025 — njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) ngezinhlobo ezimbili — 炒青 (chǎoqīng, elomiswe epanini) kanye ne-烘青 (hōngqīng, elomiswe ngomoya oshisayo). Kuzo zombili izindlela zombhalo wokuvikela ngemva kokusakaza ngokushesha kulandela ukuqinisa, akukho oketshezi olwenziwayo. Ngeqabunga elifanayo esifundeni kwenziwa netiye elibomvu, kodwa umbhalo uchaza kuphela eliluhlaza.
Isigaba: Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn), 2025; uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo (农产品地理标志), 2021.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Guangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), idolobha lase-Qingyuan (清远, Qīngyuǎn), i-Liannan-Yao Autonomous County (连南, Liánnán).
Indawo evikelwe: Izilokazana eziyisikhombisa kanye nemizana engama-69 yesifunda — i-Sanjiang (三江镇), i-Zhaigang (寨岗镇), i-Sanpai (三排镇), i-Damaishan (大麦山镇), i-Daping (大坪镇), i-Xiangping (香坪镇) ne-Woshui (涡水镇).
Ukungqubuzana kwezixhumanisi zendawo: Encazelweni yendawo yophawu lwezolimo — 112°02′–112°29′ empumalanga, 24°17′–24°56′ enyakatho. Esimemezelweni se-CNIPA sika-2025 — 112°17′–113°2′ empumalanga, 21°34′–22°8′ enyakatho. Ububanzi esimemezelweni buhluka ngaphezu kwamadigri amabili futhi abuhambisani nendawo yesifunda enyakatho yesifundazwe; kungenzeka kube yiphutha lokubhala.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Ama-Yao netiye. Ngokohlelo lwe-«Nanfang+» (2021), ama-Yao athuthela kulezi zintaba esuka e-Hunan nakwezinye izindawo ngesikhathi samakhosi akwa-Sui, Tang kanye no-Song. Endaweni entsha umndeni ngamunye wawutshala izihlahla zetiye, futhi ilobolo likamakoti lalihlale linomuthi wetiye. Ubufakazi obubhaliwe obunezinsuku abutholakali emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokohlelo olufanayo, abantu abancane, ikakhulukazi ama-Yao, bakha u-57,57 % wabantu besifunda, futhi izindawo zabo zokuhlala zakha uhlelo lwe-«八排二十四冲» — izindawo ezinkulu eziyisishiyagalombili (排) nezincane ezingamashumi amabili nane (冲) ezintabeni.
Umkhuba wokunikezela ngetiye. Ngokwe-«Nanfang+» (2021), ama-Yao anesiko elithi «敬茶»: ngamaholide amakhulu kuhlonishwa amadlozi ngetiye. Umakoti emshadweni uphethe igedlela lesiliva elinetiye, ngemva kokukhulekela amadlozi uthela kancane ezinkomishini ezise-altare futhi athulule amaconsi ambalwa emnyango; ethempelini lozalo ngosuku lokuqala nolweshumi nanhlanu lwenyanga yenyanga abadala bashintsha itiye ezinkomishini ze-altare. Ngolimi lwesi-Yao umkhuba, ngokohlelo, ubizwa ngokuthi «典哒».
Inganekwane mayelana netiye lasendle. Ngokwenkundla yezohwebo yendawo, okhokho bama-Yao asezintabeni (过山瑶, Guòshān Yáo) bathola izihlahla zetiye zasendle futhi bafudusa izithombo zazo kanye nembewu eduze nendawo yokuhlala.
Imibhalo yakudala. I-«Nanfang+» icaphuna i-«Chronicle ye-Lianshan County» (《连山县志》) ka-1928: ezindaweni zase-Daxu, e-Dalong nase-Jinkeng itiye «kudala lalichuma»; kanye ne-«Chronicle ye-Lianxian County» (《连县志》) yephabliki: itiye eliningi livela e-Dalong, kanti i-黄连茶 ingumkhiqizo okhethekile wendawo.
Ukuphela kwe-Qing kanye nama-1950s. Ngokwe-«Nanfang+» (2021), itiye lalilinywa lapha kakade ekupheleni kwe-Qing. Inkundla yezohwebo yendawo (2017) yengeza ngokuthi ngaleso sikhathi lalenziwa ngenani elibonakalayo: abahwebi babeka izimboni lapha futhi bathumela itiye enhlokodolobha yesifundazwe, lapho laliya khona cishe u-90 % womkhiqizo. Ngokwayo, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1950 izingcweti zetiye zesifundazwe zahlola indawo, zasiza ukuyiguqula ibe itiye elibomvu, futhi lapho iqabunga lendawo lathola igama elithi «连南大叶种».
Ikhulu lama-XX. Ngokwenkundla yezohwebo yendawo (2017), ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yama-1960 — ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1970 isifunda sasungula izikhungo zetiye ngobuningi, futhi izingadi zazithatha ama-mu angu-5400; kamuva ezinye zazo zashiywa. Ngo-1988 ikhomishini yesifundazwe yokuhlola izinhlobo yamukela itiye lendawo njengohlobo lwe-«连南大叶» («Nanfang+»).
Imibhalo yokuvikela:
- 2021. Isimemezelo sikaNgqongqoshe Wezolimo No. 431 — ukubhaliswa kophawu lwezolimo lwendawo.
- Ngentwasahlobo ka-2023. Uhlelo lwesibili lukazwelonke lwemikhiqizo yezolimo edumile, ekhethekile nemisha; umcimbi wokudlulisela amabhizinisi ilungelo lophawu lwendawo; uphawu lwesimo sezulu «岭南生态气候优品».
- 2025. Ngesimemezelo se-State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA) No. 632 sangoJuni 9 (esishicilelwe ngoJuni 27) igama lavunywa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo — indawo 177 kwezingama-224. Umfakisicelo — isikhungo sokusabalalisa ubuchwepheshe bezolimo sesifunda sase-Liannan.
Imiklomelo. Ngo-2021, ngokwe-«Nanfang+», itiye lalinegolide nesiliva ezingeni likahulumeni, kanti ezingeni lesifundazwe — amagolide amathathu, iziliva eziyisithupha kanye nemiklomelo emibili yekhwalithi. Njalo ngonyaka isifunda sibamba umncintiswano wamatiye we-«大叶杯» (斗茶大赛).

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo

Uhlobo: Ngokombhalo wokuvikela — inani lendawo le-«连南大叶» (连南大叶群体种) noma izinhlobo ezikloniwe nemigqa etholakale kulo.
Isitshalo: Ngokwenkundla yezohwebo yendawo (2017), lesi yisihlahla setiye esinamaqabunga amakhulu (乔木型大叶种): isihlahla singaba ngaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10 ukuphakama, ukujikeleza kwesiqu ezinkulu — kufinyelela ku-1 m, umqhele uqonde noma usakazeke kancane, amagatsha awavamile; ngokuma kweqabunga kuhlukaniswa izinhlobo ezinamaqabunga amakhulu namade, kuvame ukutholakala iqabunga elikhulu eliyi-ellipse elinamazinyo amaholo, amancane nabuthuntu. Kuyo kubuye kuthiwe ezikhathini ezibandayo zendawo akuzange kubonakale ukuqhwaqhuqha nokuthi iqabunga lifaneleka etiyeni eliluhlaza nelibomvu kanye ne-puerh (普洱茶). Ngokwe-«Nanfang+» (2021), isihlahla esidala kunazo zonke ezaziwayo, ngokuhlola kwezingcweti zetiye zesifundazwe, sikhula ezintabeni zomzana wase-Huanglian (黄连村), futhi sineminyaka ecishe ibe yinkulungwane.
Itiye lasendle: Ngokwe-«Nanfang+» (2021), izindawo ezinkulu zamatiye asendle zikhona entabeni i-Huanglianshan (黄连山) esigodini sase-Damaishan, e-Bandong (板洞) nasentabeni i-Dalongshan (大龙山); ezingadini zesifunda kuningi inani le-«连南大叶».
Iqabunga: Ngokwemithombo yezindaba, lincane futhi lithambile, li-ellipse elide, linendawo encane ende futhi ebushelelezi; kuphawulwe izinga eliphezulu lezinto ezikhishwayo, ama-polyphenol ne-zinc.
Amagama endawo: Ngokwendawo yemvelaphi itiye libizwa ngokuthi 高界茶, 黄连茶 kanye ne-大龙茶.
Izinga lokuqoqa: Ihlumela elinamaqabunga amabili kuya kwamathathu kanye namaqabunga «ahlanganisiwe» alingana nawo ngobuncane (对夹叶).

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: INyakatho ye-Guangdong, imithambeka eseningizimu ye-Nanling Range; indawo ichazwa ngefomula ethi «izingxenye eziyisishiyagalolunye izintaba, isigamu samanzi nesigamu sensimu». Ngokwe-«Nanfang+» (2021), enyakatho yesifunda kukhona intaba i-Dalongshan (大龙山), entshonalanga — i-Dawushan (大雾山), eningizimu — i-Qiweishan (起微山); isifunda sinwebeka ukusuka enyakatho kuya eningizimu futhi sincane ukusuka entshonalanga kuya empumalanga.
Ukuphakama kokukhula: Itiye lasendle ekuqaleni, ngokwenkundla yendawo (2017), likhula emigodini yezintaba ku-700–1000 m; ngokwe-«Nanfang+» (2021), itiye lisakazeke emigodini ku-600–1000 m. Umbhalo wokuvikela awusho ukuphakama: izingadi — emagqumeni nasemithambekeni emincane enokuthambekela okufinyelela ku-30°.
Inhlabathi: Ngokombhalo wokuvikela — inhlabathi ebomvu ejulile, exegayo nevundile, inhlabathi ebomvu ye-laterite kanye ne-yellow loam, kusuka kwe-acidic kuye kwe-acidic kancane, i-pH 4.5–6.5. Incazelo yophawu lwezolimo inikeza i-pH 4.5–5.5 kanye nenhlabathi ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo. Inkundla yendawo icacisa ukuthi inhlabathi ebomvu nephuzi lapha yakheka ekuguguleni kwe-granite ne-sandstone.
Isimo sezulu: Ngokwencazelo yendawo, isimo sezulu sase-subtropical monsoon esimanzi; izinga lokushisa lonyaka elijwayelekile lingu-19.5 °C, imvula ingu-1705.1 mm. Phakathi kweziqongo namathafa umehluko wokushisa ufinyelela ku-4–5 °C («Nanfang+»). Ubuningi bamahlathi ngokwencazelo yendawo — 80.88 %, ngokwe-«Nanfang+» (2021) — 83.8 %. Incazelo yendawo kuwebhusayithi yesifunda ibiza indawo ephakeme kunazo zonke ngokuthi intaba i-Dawushan esigodini sase-Sanjiang, 1659 m, kanye nomswakama ohlobene ongu-79 %.
Isilinganiso: Ngokwencazelo yendawo yophawu lwezolimo — amahektha angu-624 kanye namathani angaphezu kwangu-829 ngonyaka; ngokwemithombo yezindaba — ama-mu angu-15,000 maphakathi no-2021, ama-mu angu-25,000 namathani angu-914 etiye elomile (2022), ama-mu angu-29,700 (2023).

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izindlela ngokombhalo wokuvikela wango-2025.

Ukwehliswa epanini 炒青:

Ukusakaza (摊青, tānqīng): Isendlalelo esingu-5–10 cm, amahora angu-8–12, kuze kuphele ukucwebezela nomswakama ube ngu-68–70 %.
Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): Kumsini wepani noma we-drum ku-280–300 °C, imizuzu emi-5–8.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ingcindezi «elula — ephakathi — enamandla — elula», kuze amaqabunga aqine.
Ukwesekela kwesibili (炒二青, chǎo èrqīng): Epanini ku-160–220 °C kuze kufike ezingxenyeni eziyisikhombisa kweziyishumi zomile.
Ukuphola (摊晾, tānliàng): Isendlalelo esingu-3–5 cm, imizuzu engama-30.
Ukomisa emalahleni (炭焙, tànbèi): Kubhasikidi wokomisa (烘笼) phezu kwamalahle, ambozwe ngomlotha, 55–60 °C, amahora ama-4.
Ukomisa kokugcina (辉锅, huīguō): Epanini nokuphakamisa iphunga kuze umswakama ube ngaphansi kwe-6 %.

Ukomisa ngomoya oshisayo 烘青: Ukusakaza, ukuqinisa nokusonga kuyefana; bese kuba nokomisa kabili (烘干) — isendlalelo esingu-3 cm ku-120 °C kuze umswakama ube ngu-30 % kanye nesendlalelo esingu-4–6 cm ku-80 °C kuze kome ngokuphelele; nokulungisa ngomlilo (焙火, bèihuǒ) ezinsukwini ezingama-30–60 ngemva kokukhiqiza, ku-70–80 °C, amahora ama-5.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

Incazelo yombhalo wokuvikela wango-2025.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: I-炒青 — iqabunga elisongwe ngokuqinile, eliluhlaza okwesiliva, elinempuphu emhlophe. I-烘青 — eliqinile, eligobe kancane, eliluhlaza okotshani obumnyama.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lokuphalaza: I-炒青 — ikasteni eliminyene elimnandi (栗香馥郁); i-烘青 — ehlanzekile futhi emnandi (清甜).
Ukunambitheka: Kuzo zombili — kuminyene futhi kugcwele (浓醇); ifomula evamile — ukubaba okuhlanzekile nokubuya okumnandi (清苦回甘).
Umbala wokuphalaza: Kuzo zombili — uphuzi oluhlaza, okukhanyayo (黄绿亮).
Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga eliphuziwe): Iphuzi ngokuluhlaza, likhanya kancane (黄绿尚亮).

Imithombo yezindaba ibiza izimpawu zetiye ngokuthi ukuphalaza okuminyene (易起膏) kanye nokufiphala kokuphalaza osekupholile — «冷后浑» (lěnghòuhún). Itiye elibomvu ngeqabunga elifanayo liyichaza ngokuhlukile: iqabunga eliminyene elincane, elimnyama ngokucwebezela, ukuphalaza okubomvu okumnyama, lapho liphola liba lufifi olunjengobisi.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo ze-physicochemical zombhalo wokuvikela wango-2025:

Inkomba	Isidingo
Ama-polyphenol etiye	20–25 %
Umlotha oncibilikayo emanzini, ingxenye yawo evela kuwo wonke	60–78 %
Izinto ezikhishwayo ezincibilikayo emanzini	50–76 %

Umkhawulo ophezulu wezinto ezikhishwayo, 76 %, ubhalwe kanjalo embhalweni; kungenzeka kube yiphutha lokubhala. Encazelweni yophawu lwezolimo, ngokulandisa kuwebhusayithi yesifunda, izindinganiso zehlukile: umswakama awukho ngaphezu kwe-6.5 %, umlotha ophelele awukho ngaphezu kwe-6.5 %, ama-polyphenol awakho ngaphansi kwe-22.0 %, izinto ezikhishwayo awakho ngaphansi kwe-50.0 %.

Ukuhlola ngaphandle kwezinombolo: ngokwenkundla yendawo (2017), ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980 i-Tea Institute ye-Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences yenza ukuhlaziya kwe-organoleptic ne-biochemical kwetiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu kwaleli qabunga, futhi ama-polyphenol, ngokwayo, atholakala emaningi kakhulu kunalezo zezinhlobo ezijwayelekile zase-Guangdong eziphakathi nezincane, futhi amaningi kunalawo e-Yunnan amaqabunga amakhulu. Izinombolo inkundla ayizinikezi.

8. Ukuphuza

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C; nge-炒青 eminyene yasepanini — kufinyelela ku-90 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
Isitsha: Ingilazi, i-gaiwan noma i-teapot ye-porcelain.
Inqubo: Ukushisa isitsha, ukuphalaza kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60, bese kuba nokuphalaza okuphindwe kabili kuya kathathu.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Kupakishwe ngokuqinile, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga, kungcono esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C. Kuphuzwe phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo Nokuqamba amanga

Awekho amanani okudayisa emithonjeni etholakele. Kukhona isibalo esisodwa ngezinto ezingavuthiwe: ngokwenkundla yendawo, entwasahlobo ka-2017 ngaphezu kwe-200,000 jin lamaqabunga amasha lali-ode kwangaphambili ngenani elingaphezu kwezigidi ezintathu ze-yuan. Izindleko zomkhiqizo wemboni imithombo yezindaba izibiza ngezindlela ezihlukile: ngaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-347 ze-yuan (ukushicilelwa kuka-2022) kanye nezigidi ezingu-80 ze-yuan ngonyaka we-2022 (ukushicilelwa kuka-2023); ukuthi yisiphi isibalo esiyiqiniso akwazanga ukutholakala.

Indlela yokugwema umgunyathi:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo: luqinisekiswa yi-CNIPA kubakhiqizi basendaweni evikelwe.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi itiye livela kwesinye sezilokazana eziyisikhombisa zesifunda sase-Liannan.
- I-炒青 — iqabunga eliluhlaza okwesiliva elinempuphu nephunga lekasteni, i-烘青 — iqabunga eliluhlaza okotshani obumnyama nephunga elimnandi.

11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo

Igama elilodwa liphethwe yinani lamahlathi kanye netiye elivikelwe.
Ukomisa kwe-炒青 ngokombhalo kwenzeka phezu kwamalahle ezinkuni, ambozwe ngomlotha.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye

I-Yingde Lü Cha (英德绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Yingde edolobheni elifanayo lase-Qingyuan.
I-Ying De Hong Cha (英德红茶): Itiye elibomvu ledolobha elifanayo lase-Qingyuan.
I-Jinxiu Hongcha (金秀红茶): Itiye elibomvu lase-Jinxiu-Yao Autonomous County e-Guangxi — futhi itiye lezintaba lapho kuhlala khona ama-Yao.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Liannan Daye Cha — itiye eliluhlaza lezintaba lapho kuhlala khona ama-Yao, elivela kunani lendawo elinamaqabunga amakhulu elinegama elifanayo. Umbhalo wokuvikela uchaza izinhlobo zayo ezimbili: i-炒青 yasepanini enokomisa phezu kwamalahle, iqabunga eliluhlaza okwesiliva nephunga lekasteni kanye ne-烘青 yomoya oshisayo eneqabunga eliluhlaza okotshani obumnyama nephunga elimnandi. Izinganekwane mayelana netiye elise-lobolo kanye nangezihlahla zasendle zama-Yao asezintabeni zaziwa ngemithombo yezindaba yendawo.

Imithombo

Inkomba yendawo

CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №632

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo