UFuli Cha (Fùlì chá, 复立茶) itiye eliluhlaza lasedolobhaneni iXiaohe esifundeni iWeiyuan (威远县) esifundeni esikhulu saseNeijiang esifundazweni iSichuan. Igama lithathwe egameni elidala lendawo: idolobhana lamanje iXiaohe ngaphambilini laliyindawo yokuhweba iFuli (复立场). Ibanga eliphezulu kakhulu lenziwa libe isicaba, amabanga aphansi enziwa asontekile; imibhalo ichaza iphunga le-castnut kanye nokunambitheka okuthambile. Igama livikelwe njengophawu lwendawo kusukela ngo-2010.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Isicaciso sichaza ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza — ukulungisa, ukusonteka, ukomisa — ngaphandle kwe-oxidation.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza elidumile laseSichuan (名优茶, míngyōuchá): lisicaba ebangeni eliphezulu kakhulu, lisontekile kwamanye amabanga; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Imvelaphi: IChina, isifundazwe iSichuan (四川, Sìchuān), isifunda esikhulu saseNeijiang (内江, Nèijiāng), isifunda iWeiyuan (威远, Wēiyuǎn), idolobhana iXiaohe (小河镇, Xiǎohé zhèn).
- Indawo evikelwe: Imizana engu-15 yedolobhana iXiaohe — iPutao, iTechang, iSanhe, iYumai, iQinglan, iXingu, iNianzi, iXintong, iDayan, iXiaohe, iKaiyuan, iPingle, iSanyang, iPaifang neMinzhi — kanye namapulazi etiye angu-11 (茶场). Ubukhulu bendawo evikelwe, ngokwesicaciso sika-2010, bungamahektha angu-2254, umthamo wokukhiqiza ungamathani angu-5000.
- Izixhumanisi zokuma: 29°34′05,8″–29°40′50,3″ enyakatho kanye no-104°17′09,9″–104°22′27,9″ empumalanga.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- 583 no-591. Ngokwesicaciso, ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaSui ngo-583 kwamiswa lapha ibutho laseWeiyuan (威远戍), kwathi ngo-591 kwamiswa isifunda iWeiyuan.
- Izinganekwane. Isicaciso silandisa njengenganekwane indaba yokuthi ngo-1242 umbusi waseSichuan wangaleso sikhathi uYu Jie (余玠) wayala ukuba kuqoqwe itiye entabeni iFuli futhi kuphekwe ngayo umhluzi oqinile. Ubufakazi bombhalo balokhu nakwezinye izinganekwane zesicaciso abukho emibhalweni etholakele.
- Umbhalo kaZhao Xi. Ngokwawo lo mbhalo, umbhali wezincwadi wokuphela kobukhosi bakwaQing kuya ekuqaleni kweRiphabhuliki uZhao Xi (赵熙), edlula endaweni yokuhweba iFuli, washiya umbhalo othi «复立茶树» — «izihlahla zetiye zaseFuli».
- 2000. Ngokwesicaciso — indondo yegolide embukisweni wetiye wamazwe ngamazwe eChengdu; lapho futhi kuthiwa itiye «lifakwe ohlwini lwamatiye ayishumi nantathu adumile ezweni», kodwa ukuthi ubani owakha lolu hlu, akuchaziwe.
- 2010. Ngo-15 Novemba uMnyango Wezolimo waseChina ngesimemezelo esingu-No. 1478 wabhalisa iFuli Cha njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo (农产品地理标志).
- 2025. Ihhovisi likazwelonke lempahla yobuhlakani ngesimemezelo esingu-No. 646 (sango-23 Septemba) laqaphela iFuli Cha njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo — phakathi kwamagama angu-870. Umfakisicelo — inhlangano yendawo yabalimi betiye (威远复立茶叶种植农民专业合作社).
- Igama: «Fuli» (复立) yigama elidala lendawo: indawo yokuhweba eyaba idolobhana iXiaohe, nentaba inganekwane eyibiza ngentaba iFuli.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwesicaciso, leli tiye liphiswa izivakashi ezihlonishwayo futhi liyaphiwa; isifunda sifake imboni yetiye ohlelweni lwentuthuko lweminyaka emihlanu yeshumi nanye, senza umkhosi wokukha itiye nemincintiswano yochwepheshe.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nempahla Eluhlaza
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: UFuding Dabai (福鼎大白, Fúdǐng dàbái), uMingshan 131 (名山131, Míngshān 131) noFuxuan No. 9 (福选9号, Fúxuǎn 9 hào) «nezinye» izinhlobo.
- Impahla eluhlaza: Ngokwezimfuneko zika-2025 — imiqumbe yasekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo eyodwa (独芽, dúyá) evela ezingadini eziphakeme. Ithebula lamabanga lika-2010 lichaza impahla eluhlaza ngendlela ehlukile: ibanga lokuqala — umqumbe oneqabunga elilodwa, elesibili — umqumbe onamaqabunga amabili, elesithathu — umqumbe onamaqabunga amabili asanda kuvuleka, elesine — umqumbe onamaqabunga amathathu avuliwe. Ukuthi lokhu kuhlangana kanjani «nemiqumbe eyodwa», imibhalo ayichazi.
- Ukuqala kokukha: Lapho esikwele-mitha ngasinye sendawo yesihlahla sinemiqumbe evamile engu-10–15. Kukhiwa ekuseni ngokucacile, kubekwa esitsheni soqalo.
- Isikhathi sokukha: «Intwasahlobo yokuqala»; izinsuku eziqondile azikho emithonjeni etholakele.
4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Ingxenye eseningizimu-maphakathi yesigodi saseSichuan. Isikhungo sendawo eyidome enezintaba (穹窿山形地貌): izintaba, imifantu, amahlathi aminyene.
- Inhlabathi: Enombala ophuzi (黄壤), ubumba olupholile olunesihlabathi nophuzi (冷沙黄泥) nobumba olumpunga-nsundu (灰棕泥); i-loam elula nephakathi, i-asidi encane, enongqimba olujulile oluvundlile noluxegayo nenani elikhulu lezinto eziphilayo.
- Amanzi: Ezadini kugeleza umfula iYuexi (越溪河, Yuèxī hé); izingadi zisemifuleni, endaweni engenakungcola kwezimboni; i-pH yamanzi omfula nawomhlabathi ingu-5,5–7,5.
- Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon: izinga lokushisa lonyaka elijwayelekile lingu-17,9 °C, amahora elanga angu-1192 ngonyaka, imvula engaphezu kuka-1000 mm, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa singaphezu kwezinsuku ezingama-330, umehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kwemini nobusuku.
- Ukuphakama: Imibhalo ikhuluma «ngezingadi eziphakeme»; amanani awakho emithonjeni etholakele.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Ubuchwepheshe buchazwa ngokuningiliziwe yisicaciso sika-2010; impahla eluhlaza ngaphambi kokucutshungulwa ihlelwa ngamabanga.
Ibanga eliphezulu kakhulu — itiye elisicaba:
- Ukugazinga kokuqala (青锅, qīngguō): Isitsha sika-180–200 °C; phakathi kwezindlela zezandla — ukunyakazisa, ukubeka, ukucindezela, ukuhlikihla, ukuphonsa, ukubamba nokwelula (抖、搭、捺、拓、甩、扣、挺). Izigaba ezintathu: imizuzu engu-3–4 yokunyakazisa, imizuzu engu-2–3 yokunyakazisa nokuhlikihla, bese kucindezelwa nokuhlikihla, kuze kube yilapho iqabunga liba isicaba ngokuswakama okungu-20–25 %.
- Ukuphumula: Imizuzu engu-40–60; bese iqabunga lihlungwa libe izingxenye ezintathu.
- Ukugazinga kwesibili (辉锅, huīguō): Ingxenye ngayinye ngokwehlukana: isitsha sika-60–80 °C, lapho kuvela uboya — 80–90 °C, lapho uboya buqala ukuwa, futhi iqabunga lijiya — 50–60 °C.
Amanye amabanga — itiye elisontekile:
- Ukendlalwa (摊青, tānqīng).
- Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): Isitsha sika-200–220 °C, amagremu angu-200–250 eqabunga, iqabunga lisheshe lifudunyezwe lifinyelele ku-80 °C; kugazingwa ngokunyakazisa, kuze kube yilapho iqabunga liba mnyama futhi isiqu singagoba ngaphandle kokuphuka.
- Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn): «Kancane — ngamandla — kancane», isikhathi esiphelele imizuzu engu-1–2.
- Ukomisa kancane (烘青, hōngqīng): 90–110 °C, ungqimba olungaba ngu-1 cm.
- Ukubumba nokukhipha uboya (整形提毫, zhěngxíng tíháo): Isitsha cishe sika-100 °C, ukulungisa ukusonteka — cishe 70 °C.
- Ukomisa okuphelele (烘干, hōnggān): «Phezulu — phansi — phezulu», kuze kube ukuswakama okungu-5–6 %.
6. Izici Zokunambitheka
Imibhalo ka-2010 neka-2025 ichaza itiye ngendlela ehlukile; zombili zinikeziwe.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Lisicaba, liqondile, lilingana (扁直匀齐), liluhlaza ngokucwebezela okunamafutha (绿润). Ibanga lokuqala — liphuzi ngobumnene ngokucwebezela, umqumbe ngamunye unoboya (嫩黄油润、全芽有毫).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lomhluzi: I-castnut, eligcwele nelihlala isikhathi eside (栗香浓郁持久); imibhalo ayicacisi ukuthi eleqabunga elomile noma lomhluzi.
- Ukunambitheka: Kuthambile futhi kugcwele (醇厚) — ngo-2010; kusha, kuthambile, kunoshukela (鲜醇味甘) — ngo-2025. Itiye likwazi ukumelana nokuchitheka okuningi (耐冲泡).
- Umbala womhluzi: Uluhlaza ngobumnene, ukhanya (嫩绿亮) — ngo-2010; uluhlaza okhanyayo, obala (淡绿清流) — ngo-2025. Ithebula lamabanga linikeza umhluzi ophuzi-luhlaza okhanyayo emabangeni amabili aphezulu.
- Izindle zetiye (iqabunga eselichithiwe): Ziluhlaza ngobumnene, zikhanya (嫩绿明亮) — kuyo yomibili imibhalo.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izinkomba zesicaciso sika-2010, eziphindwe ezimfunekweni zika-2025:
| Inkomba | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| Ama-polyphenol etiye | okungenani u-13,5 % |
| Ushukela oncibilikayo | okungenani u-1,0 % |
| I-caffeine | okungenani u-0,1 g nge-100 g |
Ngaphezu kwalokho, imibhalo ikhuluma ngokuqukethwe «okulingene» kwe-selenium kanye «nokunotha» kwama-amino acid, ngaphandle kwamanani. Iyunithi ye-caffeine inikezwe njengoba injalo emibhalweni.
8. Izinzuzo Zempilo
Abukho ubufakazi obuqinisekisiwe ngomphumela waleli tiye uqobo. Izithembiso zokwelapha zezincwadi zezinkomba aziphindwa lapha: azinikezi ucwaningo.
9. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wekilasi letiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: amagremu angu-3 nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza isitsha.
- Beka itiye bese uthela amanzi eceleni kodonga.
- Ukuchitheka kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yomhluzi, bese ungeza amanzi.
- Ukuphindaphinda kabili noma kathathu.
10. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wekilasi. Epaketheni elivaleke ngokuphelele, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, ukuswakama nephunga; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
11. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa
Imininingwane ngezintengo ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukwazigwema ukukhwabanisa:
- Bheka uphawu lwendawo: lungasetshenziswa kuphela umkhiqizi osendaweni evikelwe onemvume, egunyazwa yihhovisi likazwelonke lempahla yobuhlakani.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi itiye lenziwe edolobhaneni iXiaohe esifundeni iWeiyuan.
- Bheka ilebula: isicaciso sidinga ukuba kubhalwe ibanga.
- Iqabunga elisontekile akulona ukukhwabanisa, kodwa ibanga eliphansi lalelo tiye elifanayo.
12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Indawo evikelwe ifana nedolobhana elilodwa nje: imizana engu-15 namapulazi etiye angu-11.
- Igama letiye linikezwe igama elingasekho ebalazweni: indawo yokuhweba iFuli yaba idolobhana iXiaohe.
- Isicaba senziwa kuphela ebangeni eliphezulu kakhulu; kwamanye amabanga amathathu isicaciso sichaza ubuchwepheshe obuhlukile, obusontekayo.
13. Ukuqhathaniswa Namanye Amatiye
- IXihu Longjing (西湖龙井): Itiye elisicaba laseHangzhou; izigaba zokugazinga kokuqala nokwesibili esicacisweni seFuli Cha zibizwa ngamagama afanayo — 青锅 ne辉锅.
- IZhuyeqing (竹叶青): Itiye eliluhlaza elisicaba eligazingiwe lentaba i-Emei esifundazweni esifanayo.
- IRongxian Lücha (荣县绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esingumakhelwane iRongxian esifundeni esikhulu saseZigong, lapho indawo yeFuli Cha inomngcele eningizimu.
Ekuphetheni:
UFuli Cha itiye eliluhlaza ledolobhana elilodwa eningizimu-maphakathi neSichuan. Imibhalo ngalo inemininingwane engavamile — kuze kufike ekushiseni kwesitsha esigabeni ngasinye. Ibanga eliphezulu elisicaba elinephunga le-castnut kanye namabanga aphansi asontekile — itiye elifanayo, futhi igama lalo linikezwe indawo yokuhweba iFuli enganyekile ebalazweni.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo