Xiāngyáng gāoxiāng chá

Xiangyang Gaoxiang Cha (Xiāngyáng gāoxiāng chá, 襄阳高香茶) — “itiye elinephunga elimnandi laseXiangyang”, uphawu lwetiye oluvamile kanye nophawu lwesitifiketi sezwe lwesifunda saseXiangyang (襄阳) enyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe saseHubei. Ngaphansi kwalo kusebenza amamaki ezifunda ezahlukene futhi, ngokwezincazelo zendawo, kukhiqizwa itiye eliluhlaza, elibomvu nelimnyama, kodwa ubuso balolu phawu ngoluhlaza: ifomula yekhwalithi — “iphunga eliphezulu le-castnut, ukunambitheka okuthambile, ukukhanya kwethenda, ukumelana nokuphuza okuningi” (高栗香、滋味醇、汤色亮、耐冲泡). Uphawu lwabhaliswa ngo-2012.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Alikho ikilasi elilodwa. Izincazelo zendawo zibala ngaphansi kophawu itiye eliluhlaza, elibomvu nelimnyama; emiqhudelwaneni ye-”楚茶杯” ka-2024–2025, ngokwemininingwane ye-Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, amatiye alolu phawu aklonyeliswa njengaluhlaza nanjengabomvu. Ifomula yekhwalithi, incazelo yophawu kanye namasampula ayisibonelo ahlobene noluhlaza; umbhalo oqinisa uphawu ngekilasi elilodwa awukho emithonjeni etholakele.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), isifunda sase-Xiangyang (襄阳, Xiāngyáng).
Indawo yophawu: Iregista yembobo yezinkomba zendawo ibiza indawo yemvelaphi njengayo yonke indawo yokuphatha yase-Xiangyang yamanje (襄阳市现辖行政区域). Ukukhiqizwa kugxile eningizimu — ezifundeni zase-Nanzhang (南漳), e-Baokang (保康) nase-Gucheng (谷城).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe u-32° enyakatho kanye no-111–112° empumalanga.

2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Endulo. Imibhalo yendawo ibhala “ngeminyaka engaphezu kwezinkulungwane ezintathu” yokutshalwa kwetiye e-Xiangyang. Lena yifomula yendabuko yemibhalo enjalo, hhayi usuku oluqinisekisiwe.
- IMing ne-Qing. Ngokwemibhalo efanayo, i-Xiangyang yayiyisikhungo esibalulekile sohambo olukhulu lwetiye (万里茶道).
- 2012. NgoJanuwari 14 kwashicilelwa ukubhaliswa kophawu lwesitifiketi sezwe “襄阳高香茶” — № 9011381, umnikazi — i-Xiangyang Tea Association.
- 2013. Ihovisi lase-Hubei lezokulawulwa kwekhwalithi nokuhlolwa kwezobuchwepheshe lagunyaza izinga lesifundazwe i-DB42/T 897-2013 “襄阳高香茶 (地理标志证明商标)”: lakhishwa ngo-Ephreli 8, lasebenza kusukela ngoMeyi 14, 2013. Umbhalo walo awukho emithonjeni etholakele.
- 2023. Emqhudelwaneni wokuqala wesifundazwe we-”楚茶杯” uphawu “襄阳高香茶 · 玉皇剑” lathola isicoco “senkosi” yetiye eliluhlaza.
- Isivumelwano ne-European Union. Igama likuhlu lwamagama esiShayina angu-175 ohlwini lwesibili lwesivumelwano se-China ne-European Union ngezinkomba zendawo; iphephandaba lendawo (2023) libeka ukufakwa ku-2022.
- 2024. Ihhovisi likahulumeni lezomhlaba wonke lempahla yengqondo lafaka i-Xiangyang Gaoxiang Cha eqenjini lokuqala lamaphrojekthi angu-44 ohlelo lukazwelonke lokuvikela izinkomba zendawo.
- 2026. Kwethulwa izinga lesifundazwe i-DB42/T 2501-2026 “襄阳高香茶加工技术规程” — imithetho yokucubungula. Ngokwemininingwane ye-Xiangyang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, lisetshenziswa amabhizinisi angu-30.
Igama: “Xiangyang” (襄阳) — igama lesifunda, “gaoxiang” (高香) — “iphunga eliphezulu”.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Imodeli “yophawu lwebhizinisi kanye nophawu oluvamile”: ngaphansi kwegama elivamile — amamaki afana no-”汉家刘氏”, “玉皇剑”, “水镜庄”, “荆山锦” namagama endawo afana no-”磨坪贡茶”.

3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa

Izinhlobo / Amacultivar: Amagama ezinhlobo zalolu phawu awakho emithonjeni etholakele.
Izinga lokuqoqa: Ekuthuthukisweni kwamasampula ayisibonelo ka-2024, izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa zanwetshwa: esikhundleni seqabunga elilodwa, iqabunga elilodwa elinamaqabunga amabili noma amabili — kuya “eqabungeni elilodwa elinamaqabunga amabili noma amathathu” (一芽二三叶).
Isikhathi sokuqoqa: Izidingo ezifanayo zihlanganisa itiye ngaphambi kwe-Qingming (明前), itiye lenkathi ye-Guyu (谷雨) kanye, ekugcineni, netiye “lasehlobo-ekwindla” likaMeyi.
Amasampula ayisibonelo: Ngokombiko wehhovisi lezolimo lase-Xiangyang (Septhemba 2024), ochwepheshe bahlola amasampula angu-41 avela emabhizinisini angu-15 futhi bamisela izinhlobo ezine: ephezulu kakhulu (特级), yokuqala, yesibili neyesithathu; izinhlobo ezine zangaphambilini zeqabunga zancishiswa zaba ezimbili — egoqekile (曲形) neqonde (条形). Amasampula ayisibonelo aba yisikhombisa: agoqekile ezinhlobo ezine kanye naqonde ezinhlobo ezintathu.

4. I-terroir kanye nezici zokutshala

Isifunda: Izintaba zaseningizimu ye-Xiangyang; izincazelo zendawo zibeka isifunda endaweni yamatiye aluhlaza anephunga eliphezulu ezintabeni zase-Qinba (秦巴山).
Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon, ebusika obubandayo nasehlobo elishisayo; incazelo ka-2013 iphawula ukushintshashintsha okukhulu kwezinga lokushisa kanye nezimvula ezincane zasentwasahlobo. Ngokushicilelwa kwamasampula ayisibonelo, ukuphumula kwasebusika kwezihlahla lapha kude kakhulu kunase-Zhejiang nase-Fujian, futhi iqabunga liyakwazi ukuqongelela izinto eziningi.
Indawo eyinhloko: Ngokwe-”Hubei ribao” (2024), umnyombo wokutshala yidolobhana lase-Wushan (五山镇) esifundeni sase-Gucheng — cishe izinkulungwane ezingu-58 ze-mu zezingadi.
Indawo kanye nomkhiqizo: Ngokwe-”Hubei ribao”, ngo-2022 ngaphansi kwetiye kwakukhona izinkulungwane ezingu-460 ze-mu futhi kwenziwa amathani angu-22 ezinkulungwane zetiye elomile; ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, ngo-2024 indawo yezingadi yasondela ezinkulungwaneni ezingu-500 ze-mu, umkhiqizo — cishe amathani angu-30 ezinkulungwane, ukuthunyelwa kwamanye amazwe — emazweni nasezifundeni ezingaphezu kuka-40.
Inhlabathi nokuphakama: Ngokwencazelo ka-2013 — ikakhulukazi inhlabathi enamatshe evumela amanzi yohlobo lwe-yellow-brown soils (黄棕壤). Ukuphakama ngamamitha akukho emithonjeni etholakele.

5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza

Izinga lesifundazwe i-DB42/T 2501-2026, ngokwencazelo yabathuthukisi, lilawula konke ukucubungula — kusukela ekuqoqweni kweqabunga elisha kuya ekupakisheni. Umbhalo wezinga kanye nemingcele yemisebenzi ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.

Uhlelo oluvamile lwekilasi lwetiye eliluhlaza, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe balolu phawu:

Ukwenza ubuthaka (摊放, tānfàng).
Ukuqeda (杀青, shāqīng).
Ukugoqa (揉捻, róuniǎn).
Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).

6. Izici ze-Organoleptic

Izincazelo zihlobene netiye eliluhlaza; ngelibomvu nelimnyama akukho mininingwane. Isisekelo — incazelo yophawu ye-Hubei Intellectual Property Office (2022); ngezinhlobo ezine zangaphambilini zeqabunga — incazelo eyireferensi ka-2013.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Iqinile, liyindilinga futhi liqonde njengentambo eluhlaza okotshani. Izinhlobo zangaphambilini — ezinambuzane (ezivela emaqabungeni awodwa), eziyisicaba, ezigoqekile ezinoboya besiliva kanye nezintambo.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lethenda: Iphunga eligcwele le-castnut ethosiwe elinethoni lezimbali (板栗香浓郁带花香); ngezinhlobo ezinambuzane nezigoqekile kuchazwa njengelimsulwa, elisha futhi elide.
Ukunambitheka: Okusha nokuvuselelayo (鲜爽); kufomula yophawu — kuthambile futhi kugcwele (滋味醇).
Umbala wethenda: Osobala, ophuzi-oluhlaza, okhanyayo; ngohlobo olunambuzane — oluhlaza okotshani.
Iqabunga letiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Liphuzi-oluhlaza, likhanyayo, amaqabunga anamakhandlu ayalingana; ngohlobo olugoqekile avuleka “njengembali”.

7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali

Azikho izidingo ze-physicochemical zophawu emithonjeni etholakele. Iphephandaba i-”Jingji ribao” ngo-2023 labika ukuthi etiyeni kutholakala izinto eziyisisekelo zephunga ezingafika ku-68, futhi okuqukethwe kwe-geraniol, i-nerolidol ne-phytol kungaphezulu ngo-10% noma ngaphezulu kunakuningi lamanye amatiye aluhlaza afanayo. Indlela kanye nesampula lokushicilelwa akukubizi; lokhu kuyizwi lomthombo, hhayi inkambiso.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wekilasi; imingcele incike ekutheni yiliphi itiye ngaphansi kophawu osesandleni.

Oluhlaza: 80–85 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ukuphisa kokuqala imizuzwana engu-40–60, ingilazi noma i-gaiwan, ukuphisa okuphindwe kabili noma kathathu.
Obomvu: 90–95 °C, 3 g ku-150 ml, ukuphisa kokuqala cishe umzuzu owodwa, i-gaiwan noma itiye le-porcelain, ukuphisa okuningana ngokwandisa isikhathi.

9. Ukugcina

Umkhuba wekilasi. Itiye eliluhlaza — ephaketheni elivaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga, liphuzwe phakathi nonyaka. Obomvu — endaweni eyomile emnyama ngezinga lokushisa legumbi, ephaketheni eliminyene.

10. Intengo kanye nokukhwabanisa

Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele. Inani lophawu, ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, ngo-2024 lilinganiselwa ezigidini ezingu-927 zamayuan.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
- Funa uphawu lwesitifiketi “襄阳高香茶” (№ 9011381) futhi ubuze ukuthi umkhiqizi uvunyelwe yini ukulusebenzisa.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi uphuma esifundeni sase-Xiangyang.
- Kusukela ngo-2024 itiye eliluhlaza lophawu linamasampula ayisibonelo ezinhlobo ezine — ephezulu kakhulu, yokuqala, yesibili neyesithathu; uhlobo kufanele lucaciswe nomthengisi.
- Iphunga le-castnut likhona kumatiye amaningi aluhlaza ase-China futhi alibonisi imvelaphi.

11. Amaqiniso athokozisayo

Ingxenye yesibili yegama ayibizi uhlobo noma ukwakheka kweqabunga, kodwa isici — “iphunga eliphezulu”; uphawu luhlanganisa sonke isifunda sedolobha.
Incazelo ka-2013 ibiza i-Xiangyang njengendawo “endala nencane”: itiye lalikhona lapha kudala, kodwa laqala ukuthuthukiswa ngempela kusukela ngawo-1970, futhi imibhalo ebhaliwe ngomlando wetiye lendawo imbalwa.
Ekuthuthukisweni kwamasampula ayisibonelo, izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa azizange ziqiniswe, kodwa zehliswa — kuya eqabungeni elilodwa elinamaqabunga amabili noma amathathu kanye netiye likaMeyi.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye ase-Xiangyang

Xiangyang Hong (襄阳红): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda esifanayo elinophawu lwalo.
Baokang Lücha (保康绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Baokang elinophawu lwalo; amaphephandaba akhuluma ngama-maojian nangetiye elibomvu lase-Baokang ngaphansi kophawu oluvamile.
Moping Gongcha (磨坪贡茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni lesifunda sase-Nanzhang; lingelinye lamagama endawo ngaphansi kophawu oluvamile.
Xieshan Diecui (薤山叠翠): Itiye eliluhlaza lezintaba zase-Xieshan esifundeni sase-Gucheng, umkhiqizo ohlukile onophawu lwendawo.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Xiangyang Gaoxiang Cha — uphawu oluvamile lwemboni yetiye yase-Xiangyang: uphawu luka-2012, amazinga ka-2013 no-2026, uhlu lwesibili lwesivumelwano ne-European Union kanye neqembu lokuqala lohlelo lukazwelonke lokuvikela. Ngaphansi kwalo kukhiqizwa amakilasi ahlukene, kodwa ubuso bophawu — itiye eliluhlaza elinephunga le-castnut nokukhanya kwethenda, kusukela ngo-2024 liqhathaniswa namasampula ayisibonelo.

Imithombo

Amazinga

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo