Huángshān Báichá (Huángshān báichá, 黄山白茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wochokera ku mitundu ya masamba oyera ya m’boma la Shèxiàn (歙县) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Huángshān, m’chigawo cha Ānhuī. Dzina lina la malondawa omwe ali ndi chizindikiro cha malo ndi Huīzhōu Báichá (徽州白茶). “Woyera” pano ndi mtundu wa masamba a m’masika, osati gulu la tiyi: malinga ndi muyezo wa chigawo, tiyiyu amapangidwa ndi kukhazikika pa 200–220 °C, kuumbidwa ndi kuumitsa, monga tiyi wobiriwira. Zopangira ndi mtundu wa albino wa chomera cha tiyi cha ku Huángshān; mitengo yotereyi, malinga ndi nkhani yolembedwa pa portal ya chigawo “Zhōngān Zàixiàn”, inapezeka m’minda ya m’mapiri a boma la Shèxiàn kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1990. Muyezowu umafuna osachepera 7% ya ma amino acid aulere. Dzinali latetezedwa kuyambira 2015.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Muyezo DB34/T 1757-2017 umafotokoza luso la “kuyala — kukhazikika — kuumbidwa — kuumitsa”; kukhazikika (杀青) kumaletsa okosijeni, ndipo tiyiyo amakhala wobiriwira malinga ndi gulu.
- Msampha wa dzina: “Báichá” (báichá) m’dzinali si gulu la tiyi woyera, koma mtundu wa masamba. Tiyi woyera monga gulu amapangidwa popanda kukhazikika; pano kuli kukhazikika. Momwemonso ndi Ānjí Báichá.
- Gulu: Tiyi wochokera ku mtundu wa masamba owala (albino); malonda omwe ali ndi chizindikiro cha malo (2015).
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Ānhuī (安徽, Ānhuī), mzinda wa Huángshān (黄山, Huángshān), boma la Shèxiàn (歙县, Shèxiàn).
- Malo otetezedwa: Dera lomwe lili pano la boma la Shèxiàn, m’malire ovomerezedwa ndi chilengezo cha AQSIQ No. 162 cha 2015. Mapu a malowa ali pachiyanjano cha muyezo.
- Malo a coordinate: Palibe chimango chenicheni chomwe chinapezeka m’mabuku omwe tawapeza.
2. Mbiri ndi Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1990 — kupezeka. Malinga ndi nkhani ya portal “Zhōngān Zàixiàn” (中安在线, December 2022), alimi a tiyi a m’dera la Huángtián (璜田乡) m’boma la Shèxiàn anapeza m’minda ya m’mapiri pakati pa Liúlián ndi Wúgōnglǐng (蜈蚣岭), pamtunda wa pafupifupi 600 m, mitengo yachilengedwe (原生状, yuánshēngzhuàng) ya masamba oyera. Tiyi wa kumeneko, malinga ndi nkhani yomweyi, anasonyeza amino acid opitirira 8%. Pakatikati pa kupanga ndi mudzi wa Wúgōnglǐng m’dera la Huángtián.
- 2012. Muyezo woyamba wa chigawo — DB34/T 1757-2012 “Huángshān Báichá”.
- 2015. AQSIQ ndi chilengezo No. 162 inateteza Huángshān Báichá (Huīzhōu Báichá) monga malonda omwe ali ndi chizindikiro cha malo; buku la zolemba limati kuvomerezedwa kunachitika mu Okutobala 2015.
- 2017. Kusindikizidwa kwatsopano kwa muyezo, DB34/T 1757-2017, kunasindikizidwa pa 30 June ndipo kunayamba kugwira ntchito pa 30 July 2017. Izo zinapatsa muyezowo dzina la malonda omwe ali ndi chizindikiro cha malo, zinawonjezera malo otetezedwa, ndikusintha mayina a magulu — “wapadera woyamba (wamkulu)” anakhala “wapadera woyamba”, ndipo “woyamba” — “wapadera wachitatu” — ndikuchotsa zofunikira za tiyi wosalala ndi tinthu tating’ono.
- Pano. Boma la Huángshān limalemba tiyiyu m’ndandanda wa malonda otetezedwa omwe ali ndi chizindikiro cha malo.
- Dzina: “Huángshān” (黄山) ndi dzina la mzinda ndi mapiri otchuka; “Huīzhōu” (徽州) ndi dzina lakale la dera lomwe Shèxiàn anali m’gulu lake; “báichá” (白茶) ndi “tiyi woyera”, kutanthauza mtundu wa masamba.
- Chikhalidwe: Shèxiàn anali m’dera lakale la Huīzhōu, ndipo dzina lachiwiri la tiyiyu likuchokera kumeneko. Muyezowu unapangidwa ndi makampani a tiyi am’deralo, cooperative ndi mabungwe a boma, pakati pawo fakitale ya tiyi ya Wúgōnglǐng, kumene mitengo ya masamba oyera inapezeka.
3. Kufotokoza za Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mtundu wa chomera: Kusintha kwa albino kwa chomera cha Huángshān (白化变异的黄山群体种, báihuà biànyì de Huángshān qúntǐzhǒng) — momwe mtunduwo umafotokozedwera mu muyezo.
- Kufesa ndi kubzala: Ndi njere zokha (无性繁殖). Amabzalidwa mu September–November kapena February–March, osapitirira 60,000 chomera pa hekitala. Feteleza woyamba — osachepera 22.5 t pa hekitala, feteleza wowonjezera — osachepera 1.5 t pa hekitala pachaka.
- Maonekedwe a masamba: Malinga ndi mabuku ofotokoza, mphukira ndi “yoyera ngati yade”, masamba “ochepa ngati pepala”, mitsempha yoyera ngati mkaka.
- Kututa: Kuyambira pakati mpaka kumapeto kwa March.
- Muyezo wa kututa: Mphukira zazing’ono kuyambira mphukira yokhala ndi tsamba limodzi lotseguka mpaka mphukira yokhala ndi masamba awiri kapena atatu otseguka.
4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Dera: Boma la Shèxiàn kumwera kwa Ānhuī, m’dera lakale la Huīzhōu.
- Kutalika kwa kulima: Muyezowu umalimbikitsa minda yamtunda wopitirira 300 m; mitengo yoyamba inakula pafupifupi 600 m.
- Nthaka: Dothi lofiira ndi lachikaso ndi asidi pH 4.5–6.5 ndi organic matter osachepera 1.0%.
- Nyengo: Palibe deta yomwe inapezeka.
- Makhalidwe a mtundu: Mtundu woyera wa masamba, malinga ndi muyezo, umachokera ku mtundu wa albino wa chomera cha Huángshān; kufesa kumachitika ndi njere zokha.
5. Luso la Kupanga
Luso limafotokozedwa mu appendix B ya muyezo — uku ndiko kufotokoza kwenikweni kwa Huángshān Báichá, osati ndondomeko ya gulu lonse.
- Kuyala (摊青, tānqīng): Masamba atsopano amayalidwa pafupifupi 1 kg pa mita imodzi ya lalikulu, mpaka fungo la udzu litha ndi fungo lopepuka la tiyi liwonekere.
- Kukhazikika (杀青, shāqīng): Pa 200–220 °C, mpaka masamba asinthe mtundu.
- Kuumbidwa (做形, zuòxíng): Gawo la masamba oumbidwa ndi osachepera 60%; masamba ayenera kukhala opweteka pang’ono.
- Kuumitsa (干燥, gānzào) mu magawo atatu:
- kuumitsa koyamba (初烘, chūhōng) — 110–120 °C, wosanjikiza 2–3 cm, mphindi 15–20;
- kuumitsa kwachiwiri (复烘, fùhōng) — 100–110 °C, wosanjikiza 1–2 cm, pafupifupi mphindi 15;
- “kukweza fungo” (提香, tíxiāng) — 80–100 °C, mpaka masamba athe kusweka ndi zala kukhala fumbi.
Zowonjezera zakudya ndi zoletsedwa ndi muyezo.
6. Makhalidwe a Kumva
Muyezowu umagawa tiyiyu m’magulu atatu — wapadera woyamba, wachiwiri ndi wachitatu. Pansipa pali wapadera woyamba.
- Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Mphukira ndi masamba mu mawonekedwe a “duwa” lotseguka, mphukira zazikulu ndi zonenepa, mtundu wachikasu wofewa ndi kuwala kwa emerald ndi kunyezimira koyera, watsopano, wofanana (朵形舒直，芽叶肥壮，色嫩黄透翠泛白、鲜活，匀齐).
- Fungo la masamba owuma: Muyezowu sufotokoza; palibe deta yomwe inapezeka.
- Fungo la madzi: Wofewa, woyera komanso wokhalitsa (嫩清香持久).
- Kukoma: Kwatsopano komanso kochangamuka, ndi kubwerera kotsekemera (鲜爽回甘).
- Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira wopepuka, wowonekera bwino (浅绿清亮).
- Masamba otayidwa (pambuyo kuwira): Oyera ngati yade, owala komanso owoneka bwino; mphukira ndi masamba amatseguka ngati “maluwa”, ofewa komanso ofanana (玉白鲜亮，芽叶成朵、嫩匀).
Gulu lachiwiri liri ndi fungo loyera komanso lokwezeka, kukoma kwatsopano komanso kofewa, madzi achikasu-wobiriwira wopepuka; gulu lachitatu liri ndi mphukira zochepa, kukoma kokwanira, madzi achikasu-wobiriwira. Buku lofotokoza limawonjezera kuti mu kapu masamba amafanana ndi nthenga ya phoenix, ndipo fungo ndi la orchid.
7. Mankhwala
Muyezowu umapereka malire awa — izi ndi malamulo, osati miyeso ya gulu linalake:
| Chizindikiro | Muyezo |
|---|---|
| Chinyezi | osapitirira 6.5% |
| Phulusa lonse | osapitirira 6.5% |
| Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi | osachepera 35% |
| Ma amino acid aulere (monga glutamic acid) | osachepera 7.0% |
Polyphenols ndi caffeine siziyang’aniridwa ndi muyezo, palibe miyeso yomwe inapezeka.
8. Kuwira
Njira ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira wosakhwima.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 75–80 °C — tiyi wa masamba owala amakhala ndi amino acid ambiri, ndipo madzi otentha amapha kukoma kwake kwatsopano.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Chida: Kapu yagalasi — m’menemo mumaona momwe masamba amatsegukira ngati “duwa”.
- Ndondomeko:
- Tenthetsa kapu.
- Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mphepete.
- Kudzaza koyamba — pakatha masekondi 40–60.
- Mwani, kusiya madzi ochepa.
- Onjezerani madzi.
- Kubwereza kuwiritsa kawiri kapena katatu.
9. Kusunga
Njira ya gulu: mu phukusi lotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka. Muyezowu umafuna nyumba yosungira yoyera, youma, yopanda fungo lina, kusunga kutali ndi pansi ndi makoma, ndipo amaletsa m’nyumbayo mankhwala ophera tizilombo, makoswe ndi nkhungu. Tsiku lotha ntchito limatsimikiziridwa ndi wopanga.
10. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo
Palibe deta yokhudza mitengo yomwe inapezeka.
- Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha malonda omwe ali ndi chizindikiro cha malo: malinga ndi muyezo, kuyika chizindikirocho pa phukusi kumaloledwa kokha pambuyo kuvomerezedwa.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa boma la Shèxiàn.
- Yang’anani gulu: tiyiyu ali ndi magulu atatu okha, ndipo onse ndi “apadera” (特级一等, 特级二等, 特级三等).
- Masamba — achikasu ofewa ndi kuwala kwa emerald, pambuyo kuwira — oyera ngati yade; madzi — wobiriwira wopepuka.
- Musasokoneze ndi tiyi woyera monga gulu: Huángshān Báichá amakhala ndi kukhazikika.
11. Zochititsa Chidwi
- Mu muyezo mulibe gulu “loyamba” kapena “lachiwiri”: onse atatu ndi “apadera”.
- Kuumitsa kumatha pamene masamba amasweka ndi zala kukhala fumbi.
- Muyezo wa 2017 unachotsa zofunikira za tiyi wosalala: maonekedwe a pano ndi “duwa” lotseguka.
12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Ena
- Ānjí Báichá (安吉白茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa ku Zhèjiāng wochokera ku mtundu wa masamba oyera 白叶一号; msampha womwewo wa dzina.
- Huángshān Máofēng (黄山毛峰): Tiyi wobiriwira wa mzinda womwewo wa Huángshān wochokera ku zopangira wamba, osati masamba oyera.
- Sōngluó Chá (松萝茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma la Xiūníng, womwenso unali m’dera lakale la Huīzhōu.
- Báiháo Yínzhēn (白毫银针): Tiyi woyera weniweni wa ku Fújiàn, wopanda kukhazikika — poyerekeza.
Pomaliza:
Huángshān Báichá ndi tiyi wobiriwira womwe umatchedwa woyera chifukwa cha mtundu wa masamba. Maziko ake ndi mitengo ya masamba oyera yomwe inapezeka ndi alimi a tiyi a ku Shèxiàn kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1990 ndipo imafesedwa ndi njere zokha. Muyezowu umafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane: kukhazikika pa 200–220 °C, magawo atatu a kuumitsa, masamba a “duwa” amtundu wachikasu wofewa, madzi owoneka wobiriwira wopepuka, masamba otayidwa oyera ngati yade, ndi amino acid osachepera 7%.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero