Fuli Cha (Fùlì chá, 复立茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’tauni ya Xiaohe m’boma la Weiyuan (威远县) m’chigawo cha Neijiang m’chigawo cha Sichuan. Dzinali linachokera ku dzina lakale la malowa: tauni ya Xiaohe yamakono poyamba inali malo amalonda a Fuli (复立场). Mtundu wapamwamba kwambiri umapangidwa mopyapyala, wotsika umapangidwa mopota; zolemba zimalongosola fungo la mtedza wa chestnut ndi kukoma kofewa. Dzinali limatetezedwa ngati chizindikiro cha malo kuyambira 2010.
1. Magulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Mfundo zake zimalongosola luso lobiriwira, kukhazikitsa, kupota, kuyanika, popanda okosijeni.
- Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wodziwika wa ku Sichuan (名优茶, míngyōuchá): wopyapyala m’gulu lapamwamba, wopota m’magulu ena; chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo.
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Sichuan (四川, Sìchuān), chigawo cha Neijiang (内江, Nèijiāng), boma la Weiyuan (威远, Wēiyuǎn), tauni ya Xiaohe (小河镇, Xiǎohé zhèn).
- Malo otetezedwa: Midzi 15 ya tauni ya Xiaohe: Putao, Tiechang, Sanhe, Yumai, Qinglan, Xingu, Nianzi, Xintong, Dayan, Xiaohe, Kaiyuan, Pingle, Sanyang, Paifang ndi Minzhi, ndi minda ya tiyi 11 (茶场). Malo otetezedwa, malinga ndi mfundo za 2010, ndi mahekitala 2254, kuchuluka kwa kupanga ndi matani 5000.
- Malo ogwirizana: 29°34′05.8″–29°40′50.3″ kumpoto ndi 104°17′09.9″–104°22′27.9″ kum’mawa.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- 583 ndi 591 AD. Malinga ndi mfundo, mu mzera wa Sui, mu 583 pano anakhazikitsa malo ankhondo a Weiyuan (威远戍), ndipo mu 591 boma la Weiyuan.
- Nthano. Mfundo zimafotokoza ngati nthano nkhani yakuti mu 1242 kazembe wa Sichuan wa mzera wa Song, Yu Jie (余玠), analamula kuti atole tiyi pa phiri la Fuli ndi kuphika kuchokera ku iye chakumwa champhamvu. Umboni wa zolembedwa wa izi ndi nthano zina za mfundo suli m’malemba opezeka.
- Zolemba za Zhao Xi. Malinga ndi malemba omwewo, wolemba wa kumapeto kwa Qing, kumayambiriro kwa Republic Zhao Xi (赵熙), akuyenda kudzera m’malo a Fuli, anasiya zolemba «复立茶树» — «mitengo ya tiyi ya Fuli».
- 2000. Malinga ndi mfundo, mendulo ya golidi ya chionetsero cha tiyi cha mayiko ku Chengdu; pamenepo pananenedwa kuti tiyi «amaphatikizidwa mu gulu la tiyi khumi ndi atatu lodziwika la dziko», koma amene adalemba mndandandawu sanatchulidwe.
- 2010. Pa 15 November Unduna wa Zaulimi wa China ndi chilengezo № 1478 unalembetsa Fuli Cha ngati chinthu chaulimi chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (农产品地理标志).
- 2025. Bungwe la Dziko la Zinthu Zamaganizo ndi chilengezo № 646 (cha 23 September) linavomereza Fuli Cha ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo, pakati pa mayina 870. Wopempha ndi mgwirizano wa alimi am’deralo (威远复立茶叶种植农民专业合作社).
- Dzina: «Fuli» (复立) ndi dzina lakale la malowa: la malo amalonda omwe anakhala tauni ya Xiaohe, ndi la phiri lomwe nthano imatcha phiri la Fuli.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Malinga ndi mfundo, tiyi uyu amaperekedwa kwa alendo olemekezeka ndipo amaperekedwa ngati mphatso; boma linaphatikiza gawo la tiyi mu pulogalamu ya chitukuko cha chisanu ndi chimodzi, limachititsa chikondwerero cha kukolola tiyi ndi mipikisano ya akatswiri.
3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mitundu / Mitundu ya mbewu: Fuding Dabai (福鼎大白, Fúdǐng dàbái), Mingshan 131 (名山131, Míngshān 131) ndi Fuxuan № 9 (福选9号, Fúxuǎn 9 hào) «ndi mitundu ina».
- Zopangira: Malinga ndi zofuna za 2025, masamba a kumayambiriro kwa masika a mphukira imodzi (独芽, dúyá) ochokera m’minda yapamwamba. Gome la magawo a 2010 limalongosola zopangira mosiyana: gulu loyamba ndi mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi, lachiwiri ndi mphukira ndi masamba awiri, lachitatu ndi mphukira ndi masamba awiri omwe angotseguka, lachinayi ndi mphukira ndi masamba atatu otseguka. Momwe izi zimagwirizana ndi «mphukira imodzi» zolemba sizifotokoza.
- Kuyamba kukolola: Pamene pa mita imodzi ya mraba pa pamwamba pa chitsamba pali mphukira 10–15 zoyenera. Amakolola m’mawa kwathunthu, mu ziwiya za nsungwi.
- Nthawi yakukolola: «Kumayambiriro kwa masika»; masiku enieni m’magwero opezeka palibe.
4. Malo ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima
- Dera: M’chigawo chapakati chakumwera cha chigwa cha Sichuan. Pakati pa mapiri ooneka ngati dome (穹窿山形地貌): mapiri, mitsinje, nkhalango zowirira.
- Nthaka: Nthaka yachikasu (黄壤), dothi lachikasu lopanda kuzizira (冷沙黄泥) ndi dothi laimvi (灰棕泥); dothi lopepuka ndi lapakati, losakhala ndi asidi ambiri, lokhala ndi wosanjikiza wakuya womasuka ndi zinthu zambiri zachilengedwe.
- Madzi: M’minda mumayenda mtsinje wa Yuexi (越溪河, Yuèxī hé); minda ili kumtunda kwa mtsinje, m’dera lopanda kuipitsidwa ndi mafakitale; pH ya madzi a m’mitsinje ndi a pansi ndi 5.5–7.5.
- Nyengo: Wamvula wa subtropical: kutentha kwapakati pachaka 17.9 °C, maola 1192 a dzuwa pachaka, mvula yoposa 1000 mm, nyengo yopanda chisanu yoposa masiku 330, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usiku ndi usana.
- Kutalika: Zolemba zimalankhula za «minda yapamwamba»; manambala m’magwero opezeka palibe.
5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga
Ukadaulo umafotokozedwa mwatsatanetsatane ndi mfundo za 2010; zopangira zisanakonzedwe zimagawidwa m’magulu.
Gulu lapamwamba kwambiri ndi tiyi wopyapyala:
- Kukazinga koyamba (青锅, qīngguō): Mphika 180–200 °C; pakati pa njira zamanja pali kugwedeza, kuyika, kukanikiza, kupukuta, kuponya, kugwira ndi kuwongola (抖、搭、捺、拓、甩、扣、挺). Magawo atatu: mphindi 3–4 zakugwedeza, mphindi 2–3 zakugwedeza ndi kupukuta, kenako kukanikiza ndi kupukuta mpaka tsamba likhale lopyapyala ndi chinyezi 20–25 %.
- Kupumula: Mphindi 40–60; kenako tsamba limasefedwa m’zigawo zitatu.
- Kukazinga kwachiwiri (辉锅, huīguō): Chigawo chilichonse padera: mphika 60–80 °C, pamene ubweya ukuoneka 80–90 °C, pamene ubweya ukuyamba kugwa ndi tsamba likukhazikika 50–60 °C.
Magulu ena ndi tiyi wopota:
- Kuyala (摊青, tānqīng).
- Kukhazikitsa (杀青, shāqīng): Mphika 200–220 °C, masamba 200–250 g, tsamba limatenthedwa mwachangu mpaka 80 °C; amakazinga pogwedeza mpaka tsamba likhale lakuda ndi tsinde lisweke popanda kusweka.
- Kupota (揉捻, róuniǎn): «Mopepuka — mwamphamvu — mopepuka», mphindi 1–2 zonse.
- Kuyanika pang’ono (烘青, hōngqīng): 90–110 °C, wosanjikiza pafupifupi 1 cm.
- Kukonza ndi kuchotsa ubweya (整形提毫, zhěngxíng tíháo): Mphika pafupifupi 100 °C, kuwongola kupota pafupifupi 70 °C.
- Kuyanika kotsiriza (烘干, hōnggān): «Pamwamba — pansi — pamwamba», mpaka chinyezi 5–6 %.
6. Makhalidwe a Kumva
Zolemba za 2010 ndi 2025 zimalongosola tiyi mosiyana; zonse zaperekedwa.
- Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Lopyapyala, lowongoka, lofanana (扁直匀齐), lobiriwira ndi kuwala kwa mafuta (绿润). Gulu loyamba ndi lachikasu chofewa ndi kuwala, mphukira iliyonse ndi ubweya (嫩黄油润、全芽有毫).
- Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe kufotokoza padera m’magwero opezeka.
- Fungo la madzi: La mtedza wa chestnut, lolemera ndi lokhalitsa (栗香浓郁持久); zolemba sizifotokoza ngati za tsamba louma kapena za madzi.
- Kukoma: Kofewa ndi kotheratu (醇厚) mu 2010; kwatsopano, kofewa, kotsekemera (鲜醇味甘) mu 2025. Tiyi amapirira kuthira madzi kambiri (耐冲泡).
- Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira wofewa, wowala (嫩绿亮) mu 2010; wobiriwira wopepuka, woonekera bwino (淡绿清流) mu 2025. Gome la magawo limapereka mtundu wobiriwira wachikasu wowala kwa magulu awiri apamwamba.
- Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lothira): Lobiriwira lofewa, lowala (嫩绿明亮) m’zolemba zonse ziwiri.
7. Zomwe Zili mu Thupi
Mfundo za 2010, zobwerezedwa m’zofuna za 2025:
| Chizindikiro | Chofunika |
|---|---|
| Ma polyphenols a tiyi | osachepera 13.5 % |
| Mashuga osungunuka | osachepera 1.0 % |
| Kafeini | osachepera 0.1 g pa 100 g |
Kuwonjezera apo, zolemba zimalankhula za «kuyenerera» kwa selenium ndi «kuchuluka» kwa ma amino acid, popanda manambala. Chigawo cha kafeini chaperekedwa monga m’zolemba.
8. Zopindulitsa
Palibe deta yotsimikizika yokhudza zotsatira za tiyi uyu. Malonjezo achipatala a mabuku sakubwerezedwa pano: kafukufuku sakuperekedwa.
9. Kuthira
Njira ya gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Ziwiya: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
- Njira:
- Tenthetsa ziwiya.
- Ikani tiyi ndi kuthira madzi m’mbali.
- Kupaka koyamba patadutsa masekondi 40–60.
- Imwani, kusiya gawo la madzi, ndi kuthira madzi.
- Kuthira kawiri kapena katatu.
10. Kusunga
Njira ya gulu. Mu phukusi lopanda mpweya, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.
11. Mtengo ndi Zonama
Palibe deta yamitengo m’magwero opezeka.
- Momwe mungapewere zonama:
- Yang’anani chizindikiro cha malo: chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kokha ndi wopanga wa m’dera lotetezedwa ndi chilolezo chovomerezedwa ndi Bungwe la Dziko la Zinthu Zamaganizo.
- Onetsetsani kuti tiyi wapangidwa ku tauni ya Xiaohe m’boma la Weiyuan.
- Yang’anani chizindikiro: mfundo zimalamula kuti gulu lilembedwe.
- Tsamba lopota sindilo chonama, koma gulu lotsika la tiyi yemweyo.
12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa
- Malo otetezedwa ali m’tauni imodzi yokha: midzi 15 ndi minda ya tiyi 11.
- Dzina la tiyi linaperekedwa ndi dzina lomwe silinso pa mapu: malo a Fuli anakhala tauni ya Xiaohe.
- Wopyapyala amapangidwa kokha gulu lapamwamba; kwa magulu ena atatu mfundo zimalongosola luso lina, lopota.
13. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Ena
- Xihu Longjing (西湖龙井): Tiyi wopyapyala wa Hangzhou; magawo a kukazinga koyamba ndi kwachiwiri m’mfundo za Fuli Cha amatchulidwa ndi mawu omwewo: 青锅 ndi 辉锅.
- Zhuyeqing (竹叶青): Tiyi wobiriwira wopyapyala wokazingidwa wa phiri la Emei m’chigawo chomwecho.
- Rongxian Lücha (荣县绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa boma loyandikana la Rongxian m’chigawo cha Zigong, chomwe malo a Fuli Cha amakhudzana nacho kumwera.
Pomaliza:
Fuli Cha ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa tauni imodzi m’chigawo chapakati chakumwera kwa Sichuan. Zolemba za iye ndi zatsatanetsatane modabwitsa, mpaka kutentha kwa mphika pa gawo lililonse. Gulu lapamwamba lopyapyala lokhala ndi fungo la mtedza wa chestnut ndi magulu otsika opota ndi tiyi yemweyo, ndipo dzina lake linaperekedwa ndi malo a Fuli omwe asowa pa mapu.
Magwero
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero