Gǔpá chá

Gupa Cha (Gǔpá chá, 古琶茶) itiye eliluhlaza lasesigodini saseMiaohuang (妙皇乡) esifundeni saseXiangzhou (象州县) ngaphansi kukamasipala waseLaibin emaphakathi neGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, lisuka emagqumeni asentshonalanga yeentaba zaseDayaoshan. Igama lalo lisuselwa edolobhaneni laseGupa (古琶村), eliyingxenye yekomidi lasemakhaya laseSigao (思高村委). Igama livikelwe kusukela ngo-2020 njengophawu lwezolimo lwezindawo, ngo-2025 iChina National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) yalithatha njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, kanti ubuchwepheshe bokwenza buthalwe ohlwini lwamagugu angaphatheki esifunda esizimele kusukela ngo-2021.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Igama elithi “绿茶” alikho embhalweni wokuvikela; ukuhlukaniswa kubonakala kubuchwepheshe: ukwandlalwa, ukubulala ukushisa, ukugoqa, ukubumba, ukomisa, ngaphandle kokubuna nokuvutshelwa, kanye nokubukeka: iqabunga eliluhlaza, umhluzi ophuzi ngokuluhlaza kanye nesisekelo setiye.
Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza laseGuangxi; uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo (2020) kanye nomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (CNIPA, isaziso No. 640, 2025).
Imvelaphi: IChina, iGuangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西, Guǎngxī), umasipala waseLaibin (来宾, Láibīn), isifunda saseXiangzhou (象州, Xiàngzhōu), isigodi saseMiaohuang (妙皇, Miàohuáng).
Indawo evikelwe: Izindawo zokuhlala eziyi-12 zesigodi saseMiaohuang: iDaso (大梭村), iPangu (盘古村), iLongtou (龙头村), iXinzao (新造村), iLu (路村), iLiao (寮村), iMiaohuang (妙皇村), iShanding (山定村), iHuahou (花侯村), iTangtou (塘头村), iQiaotou (桥头村) kanye neSigao (思高村). Umfakisicelo yisiteshi sokuqondisa ubuchwepheshe bezitshalo zobuchwepheshe zesifunda saseXiangzhou. Ngokwencazelo yophawu lwezolimo, indawo evikelwe ingamahektare ayi-1000, umthamo ovikelwe ungamathani ayi-1100 etiye elomile.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: 109°41′–109°51′ empumalanga, 23°44′–23°56′ enyakatho, ngokombhalo wokuvikela.

2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Ubukhosi baseTang. Ukushicilelwa kwango-2024 kuthola umlando wetiye kusukela enkathini yeTang bese kucaphuna amazwi e “The Classic of Tea” (《茶经》) kaLu Yu: “象州茶，往往得之，其味极佳”, okusho ukuthi “itiye laseXiangzhou litholakala lapha nalaphaya, ukunambitheka kwalo kuhle kakhulu”; lokhu kuwukulandisa kabusha kokushicilelwe, hhayi umugqa wezwi negama we-classic. Kubhekiselwa esifundeni saseTang saseXiangzhou jikelele; idolobhana laseGupa aliqanjwanga kula mazwi.
- Ubukhosi bakwaMing. Ngokombiko womnyango wezolimo wesifunda (2024) kanye nombiko we “Laibin Daily” (2020), itiye laqala ukutshalwa lapha ekuqaleni kweMing futhi lomiswa ngesandla ebhodweni. Umbiko ofanayo ulandisa inguqulo yendawo: ngasekupheleni kweMing, inzalo yeNkosana yaseJingjiang (靖江王) yomndeni wakwaZhu yahlala eNalu (纳禄) esifundeni saseXiangzhou futhi yaphuza itiye lendawo nsuku zonke, kanti ngesikhathi seQing itiye lalethwa enkantolo. Imibhalo yentela ayitholakali ezintweni ezitholiwe.
- Izinsuku ezahlukene. Ingxenye yokuqala yombiko ofanayo ikhuluma “ngeminyaka engaphezu kuka-200” yomlando wetiye laseGupa, kanti umlando womndeni womunye wemindeni yedolobhana, njengoba ulandiswa yincwadi yemikhiqizo yendawo, ukhuluma ngokhokho abavela eXishan ngaphansi kweGuiping (桂平西山), abafika ngasekupheleni kweMing, kanye neminyaka engaphezu kuka-400. Ukuthi iyiphi inombolo enembile, akunakutholakala emithonjeni etholiwe.
- 2018–2020. Ngasekupheleni kuka-2018 eSigao kwakhiwa ifektri entsha yetiye; ngo-2020 ikomidi lasemakhaya latshala imali eyi-100 000 yuan kuyo. NgoMeyi 2020 igama lathola uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo.
- 2021. Ubuchwepheshe bokwenza iXiangzhou Gupa Cha (象州古琶茶) buthalwe ohlwini lwamagugu angaphatheki esifunda esizimele (ngokombiko womnyango wezolimo wesifunda, 2024).
- 2023. IGuangxi Standardization Association yakhipha indinganiso yeqembu T/GXAS 670—2023 “地理标志农产品古琶茶”. Umbhalo wendinganiso awutholakali emithonjeni etholiwe.
- 2024. Ngo-10 Agasti uhlelo lweChina Central Television “Intangible Heritage of China” (《非遗里的中国》) ohlelweni lwaseGuangxi lwabonisa iGupa Cha. Ngokushicilelwa kwalolu hlelo, indawo yezingadi icishe ibe ngu-3000 mu, imboni ibandakanya amakhaya angaphezu kuka-200, itiye livunwa kuzo zonke izinkathi ezine zonyaka, kanti umkhiqizo wonyaka udlula ama-yuan ayizigidi ezingama-30.
- 2025. Isaziso seCNIPA No. 640 (esasayinwa mhla ziyi-16 kuJulayi, sashicilelwa mhla ziyi-13 kuAgasti) saqaphela igama njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, indawo engu-1144 kweziyi-1409.
Igama: 古琶 (Gǔpá) yidolobhana laseGupa; 茶 itiye. Isaga sendawo esicashunwe yi “Laibin Daily” (2020): “古朴出美女，古琶出好茶”; ingxenye yaso yesibili isho ukuthi “iGupa ikhiqiza itiye elihle”.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokushicilelwa kwango-2024, eduze kwezingadi zaseSigao kunezinkambi zokuvakasha kanye nohambo lokukha nokwenza itiye, kanti isifunda sikhiqize imikhiqizo engaphezu kweshumi esekelwe kuleli tiye, kusukela kumakhekhe okugcwalisa itiye (茶蓉饼) kuya etiyeni elinolemoni kanye netiye elinobisi. Ngokombiko wesifunda wango-2021, itiye lithengiswa eGuangdong, eHunan, eAnhui naseHebei, futhi kubalimi besigodi lingumthombo wemali.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / I-cultivar: Ngokombhalo, “古琶茶地方群体种”, inani lendawo laseGupa Cha. Umbhalo awuqambi izinhlobo ezikhethiwe.
Umbala wamahlumela: Ngokushicilelwa kwango-2024, amahlumela angaba luhlaza, ansomi kanye nabomvu okunsomi; umbala onsomi uwumphumela we-pigmentation yeqabunga (紫化). Ngokusho kukasomabhizinisi owakha ifektri eSigao, embikweni wango-2020, impahla engcono kakhulu kuthathwa njengehlumela elinsomi (紫芽). Umbiko ofanayo ubika ukuthi eSigao ngaleso sikhathi kwakunama-40 mu etiye elihlumela elinsomi elitshaliwe, futhi eduze kwelinye lamakhaya edolobhana kwakukhula isihlahla setiye esineminyaka eyikhulu.
Ukuvuna: Ngokombhalo, ngezikhathi zonyaka nangamaqembu, ngesandla, “ngokuphakamisa” ngeminwe (提采); iqabunga lisha, liphelele, lilingana, ngaphandle kwezithelo, amaqabunga amadala kanye neziqu. Impahla engcono kakhulu ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa (一芽一叶), enhle ihlumela elinamaqabunga amabili.
Ukutshala: Ngemigqa evundlile emugqeni owodwa noma emibili, cishe izihlahla ezingama-5000 nge-mu, emathafeni cishe ezingama-7000; ukuthenwa okuncane nokujulile kuyashintshana.

4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala

Isifunda: Emaphakathi neGuangxi, emaphethelweni asentshonalanga ezintaba zaseDayaoshan (大瑶山, Dàyáo shān); izingadi zaseSigao ziseduze nentaba iTiangaishan (天盖山), lapho, ngokombiko wesifunda, kuvame ukuba nenkungu.
Ukuphakama kokukhula: Amagquma aphakeme 300–600 m, ngokwencazelo yophawu lwezolimo.
Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esiseningizimu esishisayo nesinomswakama. Ukukhanya kwelanga cishe amahora ayi-1650 ngonyaka, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi ngu-20.8 °C, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa singaphezu kwezinsuku ezingama-330, imvula icishe ibe ngu-1400 mm, umswakama ohlobene ungama-77%. Incazelo yophawu ihlobanisa umehluko omkhulu wezinga lokushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid kanye ne-caffeine ephansi uma kuqhathaniswa.
Inhlabathi: Ikakhulukazi ebomvu (红壤), izinto eziphilayo ngokwesilinganiso cishe zingama-45 g/kg, pH 4.5–5.5, ngokwencazelo yophawu. Umbhalo weCNIPA ubeka imfuneko yendawo ebanzi: pH 4.5–6.5, imithambeka evulekile ekhanyiswa kahle, evikelekile emoyeni; lapho umthambeka ungaphansi kuka-20°, ukutshala ngemigqa evundlile, lapho ungama-20–30°, amathafa.
Amanzi: Ukunisela ngamanzi omthombo avela endaweni yokulondoloza amahlathi avikela amanzi aseDayaoshan kanye namanzi emvula.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Umbhalo wokuvikela ubeka ukucutshungulwa okuyingxenye yemishini: 鲜叶 → 摊放 → 杀青 → 揉捻 → 做形 → 烘干 → 提香. Lena incazelo yaleli tiye.

Ukwandlala (摊放, tānfàng): Esitsheni esikhethekile, entwasahlobo amahora ayi-6–8, ehlobo nasekwindla amahora ama-3–4, kuze kube yilapho iqabunga lithamba, kuvele iphunga elimsulwa, nomswakama wehlela cishe kuma-70%.
Ukubulala ukushisa (杀青, shāqīng): Umshini wesigubhu, 260–280 °C; iqabunga elithambile esimweni sezulu esicacile cishe imizuzu emi-4, eliqinile, lemvula noma elinamazolo cishe imizuzu emi-5; umswakama osele cishe u-55%.
Ukugoqa (揉捻, róuniǎn): I-roller, imizuzu eyi-15–25. Kuzinto zokusetshenziswa zebanga eliphezulu nelebanga lokuqala, ngaphezu kuka-80% wamaqabunga kufanele asongeke entanjeni, kwebanga lesibili ngaphezu kuka-60%, kuyilapho kuphuma ijusi.
Ukubumba (做形, zuòxíng): Esigubhuni ku-120–180 °C cishe imizuzu emi-6, kuze kuvele iphunga futhi iqabunga ligobe kancane.
Ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān): Umshini wokomisa ushiswa ku-100–120 °C, omiswe kuze kube nomswakama oyi-6–8%, kuze kube yilapho iqabunga lihlikihlwa ngeminwe libe yimpuphu.
Ukuthuthukisa iphunga (提香, tíxiāng): Umshini wokugazinga, 90 °C, cishe imizuzu engama-40, kuze kube nomswakama ongaphansi kwe-6%.

Ukwenza ngesandla komgcini wobuchwepheshe ohlwini lwamagugu kuchazwa kanje: ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa, ukwandlala, ukubulala ukushisa ngomlilo ophezulu njengesinyathelo esiyinhloko, ukugoqa ngesandla, ukomisa nokuthuthukisa iphunga.

Ngaphansi kophawu lwe “象州古琶” kukhiqizwa itiye elibomvu nelimhlophe, kufaka phakathi elibomvu elivela emahlumela ansomi (紫芽象州古琶红茶); umbhalo wokuvikela uchaza kuphela eliluhlaza.

6. Izici ze-organoleptic

Ngokombhalo wokuvikela:

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ligoqene ngokuqinile, luhlaza, linoboya (条索紧结，色绿有毫).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholiwe.
Iphunga lomhluzi: Limnandi, linephunga lezimbali (香气浓、有花香).
Ukunambitheka: Kumnandi futhi kuthambile (滋味甘醇).
Umbala womhluzi: Uphuzi ngokuluhlaza, ukhanya (汤色黄绿亮).
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphuziwe): Uphuzi ngokuluhlaza (叶底黄绿).

Itiye elibomvu elivela emahlumela ansomi, elingamboziwe umbhalo, lichazwa kanje ekushicilelweni kwango-2024: umhluzi obomvu onombala oluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okunsomi, amahlumela anoboya, iphunga elihlala njalo.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo ze-physicochemical zombhalo wokuvikela:

Inkomba	Imfuneko
I-caffeine	okungenani i-2%
Ama-polyphenol etiye	okungenani ama-20%
Izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilika emanzini	okungenani ama-40%
Ama-amino acid amahhala, isamba	okungenani ama-4%

Lezi yizindinganiso zombhalo, hhayi izilinganiso zamaqembu athile. Incazelo yophawu lwezolimo ibuye idinge ukuthobela amazinga kazwelonke e-GB 2762 (izingcolisi) kanye ne-GB 2763 (izinsalela zezibulala-zinambuzane).

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
Inqubo:
1. Shisisa izitsha.
2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
3. Umhluzi wokuqala emva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yomhluzi.
5. Ukuphindaphinda okubili noma kuthathu.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; phuza phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye nokukhwabanisa

Awekho amanani etiye eliqediwe emithonjeni etholiwe. Ngokombiko wesifunda wango-2024, inkampani yayithenga amaqabunga amasha kubalimi ngama-yuan angama-80 nge-jin (500 g) lamahlumela awodwa nangama-yuan ayi-15 nge-jin lamahlumela aneqabunga elilodwa.

Ukwazi ukugwema ukukhwabanisa:
- Funafuna uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo: ilungelo lalo umkhiqizi ovela endaweni ulithola ngehhovisi lempahla yobuhlakani lesifunda saseXiangzhou, ukuphathwa kweGuangxi kanye neCNIPA.
- Hlola imvelaphi: enye yezindawo zokuhlala eziyi-12 zesigodi saseMiaohuang.
- Khumbula ukuthi “古琶” yigama ledolobhana, hhayi isigaba: itiye elibomvu nelimhlophe ngaphansi kwalolu phawu alichazwanga umbhalo wokuvikela.

11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

Umbhalo wokuvikela awunikezi isikali samabanga, kodwa emithethweni yokugoqa uhlukanisa izinto zokusetshenziswa ngebanga eliphezulu, elebanga lokuqala nelebanga lesibili.
Ukubulala ukushisa ngokombhalo kwenzeka ku-260–280 °C, kanti ukuthuthukisa iphunga ku-90 °C kuphela.
Umkhawulo wama-amino acid amahhala okungenani ama-4%, ophakeme kunalawo kaMuzi Apo Cha obomvu (木梓阿婆茶) ovela esazisweni esifanayo No. 640 (ngaphezu kwe-2.5%).

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aseGuangxi

Jinxiu Hongcha (金秀红茶): Itiye elibomvu lezintaba zaseDayaoshan kumasipala ofanayo waseLaibin; iGupa Cha ikhula emaphethelweni asentshonalanga ezintaba ezifanayo.
Xishan Cha (西山茶): Itiye eliluhlaza laseGuiping; ngokomlando womndeni, okhokho bomunye wemindeni yasedolobhaneni laseGupa bavela ngaphansi kweXishan.
Muzi Apo Cha (木梓阿婆茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda saseGuigang esivela esazisweni esifanayo No. 640.

Ekuphetheni:

IGupa Cha itiye eliluhlaza lezindawo zokuhlala eziyishumi nambili zesigodi saseMiaohuang emaphethelweni asentshonalanga eDayaoshan, lisuka enanini lendawo lamahlumela aluhlaza nansomi. Umbhalo wokuvikela ubeka ubuchwepheshe obuyingxenye yemishini obunezindlela zokusebenza kanye nokubukeka, iqabunga eliluhlaza eligoqene ngoboya, umhluzi ophuzi ngokuluhlaza, iphunga lezimbali. Livikelwe ngezendlalelo ezintathu: uphawu lwango-2020, amagugu obuchwepheshe bango-2021 kanye nokwamukelwa yiCNIPA kwango-2025; umlando wokuqala uncike ekulandiseni kabusha ngezinsuku ezihlukene.