Gǔpá chá

Gupa Cha (Gǔpá chá, 古琶茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’chigawo cha Miaohuang (妙皇乡) m’boma la Xiangzhou (象州县) m’tauni ya Laibin m’chigawo chapakati cha Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, kuchokera ku mapiri kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Dayao. Dzina limachokera ku mudzi wa Gupa (古琶村), womwe uli m’komiti ya mudzi ya Sigao (思高村委). Dzinali latetezedwa kuyambira 2020 monga chizindikiro cha geographical indication chaulimi, ndipo mu 2025 State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA) idalivomereza kukhala malo okhala ndi geographical indication, ndipo luso lopanga kuyambira 2021 lalembedwa m’ndandanda wa cholowa chosagwirika cha dera lodziyimira.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Mawu oti “绿茶” mulibe m’chikalata choteteza; gulu limachokera ku luso lake — kuyala, kukhazikitsa, kupota, kuumba, kuyanika, popanda kufowokera ndi kupesa — komanso maonekedwe: masamba obiriwira, madzi achikasu-obiriwira ndi pansi pa tiyi.
Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira waku Guangxi; chizindikiro cha geographical indication chaulimi (2020) ndi malo okhala ndi geographical indication (CNIPA, chilengezo № 640, 2025).
Chiyambi: China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西, Guǎngxī), mzinda wa Laibin (来宾, Láibīn), boma la Xiangzhou (象州, Xiàngzhōu), chigawo cha Miaohuang (妙皇, Miàohuáng).
Malo otetezedwa: midzi 12 ya chigawo cha Miaohuang: Dasuo (大梭村), Pangu (盘古村), Longtou (龙头村), Xinzao (新造村), Lu (路村), Liao (寮村), Miaohuang (妙皇村), Shanding (山定村), Huahou (花侯村), Tantou (塘头村), Qiaotou (桥头村) ndi Sigao (思高村). Wopempha ndi station ya chitsogozo cha luso pa mbewu za boma la Xiangzhou. Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa chizindikiro chaulimi, malo otetezedwa ndi 1000 ha, ndipo kuchuluka kotetezedwa ndi 1100 t wa tiyi wouma.
Malo ogwirizana: 109°41′–109°51′ E, 23°44′–23°56′ N — malinga ndi chikalata choteteza.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Tang. Zofalitsa za 2024 zimayambitsa mbiri ya tiyi kuyambira nthawi ya Tang ndipo zimagwira mawu a “Chayan Canon” (《茶经》) a Lu Yu: «象州茶，往往得之，其味极佳» — “tiyi wa Xiangzhou amapezeka pano ndi apo, kukoma kwake nkwabwino kwambiri”; uku ndiko kufotokozanso kwa zofalitsa, osati mzere weniweni wa canon. Zimatanthauza chigawo chonse cha Xiangzhou cha nthawi ya Tang; mudzi wa Gupa sunatchulidwe m’mawu amenewa.
- Ming. Malinga ndi lipoti la ofesi yaulimi ya boma (2024) ndi nkhani ya “Laibin Daily” (2020), tiyi pano adayamba kulimidwa koyambirira kwa Ming ndipo ankawumitsa pamanja m’miphika. Nkhani yomweyo ikufotokoza mbiri ya kumaloko: kumapeto kwa Ming, mbadwa za Mfumu ya Jingjiang (靖江王) za banja la Zhu zinakhazikika ku Nalu (纳禄) m’boma la Xiangzhou ndipo ankamwa tiyi wa kuno tsiku lililonse, ndipo nthawi ya Qing ankamupereka tiyi kukhothi. Palibe zikalata zokhudza msonkho zomwe zapezeka.
- Miyambo yosiyana. Chiyambi cha nkhani yomweyi chimanena za mbiri ya “zaka zoposa 200” ya tiyi wa Gupa, pamene mbiri yam’banja la m’mudzimo, yotchulidwa m’buku la malonda a m’deralo, imanena za makolo ochokera ku Xishan pafupi ndi Guiping (桂平西山), omwe anabwera kumapeto kwa Ming, ndi zaka zoposa 400. Ndi chiwerengero chiti chomwe chili cholondola, sitingathe kudziwa kuchokera ku magwero opezeka.
- 2018–2020. Kumapeto kwa 2018 ku Sigao anamanga fakitale yatsopano ya tiyi; mu 2020 komiti ya mudzi inayikamo 100,000 yuan. Mu May 2020 dzinali linalandira chizindikiro cha geographical indication chaulimi.
- 2021. Luso lopanga Xiangzhou Gupa Cha (象州古琶茶) linalembedwa m’ndandanda wa cholowa chosagwirika cha dera lodziyimira (malinga ndi lipoti la ofesi yaulimi ya boma, 2024).
- 2023. Guangxi Standardization Association inatulutsa mulingo wa gulu T/GXAS 670—2023 “地理标志农产品古琶茶”. Palibe malemba a mulingo womwe ali m’magwero opezeka.
- 2024. Pa 10 August pulogalamu ya Central Television “China Intangible Heritage” (《非遗里的中国》) m’ndime yokhudza Guangxi inasonyeza Gupa Cha. Malinga ndi zofalitsa za ndime imeneyi, malo a minda ndi pafupifupi 3000 mu, makampani opitilira 200 akugwira nawo ntchito, akututa nthawi zonse zinayi pachaka, ndipo kupanga kwapachaka kumaposa 30 miliyoni yuan.
- 2025. Chilengezo cha CNIPA № 640 (chosainidwa 16 July, chofalitsidwa 13 August) chinavomereza dzinali kukhala malo okhala ndi geographical indication — malo 1144 mwa 1409.
Dzina: 古琶 (Gǔpá) — mudzi wa Gupa; 茶 — tiyi. Mwambi wa kumaloko, womwe “Laibin Daily” (2020) imatchula: «古朴出美女，古琶出好茶»; gawo lake lachiwiri limatanthauza “Gupa amapereka tiyi wabwino”.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi zofalitsa za 2024, pafupi ndi minda ya Sigao pakhala malo ochezera alendo ndi maulendo otenga komanso kupanga tiyi, ndipo boma latulutsa zinthu zoposa khumi zochokera ku tiyiyu — kuyambira mabisiketi okhala ndi tiyi (茶蓉饼) mpaka tiyi wa mandimu ndi tiyi wa mkaka. Malinga ndi lipoti la boma la 2021, tiyi amagulitsidwa ku Guangdong, Hunan, Anhui ndi Hebei, ndipo kwa alimi a m’chigawochi ndi gwero la ndalama.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira

Mtundu / Cultivar: Malinga ndi chikalata — “古琶茶地方群体种”, gulu la m’deralo la Gupa Cha. Chikalata sichitchula mitundu yosankhidwa.
Mtundu wa masamba: Malinga ndi zofalitsa za 2024, masamba amakhala obiriwira, ofiiriraa ndi ofiirira-ofiira; mtundu wofiirira ndi chifukwa cha pigment ya masamba (紫化). Malinga ndi mawu a wochita bizinesi yemwe anamanga fakitale ku Sigao, m’nkhani ya 2020, zipatso zabwino kwambiri zimaganiziridwa kukhala za mtundu wofiirira (紫芽). Nkhani yomweyo imanena kuti ku Sigao panthawiyo panali 40 mu ya tiyi wofiirira wobzalidwa, ndipo pafupi ndi nyumba ina ya m’mudzimo panali mtengo wa tiyi wazaka zana.
Kututa: Malinga ndi chikalata — malinga ndi nyengo ndi magulu, pamanja, ndi “kukweza” kwa zala (提采); tsamba latsopano, lathunthu, lofanana, lopanda zipatso, masamba okalamba ndi tsinde. Zopangira zabwino kwambiri — tsamba ndi tsamba limodzi (一芽一叶), zabwino — tsamba ndi masamba awiri.
Kubzala: M’mizere yopingasa m’mizere imodzi kapena iwiri — pafupifupi 5000 chitsamba pa mu, pa mapani pafupifupi 7000; kudula kofewa ndi kwakukulu kumasinthana.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Dera: Pakati pa Guangxi, kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Dayao (大瑶山, Dàyáo shān); minda ya Sigao ili pafupi ndi phiri la Tiangai (天盖山), kumene, malinga ndi lipoti la boma, nthawi zambiri kumakhala chifunga.
Kutalika kwa kulima: Mapiri pa kutalika kwa 300–600 m — malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa chizindikiro chaulimi.
Nyengo: Kumwera kwa subtropiki, chinyezi cha monsoon. Kuwala kwa dzuwa — pafupifupi maola 1650 pachaka, kutentha kwapakati — 20.8 °C, nthawi yopanda chisanu — masiku opitilira 330, mvula — pafupifupi 1400 mm, chinyezi chachibale — 77 %. Kufotokozera kwa chizindikiro kumagwirizanitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa tsiku ndi kuchuluka kwa ma amino acid ndi kutsika kwa caffeine.
Dothi: Makamaka lofiira (红壤), organic matter pafupifupi 45 g/kg, pH 4.5–5.5 — malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa chizindikiro. Chikalata cha CNIPA chimapereka zofunikira zambiri pa malo: pH 4.5–6.5, malo otseguka bwino otsetsereka, otetezedwa ku mphepo; pamene otsetsereka mpaka 20° — kubzala m’mizere yopingasa, pa 20–30° — mapani.
Madzi: Kuthirira — ndi madzi a kasupe ochokera ku nkhalango zotetezedwa za madzi za Dayao ndi madzi amvula.

5. Luso la Kupanga

Chikalata choteteza chimapereka kukonza kwapa theka-makina: 鲜叶 → 摊放 → 杀青 → 揉捻 → 做形 → 烘干 → 提香. Izi ndizo kufotokozera tiyi umenewu.

Kuyala (摊放, tānfàng): M’zotengera zapadera — masika maola 6–8, chilimwe ndi mphukira maola 3–4, mpaka tsamba litakhala lofewa, fungo loyera litatuluka ndipo chinyezi chatsika pafupifupi ku 70 %.
Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): Makina a ng’oma, 260–280 °C; tsamba losalimba panyengo yoyera — pafupifupi mphindi 4, tsamba lolimba, lamvula kapena la mame — pafupifupi mphindi 5; chinyezi chotsalira pafupifupi 55 %.
Kupota (揉捻, róuniǎn): Roller, mphindi 15–25. Kwa zopangira za gulu lapamwamba ndi loyamba, zoposa 80% za tsamba ziyenera kupota kukhala ulusi, kwa lachiwiri — zoposa 60%, pamene madzi amatuluka.
Kuumba (做形, zuòxíng): M’ng’oma pa 120–180 °C pafupifupi mphindi 6, mpaka fungo litatuluka ndipo tsamba lilinjitike pang’ono.
Kuyanika (烘干, hōnggān): Chowumitsira chimatenthedwa ku 100–120 °C, kuumitsa mpaka chinyezi 6–8%, mpaka tsamba litapukutidwa ndi zala kukhala ufa.
Kupititsa fungo (提香, tíxiāng): Makina okazinga, 90 °C, pafupifupi mphindi 40, mpaka chinyezi chochepera 6 %.

Kupanga kwamanja wosunga luso kuchokera m’ndandanda wa cholowa akufotokoza motere: tsamba ndi tsamba limodzi, kuyala, kukhazikitsa ndi moto waukulu monga gawo lalikulu, kupota pamanja, kuyanika ndi kupititsa fungo.

Pansi pa chizindikiro cha “象州古琶” amapanganso tiyi wofiira ndi woyera, kuphatikizapo wofiira wochokera ku masamba ofiirira (紫芽象州古琶红茶); chikalata choteteza chimafotokoza tiyi wobiriwira wokha.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Malinga ndi chikalata choteteza:

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Lopota molimba, lobiriwira, ndi tsitsi (条索紧结，色绿有毫).
Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe kufotokozera kosiyana m’magwero opezeka.
Fungo la madzi: Lamphamvu, ndi fungo la maluwa (香气浓、有花香).
Kukoma: Kotsekemera-kofewa (滋味甘醇).
Mtundu wa madzi: Achikasu-obiriwira, owala (汤色黄绿亮).
Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lopangidwa): Achikasu-obiriwira (叶底黄绿).

Tiyi wofiira wochokera ku masamba ofiirira, womwe chikalata sichimafotokoza, zofalitsa za 2024 zikufotokoza motere: madzi ofiira okhala ndi kanyenye kakang’ono ka buluu-ofiirira, masamba okhala ndi tsitsi, fungo lokhalitsa.

7. Zomwe Zili M’kati

Zofunikira za thupi ndi zamankhwala za chikalata choteteza:

Chizindikiro	Chofunikira
Caffeine	osachepera 2 %
Ma polyphenols a tiyi	osachepera 20 %
Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi	osachepera 40 %
Ma amino acid aulere, onse	osachepera 4 %

Izi ndizo zofunikira za chikalata, osati miyeso ya magulu enieni. Kufotokozera kwa chizindikiro chaulimi kumafunanso kutsata miyezo ya boma GB 2762 (zotsutsa) ndi GB 2763 (zotsalira za mankhwala).

8. Kupanga

Mchitidwe wa gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Zotengera: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
Njira:
1. Tenthetsa chotengera.
2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mbali.
3. Kupanga koyamba — pakadutsa masekondi 40–60.
4. Kumwa, ndikusiya gawo la madzi.
5. Kutsanulira kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa gulu. M’paketi yotsekedwa, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

10. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo

Palibe mitengo ya tiyi wokonzedwa m’magwero opezeka. Malinga ndi lipoti la boma la 2024, kampani inkagula tsamba latsopano kwa alimi pa 80 yuan pa jin (500 g) wa masamba amodzi ndi pa 15 yuan pa jin wa masamba ndi tsamba limodzi.

Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication: ufulu wa icho wopanga kuchokera m’dera amalandira kudzera mu ofesi ya chuma chaukadaulo ya boma la Xiangzhou, oyang’anira Guangxi ndi CNIPA.
- Onani chiyambi: umodzi mwa midzi 12 ya chigawo cha Miaohuang.
- Kumbukirani kuti “古琶” ndi dzina la mudzi, osati gulu: tiyi wofiira ndi woyera pansi pa chizindikiro ichi sanafotokozedwe ndi chikalata choteteza.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Chikalata choteteza sichimapereka mlingo wa magulu, koma m’malamulo a kupota chimagawanitsa zopangira kukhala zapamwamba, zoyamba ndi zachiwiri.
Kukhazikitsa malinga ndi chikalata kumachitika pa 260–280 °C, pamene kupititsa fungo — pa 90 °C pokha.
Chigawo cha ma amino acid aulere — osachepera 4 %, chokwera kuposa cha tiyi wofiira wa Muzi Apo Cha (木梓阿婆茶) kuchokera m’chilengezo chomwecho № 640 (zoposa 2.5 %).

12. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi wina waku Guangxi

Jinxiu Hongcha (金秀红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa mapiri a Dayao m’tauni yomweyo ya Laibin; Gupa Cha imamera kumadzulo kwa mapiri omwewo.
Xishan Cha (西山茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa Guiping; malinga ndi mbiri yam’banja, kuchokera ku Xishan kunabwera makolo a banja lina la m’mudzi wa Gupa.
Muzi Apo Cha (木梓阿婆茶): Tiyi wofiira wa m’boma la Guigang kuchokera m’chilengezo chomwecho № 640.

Pomaliza:

Gupa Cha ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa midzi khumi ndi iwiri ya chigawo cha Miaohuang kumadzulo kwa mapiri a Dayao, kuchokera ku gulu la m’deralo la zitsamba zokhala ndi masamba obiriwira ndi ofiirira. Chikalata choteteza chimapereka luso lopanga la theka-makina ndi ndondomeko ndi maonekedwe — tsamba lobiriwira lolimba lokhala ndi tsitsi, madzi achikasu-obiriwira, fungo la maluwa. Amatetezedwa ndi magawo atatu: chizindikiro cha 2020, cholowa cha luso cha 2021 ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi CNIPA mu 2025; mbiri yoyambirira imakhazikika pa zofotokozanso zokhala ndi miyambo yosiyana.