I-Nanshan Baimao Cha (Nánshān báimáo chá, 南山白毛茶) itiye eliluhlaza elivela entabeni iNanshan edolobheni laseHengzhou (横州市, ngaphambilini kwakuyisifunda saseHengxian, 横县) edolobheni laseNanning, esifundeni esizimele saseGuangxi Zhuang. Leli gama lisho ukuthi “itiye leNanshan elinoboya obumhlophe” futhi libhekisela eboyeni obusezindlalini zesihlahla sendawo, hhayi ekilasini elimhlophe: ubuchwepheshe embhalweni wokuvikela bungobuluhlaza. Kusukela ngo-2009 lo mkhiqizo unophawu lwendawo lwezwe lonke lwesifunda saseHengxian sonkana.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa Nendabuko
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Ikilasi lithathwe kubuchwepheshe embhalweni wokuvikela: ukwandlalwa, ukulungiswa, ukusongwa, ukomiswa; akukho ukubunisa kwetiye elimhlophe, ukubila kwetiye eliphuzi, noma ukufakwa komoyampilo. Igama elithi “itiye eliluhlaza” alikho embhalweni; izincazelo zezithenjwa zibeka leli tiye emakilasini aluhlaza.
- Isigaba: Itiye elidumile laseGuangxi; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2009).
- Indabuko: I-China, isifunda esizimele saseGuangxi Zhuang (广西, Guǎngxī), idolobha laseNanning (南宁, Nánníng), idolobha laseHengzhou (横州, Héngzhōu). Indawo yokubonisa yezingadi, ngokusho kwezithenjwa, isendaweni yaseNayang (那阳镇).
- Indawo yokuvikela: Ngokwesimemezelo, yonke indawo yokuphatha yesifunda saseHengxian ngemingcele ngesikhathi sokuvikelwa.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: I-Hengzhou icishe ibe ngu-22,7° enyakatho kanye no-109,3° empumalanga.
2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Inganekwane. Ngokwenganekwane, umbusi weMing uJianwen (建文帝), ebalekela ukushushiswa, wafika ethempelini laseYingtian-si (应天寺) entabeni iNanshan futhi watshala lapho izihlahla eziyisikhombisa zetiye elinoboya obumhlophe ayeziphethe. Kusuka lapho kuvela igama lesibili leli tiye — «圣种» (shèngzhǒng), “imbewu engcwele”.
- 1810. Isiqondiso sezophawu lwendawo sibhala ukuthi ngonyaka we-15 kaJiaqing (嘉庆) wohlu lozalo lweQing, iNanshan Baimao Cha yafakwa phakathi kwamatiye adumile angama-24 ezwe.
- 1915. Kuso leso siqondiso: embukisweni wokuvula umsele wasePanama, leli tiye lathola indondo yesiliva yezinga lesibili. Leso siqondiso sibuye sibale nendondo yesiliva “yombukiso wasePanama” ka-1822 (unyaka we-2 kaDaoguang, 道光) — ikhulu leminyaka ngaphambi komsele; phezu kwalokho kugcwele nodumo lwetiye njengomunye wabahlomuli bokuqala baseChina emibukisweni yamazwe ngamazwe. Ngibona leli nsu njengephutha lomthombo.
- 1933. Ngokwaleso siqondiso, uhulumeni wesifundazwe saseGuangxi wanikeza itiye ibhodi elibhalwe ukuthi «品胜武夷» — “ikhwalithi idlula iWuyi”.
- 2006. Ngokombiko wehhovisi lezimvume laseGuangxi (2012), kwasungulwa inkampani yetiye esifundeni futhi kwabhaliswa uphawu «圣种», kanti ngokusetshenziswa kwezinto zokusetshenziswa zeNanshan Baimao kwenziwa netiye elibomvu «圣种红茶»; indawo yokutshala lapho ibizwa ngamahektha angu-340.
- 2009. Ukuphatha okuyinhloko kwekhwalithi, ukuhlola kanye nokugcina izifo (AQSIQ) ngesimemezelo № 68 sango-9 Julayi 2009 kwavikela iNanshan Baimao Cha njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- 2016. Ngokwezithenjwa, endaweni yokubonisa yaseNayang kwatshalwa ama-mu ayi-1000 ezingadi eziphilayo, kuthi angama-510 kuwo athola isitifiketi.
- Igama: «Nanshan» (南山) — “intaba eseningizimu”, indawo yetiye; «baimao» (白毛) — “uboya obumhlophe”; «cha» (茶) — itiye.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Izithenjwa ziphindaphinda izindumiso ezindala: i-Guangxi tongjian (广西通鉴) iqhathanisa iqabunga elinoboya neqhwa nezinaliti zesiliva futhi iphawula iphunga lelotusi noju, kuthi i-Yuexi zhiwu jiyao (粤西植物纪要) ibeke leli tiye ngombala nokunambitheka ngaphezu kwe-longjing. Ithempeli lasenganekwaneni encazelweni yenkampani yendawo libizwa ngokuthi iYingtian Shoufo-si (应天寿佛寺).
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Uhlobo lwesihlahla: Umbhalo wokuvikela ubiza uhlobo olutshaliwe ngegama elilodwa — «白毛茶» (báimáochá), isihlahla sendawo esinoboya obumhlophe. Ngokwencazelo yesithenjwa, lolu uhlobo olunamaqabunga aphakathi nendawo olunamahlumela aqinile noboya obukhulu (中叶种品种，芽壮毫密). Enye incazelo yesithenjwa ibiza isixuku ngokuthi isihlahla esincane (小乔木) sohlobo lwamaqabunga aphakathi, esingalingani ngenxa yokuzalanisa ngembewu isikhathi eside, kuthi uboya — buphakathi, abukhulu; amahlumela aqala ekupheleni kukaFebhuwari — ekuqaleni kukaMashi.
- Ukuzalanisa: Ngokombhalo — izimpande ezihlanzekile noma izithombo (扦插苗或实生苗).
- Isikhathi sokukha: Ngokombhalo — entwasahlobo nasekwindla.
- Izinga lokukha: Ngokombhalo, ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu (特级) kukhiwa ihlumela elilodwa; ngezinga lokuqala — okungenani amaphesenti angu-90 “ihlumela neqabunga” kanye nokungaphezu kwamaphesenti angu-10 “ihlumela namaqabunga amabili”. Izincazelo zesithenjwa zithambile: ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu — ihlumela elineqabunga elisanda kuvuleka noma ihlumela elineqabunga.
4. Indawo Nezici Zokutshala
- Intaba iNanshan: Izincazelo zesithenjwa zibeka izingadi eduze kwethempeli laseNanshan-si kanye nesiqongo sentaba, ekuphakameni kwamamitha angu-800–1000, izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lilinganiselwa ku-20 °C kanye nemvula engaphezu kwamamitha angu-1500 ngonyaka; imvula iningi, amafu nenkungu kuvamile.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokombhalo izingadi — azikho ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-200, ukukha — endaweni yamamitha angu-200–600; lokhu akuhambisani nezithenjwa ezithi amamitha angu-800–1000.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokombhalo — ethambile, enengxenye enkulu yamatshe nesihlabathi (含沙砾多), ukujula okungenani amasentimitha angu-39, ne-pH engu-4,0–6,5 kanye nezinto eziphilayo okungenani amaphesenti angu-1,5; kudingeka ukudonsa kwamanzi okuhle nokunisela.
- Ubuchwepheshe bezolimo ngokombhalo: Ubuningi bokutshala — izitshalo ezingu-45–70 ngehektha elilodwa; ukutshala entwasahlobo noma ekwindla; umquba ophilayo — okungenani amakhilogremu angu-1500 nge-mu ngayinye, umquba wamaminerali — okungenani amakhilogremu angu-50 nge-mu ngayinye.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Umbhalo wokuvikela unikeza kuphela ukulandelana kwezigaba nenombolo eyodwa:
- Ukwandlalwa kweqabunga elisha (摊青, tānqīng): Okungenani amahora amathathu.
- Ukulungiswa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa ukufakwa komoyampilo.
- Ukusongwa (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Ukomiswa kokuqala (毛火, máohuǒ) nokomiswa kokugcina (足火, zúhuǒ).
- Itiye eliluhlaza (毛茶, máochá) nokucwengwa (精制, jīngzhì): Ukuhlukaniswa ngobukhulu nokuqedwa kwetiye.
Indlela yendabuko yezandla izincazelo zesithenjwa ziyidlulisela kanje: ukulungiswa ebhodweni, ukupholisa ngefeni, ukusongwa okuncane ngezandla; ukugazinga nokusonga kuyashintshaniswa, kuphindwe kathathu, bese kuthi ukomiswe ngomlilo ocothayo kubhasikidi phezu kwamalahle ezihlahla.
6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho
Incazelo engezansi iyizidingo zombhalo wokuvikela.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imigoqo eminyene, egobile kancane enoboya (紧结微卷，有毫); umbala uluhlaza, unamafutha kancane (绿尚润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile embhalweni.
- Iphunga lokumpontshelwa: Lihlanzekile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside, linenothi lelotusi (清香持久带有荷花香).
- Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele, kunoshukela futhi kuthambile, kuvusa ngempela (浓厚甘醇尚爽).
- Umbala wokumpontshelwa: Uluhlaza okuphuzi, ukhanya impela (绿黄尚明亮).
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Lithambile futhi lilingana, liluhlaza okhanyayo (嫩匀、绿明).
Izincazelo ezidumile zibiza iqabunga ngokuthi isiliva elimhlophe nohlaza (银白透绿), bese ephunga zengeza ku-lotus inothi “leqanda nobisi” (蛋奶香); lokhu akukho embhalweni.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izilinganiso eziphansi zomzimba namakhemikhali ezisuka embhalweni wokuvikela:
| Isilinganiso | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| Ama-amino acid | okungenani amaphesenti angu-4,0 |
| Ama-polyphenol etiye | okungenani amaphesenti angu-25,0 |
| I-caffeine | okungenani amaphesenti angu-3,5 |
| Ama-catechin ewonke | okungenani amaphesenti angu-14,0 |
Ngaphezu kwalokho, umbhalo uphawula okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-pectin (果胶质含量高), ngaphandle kokubala inombolo. Lezi yizindinganiso zetiye elingaphansi kophawu, hhayi ukuhlaziywa kwenqwaba ethile.
8. Ukwenza Itiye
Umkhuba wekilasi wetiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: amagremu angu-3 ngamamililitha angu-150.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi yeglasi, lapho kubonakala khona iqabunga elinoboya, noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa isitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi eceleni kodonga.
- Ukumpontshelwa kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiye ingxenye yokumpontshelwa, bese ungeza amanzi.
- Ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wekilasi. Ephasakeni elivaliwe, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo Namambhuge
Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ungawagwema kanjani amambhuge:
- Bheka uphawu lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo: ilungelo lalo limenyezelwa yihhovisi likahulumeni ngemva kokuhlola esifundeni nasendaweni ezimele.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela eHengzhou.
- Ukubukeka ngokombhalo: imigoqo eminyene, egobile kancane enoboya, ukumpontshelwa okuluhlaza okuphuzi, inothi lelotusi.
- «白毛茶» egameni yigama elijwayelekile: amatiye anoboya obumhlophe akhona nakwezinye izindawo.
11. Amaqiniso Athakaselayo
- Kusuka kulezo zinto zokusetshenziswa akwenziwa itiye eliluhlaza kuphela: ngokwencazelo yesithenjwa, izitshalo ezikhethiwe esixukwini zilungile nangokwenza itiye elibomvu, elinephunga lerayisi elinamathelayo (糯米香). Inkampani yendawo, ngokusho koMnyango Wezolimo waseGuangxi, ikhiqiza ngaphansi kophawu «圣种» netiye elibomvu, “itiye lamatshe” (岩茶), i-Liubao (六堡茶) kanye ne-jasmine maojian. Umbhalo wokuvikela uchaza kuphela ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza.
- Umthetho oyinhloko wokwenza ngesandla, ngokwesithenjwa, ukuthi ungakhiphi uboya obumhlophe ngesikhathi sokugazinga (保持不脱白毛).
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye anoboya obumhlophe naseGuangxi
- I-Hengxian Molihua Cha (横县茉莉花茶): Itiye le-jasmine lesifunda esifanayo; iNanshan Baimao Cha itiye eliluhlaza elimsulwa ngaphandle kokunambitheka.
- I-Renhua Baimao Cha (仁化白毛茶): Isixuku saseGuangdong esinoboya obumhlophe sokwenza itiye elibomvu neliluhlaza.
- I-Lechang Bai Mao Cha (乐昌白毛茶): Itiye laseGuangdong eliluhlaza elivela esihlahleni sendawo esinoboya obumhlophe.
- I-Rucheng Bai Mao Cha (汝城白毛茶): Itiye laseHunan elivela emthonjeni wendawo onamaqabunga amakhulu, likhishwa emakilasini amaningana.
- I-Lingyun Bai Cha (凌云白茶): Itiye laseGuangxi elimhlophe elivela ezintweni ezinoboya obumhlophe zesifunda saseLingyun.
Ekuphetheni:
INanshan Baimao Cha itiye eliluhlaza laseHengzhou, ogama lalo kalula okwenza libonakale njengelimhlophe. Umbhalo ka-2009 ulichaza ngokuqinile: ihlumela elilodwa ngezinga eliphezulu kakhulu, ukukha emamitheni angu-200–600, imigoqo enoboya, ukumpontshelwa okuluhlaza okuphuzi okunenothi lelotusi. Kuzungezile — inganekwane “yembewu engcwele” kanye nemiklomelo, omunye wawo unobhalo olungenzeki luka-1822.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo