Huángshān báichá · thetea.app

I-Huangshan Baicha (Huángshān báichá, 黄山白茶) itiye eliluhlaza elivela ezinhlotsheni zamaqabunga amhlophe zesifunda sase-Shexian (歙县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wedolobha i-Huangshan, esifundazweni sase-Anhui. Elinye igama lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo yi-Huizhou Baicha (徽州白茶). «Okumhlophe» lapha umbala weqabunga lasentwasahlobo, hhayi isigaba: ngokwezinga lesifundazwe, itiye lenziwa ngokulungisa ekushiseni okungu-200–220 °C, ukubunjwa nokomiswa, njengeliluhlaza. Impahla eluhlaza iwuhlobo lwe-albino lwesixuku sendawo sezihlahla zetiye zase-Huangshan; lezi zihlahla, ngokushicilelwa kwesango lesifundazwe i-«Zhong’an Zaixian», zatholakala ezingadini zezintaba zesifunda ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990. Izinga lifuna okungenani u-7% wama-amino acid akhululekile. Igama livikelwe kusukela ngo-2015.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Izinga i-DB34/T 1757-2017 libeka ubuchwepheshe «ukwandlala — ukulungisa — ukubumba — ukomisa»; ukulungisa (杀青) kumisa i-oxidation, futhi itiye liphuma liluhlaza ngokwesigaba.
Ugibe lwegama: «白茶» (báichá) egameni akusilo isigaba esimhlophe, kodwa umbala weqabunga. Itiye elimhlophe ngokwesigaba lenziwa ngaphandle kokulungisa; lapha kukhona. Kanjalo ne-Anji Baicha.
Isigaba: Itiye lezinhlobo zamaqabunga akhanyayo (albino); umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2015).
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Anhui (安徽, Ānhuī), umasipala wedolobha i-Huangshan (黄山, Huángshān), isifunda sase-Shexian (歙县, Shèxiàn).
Indawo evikelwe: Indawo yamanje yokuphatha yesifunda sase-Shexian — ngaphakathi kwemingcele evunywe isimemezelo se-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) No. 162 sika-2015. Imephu yendawo isesithasiselweni sezinga.
Izixhumanisi zomhlaba: Awekho amafreyimu aqondile emithonjeni etholakele.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990 — ukutholakala. Ngokushicilelwa kwesango i-«Zhong’an Zaixian» (中安在线, Disemba 2022), abalimi betiye besigodi sase-Huangtian (璜田乡) esifundeni sase-Shexian bathola ngokulandelana ezingadini zezintaba phakathi kwe-Liulian ne-Wugongling (蜈蚣岭), endaweni ephakeme cishe ngamamitha angu-600, izihlahla zemvelo (原生状, yuánshēngzhuàng) ezinamaqabunga amhlophe. Itiye elivela kuzo, ngokusho kwalolo shicilelo, labonisa ngaphezu kuka-8% wama-amino acid. Isizinda sokukhiqiza yidolobhana lase-Wugongling esigodini sase-Huangtian.
- 2012. Izinga lokuqala lesifundazwe — i-DB34/T 1757-2012 «Huangshan Baicha».
- 2015. I-AQSIQ ngesimemezelo No. 162 yavikela i-Huangshan Baicha (Huizhou Baicha) njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; ireferensi ithi ukugunyazwa kwango-Okthoba 2015.
- 2017. Uhlelo olusha lwezinga, i-DB34/T 1757-2017, lushicilelwe zingama-30 Juni futhi lusebenza kusukela zingama-30 Julayi 2017. Lwanikeza izinga igama lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo, lwengeza indawo evikelwe, lwaqamba kabusha izinhlobo — «okhethekile wokuqala (ibanga eliphezulu)» waba nje «okhethekile wokuqala», kanti «owokuqala» waba «okhethekile wesithathu» — futhi lwasusa izidingo zetiye eliyisicaba kanye nezibi.
- Manje. Uhulumeni wase-Huangshan ubala leli tiye ohlwini lwemikhiqizo evikelwe enophawu lwendawo.
Igama: «Huangshan» (黄山) yigama likamasipala wedolobha nezintaba ezidumile; «Huizhou» (徽州) yigama lomlando lesifunda okwakungesalo i-Shexian; «baicha» (白茶) — «itiye elimhlophe», ngokombala weqabunga.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Shexian yayiyingxenye yesifunda esidala sase-Huizhou, ngakho igama lesibili letiye. Izinga lalotshwa izinkampani zetiye zendawo, umfelandawonye kanye neminyango yesifunda, phakathi kwazo kukhona imboni yetiye yase-Wugongling, okungukuthi indawo lapho kwatholakala khona izihlahla ezinamaqabunga amhlophe.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nempahla Eluhlaza

Uhlobo: Ukuguquguquka kwe-albino kwenani labantu base-Huangshan (白化变异的黄山群体种, báihuà biànyì de Huángshān qúntǐzhǒng) — yile ndlela uhlobo oluchazwa ngayo ezingeni.
Ukusabalalisa nokutshala: Kuphela ngendlela yemifino (无性繁殖). Kutshalwa ngo-Septhemba — Novemba noma ngo-Februwari — Mashi, kungabi ngaphezu kwezihlahla ezingu-60,000 ngehekthesha. Umanyolo oyisisekelo — okungenani amathani angu-22.5 ngehekthesha, umanyolo wokwengeza — okungenani ithani elingu-1.5 ngehekthesha ngonyaka.
Isimo sempahla eluhlaza: Ngokwezincazelo zereferensi — ihlumela «limhlophe njenge-jade», iqabunga «lincanyana njengephepha», imithambo yemifino ibushele.
Ukuvuna: Kusukela maphakathi kuya ekupheleni kuka-Mashi.
Izinga lokuvuna: Amahlumela amancane asuka ehlumeleni elineqabunga elilodwa kuphela elivulekayo kuya ehlumeleni elinamaqabunga amabili noma amathathu avulekile.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Isifunda sase-Shexian eningizimu ye-Anhui, endaweni yakudala yase-Huizhou.
Ukuphakama kokukhula: Izinga lincoma izingadi endaweni ephakeme kusukela kumamitha angu-300; izihlahla okuqale ngazo zazikhula cishe ngamamitha angu-600.
Inhlabathi: Inhlabathi ebomvu nephuzi ene-asidi ene-pH 4.5–6.5 kanye nezinto eziphilayo ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-1.0%.
Isimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
Isici sohlobo: Umbala omhlophe weqabunga izinga liwuhlobanisa nohlobo — ukuguquguquka kwe-albino kwenani labantu base-Huangshan; ukusabalalisa kuphela ngendlela yemifino.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubuchwepheshe bubekwa isithasiselo B sezinga — lokhu kuyincazelo ye-Huangshan Baicha ngokuqondile, hhayi uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba.

Ukwandlala (摊青, tānqīng): Iqabunga elisha landlalwa ngongqimba cishe lwe-1 kg ngemitha-skwele, kuze kuphele iphunga lotshani futhi kuvele iphunga letiye elilula.
Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ku-200–220 °C, kuze iqabunga libe mnyama.
Ukubumba (做形, zuòxíng): Ingxenye yamaqabunga abunjiwe — okungenani u-60%; iqabunga kufanele lihlabe kancane.
Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào) ngezigaba ezintathu:
- ukomisa kokuqala (初烘, chūhōng) — 110–120 °C, ungqimba 2–3 cm, imizuzu 15–20;
- ukomisa okuphindwe kabili (复烘, fùhōng) — 100–110 °C, ungqimba 1–2 cm, cishe imizuzu 15;
- «ukuphakamisa iphunga» (提香, tíxiāng) — 80–100 °C, kuze iqabunga likwazi ukugaywa libe uthuli ngeminwe.

Izinga liyakwenqabela ukwengezwa kokudla.

6. Izici Zokuzwa

Izinga lihlukanisa itiye ngezinhlobo ezintathu — okhethekile wokuqala, owesibili nowesithathu. Ngezansi — okhethekile wokuqala.

Isimo seqabunga elomile: Ihlumela elinamaqabunga esimweni «sembali» eqondile evulekile, amahlumela amakhulu futhi anenyama, umbala uphuzi ngobumnene onokukhanya kwe-emerald nokucwebezela okumhlophe, okusha, okulinganayo (朵形舒直，芽叶肥壮，色嫩黄透翠泛白、鲜活，匀齐).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Izinga alilichazi; ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lotshwala: Limnene, lihlanzekile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (嫩清香持久).
Ukunambitheka: Okusha nokuphilile, nokubuya okumnandi (鲜爽回甘).
Umbala wotshwala: Oluhlaza okotshani, ocacile (浅绿清亮).
Izisekelo zetiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Limhlophe njenge-jade, elisha futhi elikhanyayo; amahlumela anamaqabunga avuleka njengezimbali, amnene futhi alinganayo (玉白鲜亮，芽叶成朵、嫩匀).

Kuhlobo lwesibili iphunga lihlanzekile futhi liphakeme, ukunambitheka okusha nokuthambile, utshwala obuphuzi ngokuluhlaza okotshani; kwezesithathu amahlumela mancane, ukunambitheka kugcwele, utshwala buphuzi ngokuluhlaza. Incazelo yereferensi ingeza ukuthi engilazini iqabunga lifana nophaphe lwe-phoenix, futhi iphunga liyi-orchid.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izinga libeka le mikhawulo — lezi yizindinganiso, hhayi izilinganiso zeqoqo elithile:

Isikhombi	Izinga
Umswakama	akukho ngaphezu kuka-6.5%
Umlotha ophelele	akukho ngaphezu kuka-6.5%
Izinto ezikhiphekayo ezincibilikayo emanzini	okungenani u-35%
Ama-amino acid akhululekile (ngokuguqulelwa ku-glutamic acid)	okungenani u-7.0%

Izinga alibeki i-polyphenols ne-caffeine, azikho izilinganiso emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza elimnene.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 75–80 °C — itiye elinamaqabunga akhanyayo linama-amino acid amaningi, futhi amanzi ashisayo acisha ubusha bawo.
Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
Isitsha: Ingilazi engilazini — kuyo kuyabonakala ukuthi iqabunga livuleka njengembali.
Inqubo:
1. Ukufudumeza ingilazi.
2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
3. Ukumnika kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yotshwala.
5. Thela amanzi futhi.
6. Ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba: ephaketheni elivaleke ngokuphelele, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka. Izinga lifuna indawo yokugcina ehlanzekile eyomile ngaphandle kwephunga, ukugcinwa kude naphansi nasezindongeni futhi livimbela endaweni yokugcina izindlela zokwenziwa zokulwa nezinambuzane, amagundane kanye nesikhunta. Usuku lokuphelelwa yisikhathi lunqunywa umkhiqizi.

10. Intengo kanye Nokukhwabanisa

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Ukwazi ukugwema ukukhwabanisa:
- Bheka uphawu olukhethekile lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo: ngokwezinga, ukulibeka ephaketheni kuvunyelwe kuphela ngemva kokugunyazwa.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sase-Shexian.
- Hlola uhlobo: leli tiye linezinhlobo ezintathu kuphela, futhi zonke «zibalulekile» (特级一等, 特级二等, 特级三等).
- Iqabunga — liphuzi ngobumnene nokukhanya kwe-emerald, ngemva kokuphisa — limhlophe njenge-jade; utshwala — luhlaza okotshani.
- Ungadidanisi netiye elimhlophe ngokwesigaba: i-Huangshan Baicha inokulungisa.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Ezingeni akukho uhlobo «lokuqala» noma «lwesibili»: zontathu «zibalulekile».
Ukomisa kuphela lapho iqabunga ligaywa libe uthuli ngeminwe.
Izinga lika-2017 lasusa izidingo zetiye eliyisicaba: isimo samanje siyimbali evulekile.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye

I-Anji Baicha (安吉白茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Zhejiang lohlobo lwamaqabunga amhlophe 白叶一号; ugibe olufanayo lwegama.
I-Huangshan Maofeng (黄山毛峰): Itiye eliluhlaza lomasipala wedolobha ofanayo wempahla evamile, hhayi yamaqabunga amhlophe.
I-Songluo Cha (松萝茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Xiuning, naso esifundeni sakudala sase-Huizhou.
I-Baihao Yinzhen (白毫银针): Itiye elimhlophe langempela lase-Fujian, ngaphandle kokulungisa — ukuze kuqhathaniswe.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Huangshan Baicha itiye eliluhlaza elibizwa ngokumhlophe ngenxa yombala weqabunga. Isisekelo sayo izihlahla ezinamaqabunga amhlophe, ezatholwa abalimi betiye base-Shexian ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1990 futhi ezisatshalaliswa kuphela ngendlela yemifino. Izinga lilichaza ngokuningiliziwe: ukulungisa ku-200–220 °C, izigaba ezintathu zokomisa, iqabunga eliyimbali elinombala ophuzi ngobumnene, utshwala obuluhlaza okotshani, izisekelo zetiye ezimhlophe njenge-jade kanye nokungenani u-7% wama-amino acid.

Imithombo

Amazinga

Inkomba yendawo

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo