I-Baokang Lücha (Bǎokāng lǜchá, 保康绿茶) itiye eliluhlaza lasesifundeni sase-Baokang (保康县) emkhandlwini wedolobha wase-Xiangyang enyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Hubei. Isifunda sonke sinentaba futhi sisohlelweni lwezintaba zase-Jingshan (荆山); amasimu, ngokombiko wephephandaba lesifundazwe, amaningi atshalwe ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-800, phakathi kwamafu nenkungu. Igama livikelwe wuphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo kusukela ngo-2012, futhi indawo yophawu iyiyo yonke indawo yamanje yesifunda. Incazelo yophawu idweba iqabunga elicolekile eliluhlaza okotshani, iphunga elihlanzekile, eliphakeme neliqinile, ukumnika okuluhlaza okotshani okukhanyayo, kanye netiye elimelana nokuthelwa kaningi.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Isigaba siqanjwe egameni elivikelwe uqobo; imibandela yezobuchwepheshe yophawu angizange ngiyibone.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lasentabeni lasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Hubei; uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo (2012).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), umkhandlu wedolobha wase-Xiangyang (襄阳, Xiāngyáng), isifunda sase-Baokang (保康, Bǎokāng).
- Indawo yophawu: Indawo yokuphatha yamanje yesifunda sase-Baokang (保康县现辖行政区域) — kusho kanjalo kumbhalo wophawu. Ngokwe-Wikipedia yesiShayina, esifundeni kunamadolobhana ayishumi kanye nendawo eyodwa, ububanzi — 3221.53 km².
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe u-31°53′ N no-111°16′ E.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Ukuqala kwamasimu. Ngokombiko woMnyango Wezolimo ka-2014, ukutshalwa kwetiye kwesifunda kwamanje kwaqala ngokutshalwa kokuhlola kwama-mu angu-203 ekuqaleni kweminyaka yawo-1960; ngo-2014 amasimu ayekhule afinyelela ezinkulungwaneni ezingu-158 zama-mu, umkhiqizo — wafinyelela emathangeni angu-9400 ngonyaka. Izincazelo eziyireferensi zophawu lwe-Baokang Songzhen zibhala ukuthi leli tiye lalikhulunywa emibhalweni kusukela ngesikhathi sikaTang futhi lalaziwa ngeminyaka ka-Qianlong (乾隆) yobukhosi bakwa-Qing. Azisho imithombo yokuqala, futhi angizange ngiyibone.
- 2012. Kwabhaliswa uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo «保康绿茶 BAO KANG GREEN TEA» № 10987830, umkhiqizo — itiye. Isikhathi sokuqala — kusukela zingama-21 kuZibandlela 2012 kuya kumhla zingama-20 kuZibandlela 2022.
- 2023. Ngokombiko wephephandaba lesifundazwe, ngalo nyaka isifunda samukelwa njenge-«sifunda esiyinhloko sokukhiqiza itiye ezweni» (全国茶叶重点县). Umbiko ka-2025 uthi isiqu se-«sifunda setiye esiyinhloko» (全国茶业重点县域) isifunda sisithola iminyaka eyisikhombisa ilandelana, futhi usibala phakathi «kwezifunda eziyikhulu zamatiye ezwe» (全国茶叶百强县) kanye nezifunda eziyishumi zamatiye emvelo zase-China.
- 2025. Ngesaziso seHhovisi Lezimpahla Zobuhlakani lase-Hubei sangomhla zingama-30 kuZibandlela 2025, izinhlangano ezine zesifunda — izinkampani ezimbili kanye nama-cooperative amabili — zashintshwa izimvume zokusebenzisa uphawu, ngesikhathi esifinyelela kumhla zingama-20 kuZibandlela 2032. Lokhu kungukuphela kwesikhathi sesibili seminyaka eyishumi, okusho ukuthi uphawu lwanwetshwa; isaziso asikhulumi ngokunwetshwa uqobo.
- Igama: 保康 — igama lesifunda, 绿茶 — «itiye eliluhlaza». Ingxenye yesiNgisi yophawu — «BAO KANG GREEN TEA».
- Amamaki ngaphakathi kophawu: Ngaphakathi kophawu isifunda sithuthukisa uhlobo lwaso — inalithi 保康松针 (Bǎokāng sōngzhēn, «izinalithi zikaphayini zase-Baokang»). Umkhiqizo wabezindaba ka-2025 ubiza nophawu lomphakathi «襄阳高香茶 — 保康毛尖、保康红»: «itiye lephunga eliphezulu lase-Xiangyang» — i-maojian yase-Baokang kanye netiye elibomvu lase-Baokang. Itiye elibomvu ngaphansi kwalolu phawu alihlobene nophawu lwetiye eliluhlaza.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Itiye lingenye yezimboni eziyinhloko zesifunda; ngokombiko ka-2025, linikeza umsebenzi kanye nemali engenayo kubantu abalinganiselwa ezinkulungwaneni ezingamashumi amane.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Kumbhalo wophawu izinhlobo azishiwongo; emithonjeni etholakele ayikho imininingwane.
- Izinto ezingavuthiwe: Ngophawu jikelele ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele. Ngophawu lwe-Baokang Songzhen izincazelo eziyireferensi zibiza ukuqoqwa kwehlumela elilodwa elineqabunga elilodwa, ngaphandle kwamaqabunga alinyazwe izinambuzane nesithwathwa.
- Isikhathi sokuqoqa: Ngophawu jikelele ayikho imininingwane. Nge-Baokang Songzhen, ngokwezincazelo ezifanayo, ukuqoqa kuqalwa phakathi kwezinsuku ezinhlanu kuya kweziyisithupha ngaphambi noma ngemva komkhosi we-Qingming (清明, Qīngmíng), okungukuthi ekuqaleni kuka-April.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Hubei, izintaba zohlelo lwase-Jingshan. UMnyango Wezolimo ka-2014 wachaza isifunda kanje: izintaba ezijulile namahlathi aminyene, imifudlana ehlanzekile, imiqulu yeziqongo, amafu nenkungu, umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwamazinga okushisa asemini nasebusuku, izimvula ezilingene.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Amasimu ikakhulukazi ngaphezu kwamamitha angu-800 — ngokombiko wephephandaba i-«Nongcun Xinbao» (2025). Incazelo ka-2026 ibiza olunye uhla — kusukela kumamitha angu-600 kuya kwangu-1040. Imingcele yokuphakama emibhalweni yophawu angizange ngiyibone.
- Umnyombo wophawu lwe-Baokang Songzhen: Ngokwezincazelo eziyireferensi — idolobhana lase-Dianya (店垭) eningizimu yesifunda kanye nezindawo ezizungezile zase-Huangbao (黄堡) enyakatho.
- Ububanzi bamasimu: Ngokwemininingwane yabezindaba ka-2025, isisekelo setiye sesifunda — ama-mu angu-201 ezinkulungwane, kuwona ama-mu angu-152 ezinkulungwane akhiqiza isivuno; ama-mu angu-80 ezinkulungwane — amasimu emvelo «aluhlaza», ama-mu angu-15 ezinkulungwane anesitifiketi se-organic se-European Union. Umkhiqizo wonyaka — ngaphezu kwamathani angu-8800 etiye elomile, inani eliphelele lomkhiqizo wemboni — ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezimbili zama-yuan (ngokwemibiko yabezindaba efanayo).
- Inhlabathi nesimo sezulu ngezinombolo: Imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Imibandela yobuchwepheshe kumbhalo wophawu ayikho. Ngezansi — uhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye eliluhlaza, hhayi incazelo ye-Baokang Lücha uqobo:
- Ukunwetshwa kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng): Iqabunga linwetshwa ngongqimba oluncane, ukuze likhiphe ingxenye yomswakama.
- Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation futhi kulondoloze umbala oluhlaza.
- Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).
Mayelana nobuchwepheshe bophawu lwe-Baokang Songzhen izincazelo eziyireferensi ziyaphikisana. Enye ibiza itiye eliluhlaza elinalithi elifakwa ngesitimu (针形蒸青绿茶), kodwa ngokushesha ibala imisebenzi emine — ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng), ukusonteka ebhodweni (锅揉, guōróu), «ukujuluka» (拍汗, pāihàn) kanye nokomisa (烘干, hōnggān). Ezinye izinkomba ziletha uhlelo lwesitimu olunezigaba ezifanayo ne-Enshi Yulu. Imingcele ayinikezwa yinoma iyiphi incazelo, futhi umthombo wokuqala wanoma yiluphi uhlelo angizange ngiwuthole.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Incazelo engezansi — ivela kumbhalo wophawu «保康绿茶».
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Kucolekile futhi kuhle, umbala oluhlaza okotshani (外形纤秀，色泽翠绿).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Iphunga lokumnika: Kuhlanzekile, kuphakeme futhi kuqinile (香气清高持久); umbhalo awucacisi ukuthi leli phunga leqabunga elomile noma lokumnika.
- Ukunambitheka: Kunephunga elimnandi, kuthambile, kupholile, kusha futhi kumnandi (滋味香甜软凉，鲜醇爽口).
- Umbala wokumnika: Uluhlaza okotshani, ukhanyayo (汤色嫩绿明亮).
- Igquma letiye (iqabunga eliqoshiwe): Iqabunga elinamanzi futhi lithambile (叶底肥嫩).
Umbhalo ugcizelela ngokukhethekile ukuthi itiye limelana nokuthelwa okuningi kakhulu (极耐冲泡).
Uphawu lwe-Baokang Songzhen izincazelo eziyireferensi ziludweba kanje: izinalithi eziminyene, eziyindilinga, ezibushelelezi neziqondile ezinoboya obubonakalayo, ziluhlaza okotshani omnyama futhi zicwebezela ngamafutha; iphunga lisha futhi lihlanzekile, ukunambitheka kumnandi futhi kuthambile, ukumnika kuluhlaza okotshani, kucacile futhi kukhanyayo, iqabunga eliqoshiwe liluhlaza okotshani, likhanyayo futhi lilinganayo.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Imininingwane ye-physicochemical emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi yegilasi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza izitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi eceleni kodonga.
- Ukumnika kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yokumnika.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuthelwa okuphindaphindiwe — umbhalo wophawu ugcizelela ukuthi itiye liyakwazi ukumelana nakho.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emphakathini ovaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhohlisa:
- Funana uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo «保康绿茶» № 10987830.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sase-Baokang futhi uvunyelwe ukusebenzisa uphawu: ihhovisi lesifundazwe lishicilela uhlu lwabasebenzisi.
- Iqabunga — licolekile futhi liluhlaza okotshani, ukumnika — kuluhlaza okotshani futhi kukhanyayo, iphunga — lihlanzekile futhi liqinile.
11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo
- Indawo yophawu — yiyo yonke indawo yesifunda, ngaphandle kokukhetha amadolobhana ahlukene.
- I-Wikipedia yesiShayina ibiza i-Baokang njengesifunda esikhulu kunazo zonke e-Hubei setiye le-organic.
- Isifunda asithumeli kuphela itiye elineqabunga: ngokombiko ka-2025, ukuthunyelwa kwetiye eliqediwe (精制茶), i-extract yetiye kanye neminye imikhiqizo yokucubungula kudlule amathani angu-1000 futhi kwaletha izigidi ezingama-25 zama-dollar.
- Igama elithi «荆山锦» — «indwangu yezintaba zase-Jingshan» — uMnyango Wezolimo ka-2014 walibala phakathi kwemikhiqizo ekhethekile yesifunda; i-cooperative enaleli gama — iphakathi kwabasebenzisi bophawu ohlwini luka-2025.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza
- I-Meizi Gongcha (梅子贡茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasentabeni lesifunda sase-Zhuxi, naso enyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Hubei; linombhalo wokuvikela onemininingwane enohlobo nokuphakama kwamasimu, i-Baokang Lücha inokubukeka nendawo kuphela.
- I-Enshi Yulu (恩施玉露): Itiye lase-Hubei elinalithi elifakwa ngesitimu; ezinye izinkomba zibeka uphawu lwe-Baokang Songzhen uhlelo olufanayo, kodwa izincazelo zobuchwepheshe bazo ziyaphikisana.
- I-Anhua Songzhen (安化松针): Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Hunan elinomfanekiso ofanayo we-«zinalithi zikaphayini» egameni.
- I-Dengcun Lücha (邓村绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasentabeni eliphakeme lesifunda sase-Yichang entshonalanga ye-Hubei.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Baokang Lücha itiye eliluhlaza lasentabeni lasenyakatho-ntshonalanga ye-Hubei ngaphansi kophawu oluvikela igama kuyo yonke indawo yesifunda. Umbhalo ngayo mfushane futhi ukhuluma kuphela ngokubukeka: iqabunga elicolekile eliluhlaza okotshani, iphunga elihlanzekile neliqinile, ukumnika okuluhlaza okotshani nokuthelwa okuningi. Okunye — ubukhulu bemboni, okwathi eminyakeni engamashumi ayisithupha yakhula kusukela ekutshalweni kokuhlola kwafinyelela emakhulwini amabili ezinkulungwane zama-mu amasimu, kanye nophawu lwanalithi lwe-Baokang Songzhen, ubuchwepheshe balo okusamele buqinisekiswe ngomthombo wokuqala.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo