Huanghua Yunjian (Huánghuā yúnjiān, 黄花云尖) yitiye eluhlaza yedolobha laseNingguo (宁国市) esifundeni saseXuancheng eningizimu-mpumalanga yesifundazwe sase-Anhui; umnyombo wokukhiqizwa yintaba i-Huanghua (黄花山) esigodini saseQinglong. Igama lakhiwe ngegama lendawo kanye negama elithi 云尖, elisho ukuthi “amathiphu amafu”, okuyigama elijwayelekile letiye yasezintabeni eyenziwe ngamaqabunga amancane. Itiye lisencane: ngokwemibhalo eyehlukene, lasungulwa ngo-1983 noma ngo-1984, kwathi ngo-1985 lawina umncintiswano kazwelonke wamatiye adumile. Umbhalo wokuvikela uchaza iqabunga eliqondile eliyisicaba elinoboya obuncane, iphunga elimsulwa neliphakeme kanye nokunambitheka okuthambile nokubuyisa okumnandi, futhi uthi uphawu lwalo olukhulu “amathiphu agcwele amaqabunga kanye nephunga eliminyene lezimbali” (芽尖丰满、花香馥郁).
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Isigaba simiswe ngokombhalo wokuvikela weChina National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA): ukuhlukanisa, ukulungisa, ukubumba, ukomisa kokuqala nokwesibili, ukomisa okwengeziwe (摊青、杀青、做形、头烘、二烘、复火), ngaphandle kokubila noma ukufaka umoya-mpilo. Imibhalo ngetiye ilibeka ngqo phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza (属绿茶类).
- Isigaba: Itiye elidumile lama-1980; umkhiqizo onegama lendawo elivikelwe (CNIPA, 2025) kanye negama lendawo lezolimo (inombolo AGI02609).
- Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe sase-Anhui (安徽, Ānhuī), isifunda saseXuancheng (宣城, Xuānchéng), idolobha laseNingguo (宁国, Níngguó); umnyombo yintaba i-Huanghua esigodini saseQinglong (青龙乡).
- Indawo evikelwe: Izindawo ezinhlanu zaseNingguo, okunguQinglong, Fangtang, Hule, Xiaxi noJialu. Umfakisicelo yisikhungo senkonzo yezitshalo saseNingguo.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 118°37′49″–119°02′15,46″ empumalanga, 30°18′30,58″–30°29′25,77″ enyakatho, ngokwesaziso seCNIPA. Imingcele inikezwe ngamakhulu engxenye yomzuzwana, okuyinto enembile kakhulu kunamarekhodi amaningi angomakhelwane esazisweni esifanayo.
2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Ukusungulwa. Iphephandaba i-Anhui Ribao (2022) lithi i-Huanghua Yunjian lincane kakhulu kunamanye amatiye adumile: lasungulwa ngo-1984, kwathi ngo-1985 emncintiswanweni kazwelonke wamatiye adumile “ngokushesha lathatha indawo yokuqala” (一举夺魁). Ukuphrintwa kabusha kuka-2020 kuthi unyaka wokusungulwa kwaba ngu-1983 futhi kubika ukuthi ngo-1984 uprofesa u-Chen Chuan (陈椽) wasebenza ngesitayela saso, ethatha okungcono kumatiye adumile ahlukene. Umehluko wosuku emithonjeni etholakele awukwazi ukuxazululwa.
- Ukuqashelwa. Ngokusho kwalokho kuphrintwa kabusha, itiye lathola isitifiketi nendebe yekhwalithi yoMnyango Wezolimo futhi labhaliswa ngophawu lwentengiso lwe “瑞草”; unyaka awusho.
- Igama lendawo lezolimo. Inombolo AGI02609; unyaka wokubhaliswa awutholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- 2024. Ngo-19 April uhulumeni waseNingguo wenza ukunambitha kwe “黄花云尖” esikebheni sokuvakasha eChujiatan (储家滩) ukuze kuthuthukiswe uphawu lwetiye lesigodi saseQinglong.
- 2025. I-CNIPA ngesaziso esinguNombolo 632 (umugqa wesithasiselo 78) yaqaphela i-Huanghua Yunjian njengomkhiqizo onegama lendawo elivikelwe.
- Igama: 黄花 lisho “izimbali eziphuzi”, lapha igama lentaba i-Huanghua; 云尖 lisho “amathiphu amafu”. Igama elifanayo livela egameni le Dongzhi Yunjian (东至云尖).
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Umbhalo ka-2024 unikeza ifomula yokuthelwa okuningi: «头泡香气高、二泡滋味浓、三泡四泡味鲜醇», okusho ukuthi “ukuthelwa kokuqala kuphunga phezulu, okwesibili kunambitheka okujulile, okwesithathu nokwesine kusha futhi kuthambile”.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo: Ngokombhalo wokuvikela, kusetshenziswa izinhlobo zendawo, kuhlanganise ne 黄花山大叶种 (Huánghuāshān dàyèzhǒng), uhlobo lwamaqabunga amakhulu lwentaba i-Huanghua, kanye ne 宁国猪耳朵种 (Níngguó zhū’ěrduo zhǒng), uhlobo lwaseNingguo olubizwa nge “ndlebe yengulube”.
- Ukuvuna: Ngesandla, cishe kusukela ku-Qingming (清明) kuya ku-Guyu (谷雨); kuqalwa lapho izinga elifanele selifinyelelwe ngama-5% amahlumela engadini.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Alichazwanga embhalweni wokuvikela. Isiqubulo sokukhangisa sika-2024 sikhuluma “ngeqabunga elilodwa elincane neqabunga elilodwa”; lokhu akulona izinga elisemthethweni.
4. Indawo yokutshala kanye nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Ngokombhalo ka-2022, intaba i-Huanghua ilele lapho kuhlangana khona izintaba zeTianmu neHuangshan; imithambeka iwumqansa, amahlathi amboze u-75%, umswakama womoya uphezulu, imisebe ye-ultraviolet miningi, inhlabathi ijulile futhi ixekethile.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Akukho ngaphansi kwamamitha angu-200; izintaba eziphansi namagquma, umthambeka ungaphansi kuka-25° (umbhalo wokuvikela).
- Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi yezintaba ephuzi-bomvu kanye nephuzi-nsundu (黄红壤、黄棕壤), i-pH 4,5–6,5, ukujula okungenani amasentimitha angu-50.
- Ukunakekelwa ngokombhalo: Entwasahlobo kuyalinywa, ehlobo kuyahlakulelwa kancane, ekwindla kumbiwa kujule kufakwe umanyolo wamafutha nezinto eziphilayo, ebusika kugoqwa inhlabathi ezungeze iziqu. Inhlabathi imbozwa ngezitshalo zokumboza kanye notshani; kuyanisela lapho umswakama wenhlabathi wehlela ngaphansi kuka-70%. Ukuthenwa kusukela ekubumbeni kuya ekuthenweni kokuvuselela ngokugawula phansi (台刈, táiyì).
- Isimo sezulu: Imininingwane yezinombolo ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Umbhalo wokuvikela ubiza izindlela ezimbili ezilinganayo, okungesandla nokungomshini, ngaphandle kwamazinga okushisa nesikhathi:
- Ngesandla: ukuhlukanisa, ukulungisa, ukubumba, ukomisa kokuqala, ukomisa kwesibili, ukomisa okwengeziwe, ukukhetha, ukupakisha (摊青、杀青、做形、头烘、二烘、复火、拣剔、装箱).
- Ngomshini: okufanayo, kodwa ukulungisa nokubumba kwenziwa ngomshini.
Imininingwane itholakala kuphela ekuphrintweni kabusha kuka-2020:
- Ukuhlukanisa (摊青, tānqīng): Amaqabunga ayahlungwa futhi andlalwe ngendwaba encane endaweni enomoya, futhi asetshenziswa ngokushesha ngaphandle kokulibala.
- Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): Kwenziwa ngezinga eliphezulu lokushisa futhi ngokushesha, kodwa ngendlela yokuthi iqabunga lingashi futhi liphekwe ngokulinganayo; ukuphrintwa kabusha kubiza lesi sigaba njengobunzima kwezobuchwepheshe.
- Ukubumba (做形, zuòxíng): Isigaba esibalulekile: iqabunga eliqondile licindezelwa kancane, futhi iqabunga letiye kancane kancane liba njengomkhumbi omncane.
- Ukomisa kokuqala nokwesibili (头烘、二烘, tóuhōng, èrhōng): Imingcele ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukomisa okwengeziwe (复火, fùhuǒ): Imingcele ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
6. Izici zezitho zomzimba
Ngokombhalo wokuvikela.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Liqondile futhi lilele liyisicaba, luhlaza okotshani, linoboya obubonakalayo, lilingana futhi lihlanzekile (挺直平伏、色翠显毫、匀净). Ukuphrintwa kabusha kuka-2020 kuchaza iqabunga letiye njengeliqondile, “njengomkhumbi omncane”, liqinile futhi lilingana.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lotshwala: Lihlanzekile, liphakeme futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (清香高长); uphawu olujwayelekile yiphunga eliminyene lezimbali (花香馥郁).
- Ukunambitheka: Kuthambile, kuyavuselela, futhi kubuyisa okumnandi (醇爽回甘).
- Umbala wotshwala: Uluhlaza okotshani obuthambile futhi ukhanya (嫩绿明亮).
- Izinsalela zamatiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Amaqabunga amancane kanye namaqabunga anenyama futhi aqinile, aluhlaza okotshani obuthambile futhi akhanya (芽叶肥壮、嫩绿明亮).
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zomzimba namakhemikhali zombhalo wokuvikela:
| Isilinganiso | Izinga |
|---|---|
| Ama-polyphenols etiye | okungenani 15 % |
| Ama-amino acid | okungenani 2,0 % |
| I-caffeine | okungenani 2,5 % |
| Isikhisho samanzi | okungenani 38 % |
| Umswakama | okungaphezu kuka-6,5 % |
| I-fiber emahhadlahhadla | okungaphezu kuka-10,0 % |
| Umlotha ophelele | okungaphezu kuka-6,5 % |
| Imvuthuluka nothuli | okungaphezu kuka-3,0 % |
Eminye imininingwane ngokwakheka kwaleli tiye ngqo ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Izinzuzo zempilo
Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela waleli tiye ngqo. Ukuphrintwa kabusha kuka-2020 kubhekisela kuzinzuzo ezijwayelekile zetiye eliluhlaza, ngaphandle kokubhekisela ocwaningweni lwaleli tiye, ngakho azifakwanga lapha.
9. Ukwenziwa kwetiye
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: amagremu angu-3 ngezilinganiso ezingama-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi ekhanyayo noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa isitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi eceleni.
- Ukuthelwa kokuqala, emva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yotshwala.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuphindwa okuthathu noma okune kokuthelwa, ngokwefomula yombhalo ka-2024, okwesithathu nokwesine kusemusha.
10. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ukupakisha okuvalekile, isiqandisi esingu-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
11. Intengo kanye nemikhiqizo yomgunyathi
Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ungakugwema kanjani ukuthenga imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lomkhiqizo onegama lendawo elivikelwe elithi «黄花云尖».
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowezindawo ezinhlanu zaseNingguo ezibalulwe embhalweni.
- Iqabunga liqondile, liyisicaba, luhlaza okotshani, linoboya; utshwala buluhlaza okotshani obuthambile; iphunga lihlanzekile, linenothi lezimbali.
- Igama libhalwa ngokuthi 黄花云尖; embhalweni owodwa ka-2024 kukhona iphutha lokubhala elithi «黄山云尖», lokhu akulona elinye itiye.
12. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- I-Huanghua Yunjian ibhaliswe ngophawu lwe «瑞草», okuyigama elifanayo elithi “utshani obuhle” eligameni letiye i-Yashan Ruicaokui elivela esifundeni saseLangxi.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo zinikezwe ngamakhulu engxenye yomzuzwana.
- Ukunqoba kokuqala kuzwelonke itiye lakuthola ngemva konyaka owodwa noma emibili emva kokusungulwa kwalo.
13. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye aluhlaza ase-Anhui
- Dongzhi Yunjian (东至云尖): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseDongzhi elinegama elifanayo elithi 云尖.
- Tayuan Yun Wu (塔泉云雾): Itiye eliluhlaza lomlando lezintaba lapho kuhlangana khona iXuanzhou, iNingguo neJingxian.
- Taiping Hou Kui (太平猴魁): Itiye elidumile lase-Anhui eliqondile futhi eliyisicaba, ukuze kuqhathaniswe ukuma kwalo.
- Yashan Ruicaokui (鸦山瑞草魁): Itiye eliluhlaza eliqondile futhi eliyisicaba lesifunda saseLangxi esifundeni esifanayo, esivela esazisweni esifanayo esinguNombolo 632.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Huanghua Yunjian yitiye elidumile elincane laseNingguo, elasungulwa ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980 futhi ngokushesha lazuza ukuqashelwa kuzwelonke. Iqabunga eliqondile eliyisicaba elinoboya, iphunga elimsulwa neliphakeme elinenothi lezimbali kanye nokunambitheka okuthambile nokubuyisa okumnandi kubhalwe embhalweni wokuvikela wango-2025; ubuchwepheshe lapho bubizwa ngezigaba kuphela, ngaphandle kwemigomo ethile.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo