Ikhaya · Itiye eliluhlaza · Haifeng Lianhuashan Cha
Hǎifēng Liánhuāshān chá
Hǎifēng Liánhuāshān chá · 海丰莲花山茶
Haifeng Lianhuashan Cha (Hǎifēng Liánhuāshān chá, 海丰莲花山茶) — «itiye lentaba iLianhuashan yaseHaifeng», itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda saseHaifeng (海丰县) esifundeni sedolobha iShanwei empumalanga yesifundazwe saseGuangdong. ILianhuashan (莲花山, «intaba yeLotus») — igama lokhahlamba olusenyakatho yedolobha lesifunda; alihlangene namatiye ezimbali nelotus. Umbhalo wokuvikela uvumela izinhlobo zama-oolong zawo, kodwa ubeka ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza — ukuqinisa ku-250–270 °C kanye nokomisa ebhodweni amahora amaningi, ngaphandle kwe-oxidation; ifomula yawo — «i-infusion esagolide, iphunga loju nekheshinathi». Kusukela ngo-2021 igama livikelwa njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo, futhi kusukela ngo-2025 — njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) elomiswa ebhodweni. Umbhalo wokuvikela ka-2025 ubeka uchungechunge «ukwandlalwa — ukuqinisa — ukusonteka — ukuhlukanisa izigaxa — ukomisa»; ukunyakazisa nge-oxidation engaphelele, okudingekayo ku-oolong, akukho lapha. Izinhlobo zama-oolong ohlwini lwezinto zokusetshenziswa azishintshi isigaba — sinqunywa ubuchwepheshe. Igama lendawo elidume kakhulu iwebhusayithi yesifunda ibiza ngo-«莲花绿茶» — «itiye eliluhlaza lelotus».
- Isigaba: Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (地理标志产品, dìlǐ biāozhì chǎnpǐn), 2025; uphawu lwezolimo lwendawo (农产品地理标志), 2021.
- Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe saseGuangdong (广东, Guǎngdōng), isifunda sedolobha iShanwei (汕尾, Shànwěi), isifunda saseHaifeng (海丰, Hǎifēng).
- Indawo evikelwe: Amalokishi amane nemizana engu-80 yesifunda — iHaicheng (海城镇), iGongping (公平镇), iPingdong (平东镇) neHuangqiang (黄羌镇). Izixhumanisi: 115°07′–115°30′ empumalanga, 22°56′–23°13′ enyakatho.
- Umnyombo nendawo: Iphephandaba i-«Nanfang nongcun bao» (2022) libiza umnyombo wokukhiqiza amalokishi amahlanu — kwamanje amane endaweni evikelwe engeza iMeilong (梅陇镇). Endaweni evikelwe akufakiwe ngokwesicelo sika-2020 noma ngesimemezelo sika-2025.
2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Izinganekwane nobufakazi bakudala:
- Inganekwane. Ngokwe-«Beijing ribao» (2023), inganekwane ithi ngesikhathi sobukhosi bakwaJin udokotela uGe Hong (葛洪), lapho ebutha amakhambi okhahlamba iLianhuashan, wathola wahlwanyela itiye lasentabeni (山子茶) walibiza ngokuthi «itiye labangafi» (仙人茶, xiānrén chá).
- Umlando weminyaka kaQianlong (乾隆). Iphephandaba i-«Shanwei ribao» (2021) licaphuna umlando wesifunda saseHaifeng wobukhosi bakwaQing. Esigodlweni sezindela iLianhua-an esiqongweni kukhula izihlahla ezimbalwa zetiye, futhi lapho liphekwa ngamanzi omthombo «滋味甘洁» — limnandi futhi lihlanzekile; kanti esiqongweni esiyisicaba sentaba, eduze kweGquma lezinkanyezi eziyisikhombisa (七星墩), itiye «气味最佳» — lihamba phambili ngephunga nokunambitheka.
- Iminyaka kaGuangxu (光绪). Ngokwephephandaba elifanayo, imbongi nombhali wezinhlamvu uJiang Fengchen (江逢辰) wayengumngane womphathi wesigodlo sezindela iJimi-si (鸡鸣寺) eLianhuashan, wanambitha itiye elithi «龙头凤尾» lapho futhi ezinkondlweni wacela indela ukuba limthumelele amakhilogremu ambalwa njalo ngonyaka. Iphephandaba libheka lokhu njengesiqalo sokuduma kwetiye.
- 1950s. Ngokwe-«Shanwei ribao» ne-«Beijing ribao», umama wenguquko uPeng Pai, uZhou Feng (周凤), wanikela ngetiye laseLianhuashan «labangafi» kuZhou Enlai. Abukho ubufakazi obubhalwe phansi emithonjeni.
- Izindawo ezihamba phambili. Ngokwe-«Shanwei ribao», kubantu kukhona izinganekwane zokuthi itiye elihamba phambili livela ezindaweni «Kezailiao» (客仔寮) kanye «nomugqa wesithathu» (第三条垄). Lokhu kuyinganekwane, hhayi umphumela wokuqhathanisa.
- Umlando weminyaka kaJiajing (嘉靖). I-China Daily (2024) ikhuphula umlando wetiye ngesigaba se-«Mikhiqizo» (物产) somlando wesifunda saseHaifeng weminyaka kaJiajing wobukhosi bakwaMing. Umbhalo walo mlando awutholakali emithonjeni etholakele, kanti abezindaba bendawo bakhuluma ngo-«umlando weminyaka engu-200»; imithombo ayivumelani ngamakhulu eminyaka.
- Imboni: Ngokwe-«Shanwei ribao» (2021), amarekhodi okuthi abantu baseHaifeng babevuna amahlumela amancane ezihlahleni ezisabalele eLianhuashan futhi benze itiye ngawo ayaziwa kusukela esikhathini sobukhosi bakwaQing. I-«Nanfang nongcun bao» (2022) ibhala «ngomlando weminyaka engu-200» wetiye, ngokutshalwa okukhulu kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1960–1970 kanye nokukhula okusheshayo kwemboni kusukela ngawo-1990. Ngokwamazwi omphathi womnyango wezolimo wesifunda kulelo phephandaba, phambilini abalimi betiye, bethembele olwazini lwabo, babenza ikakhulukazi itiye eliluhlaza, kodwa manje sebekhiqiza netiye elibomvu, i-dancong ne-oolong.
- Imibhalo yokuvikela:
- 2019. Uhlu lukazwelonke lwemikhiqizo yezolimo eyaziwayo, ekhethekile nemisha.
- 2020–2021. Ngomhla ka-5 Agasti 2020, uMnyango Wezolimo WaseGuangdong wamemezela ukwamukelwa kwesicelo sophawu lwezolimo lwendawo; umfakisicelo — iHaifeng County Institute of Agricultural Sciences. Ngo-2021, uMnyango Wezolimo wakubeka engxoxweni ngesaziso No. 1, futhi ngawo lowo nyaka igama labhaliswa. Ngaleso sikhathi futhi i-«海丰莲花绿茶» yangena ohlwini lwezifundazwe lwezindawo ezikhiqiza kakhulu imikhiqizo yezolimo ekhethekile.
- 2021. IShanwei yagunyaza izinga lendawo elithi «海丰莲花山茶生产技术规程» (DB4415/T 3-2021), elasebenza kusukela ngomhla ka-1 Okthoba. I-«Beijing ribao» (2023) ibhala ngomthetho owodwa wezinga ledolobha — ngaphansi kwegama elithi «海丰莲花山茶标准化生产技术规程» — kanye namazinga amabili ezinkampani.
- 2022. Ngokwesizindalwazi sesifunda, itiye lathola uphawu lwesimo sezulu oluthi «岭南生态气候优品», kanti ilokishi iHaicheng yangena ohlwini lukazwelonke lwamalokishi nemizana eyisibonelo «一村一品» — «umuzi owodwa, umkhiqizo owodwa».
- 2025. Ngesimemezelo seChina National Intellectual Property Administration (CNIPA) No. 632 sangoJuni 9 (sashicilelwa ngoJuni 27), igama lahlonzwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo — indawo 176 kwezingu-224. Ngesimemezelo esifanayo, irayisi lendawo lathola ukuvikelwa; ngaphambi kwalokho, ngokusho kwesifunda, yayinomkhiqizo owodwa kuphela onjalo — amahlumela e-daylily.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Ngokombhalo wokuvikela — inani lendawo (本地群体种) noma imigqa ekhethwe kulo, kanye nezinhlobo zama-oolong ezinuka kamnandi 本山 (Běnshān), 铁观音 (Tiěguānyīn), 金观音 (Jīnguānyīn), 黄旦 (Huángdàn), 凤凰单丛 (Fènghuáng dāncóng) nezinye.
- Ukwethulwa: Ngokwabezindaba (2023), kusukela ngawo-1990 isifunda silethe 铁观音, 金萱, 白叶单丛, 大红袍 ne黄旦 — uhlu olungahambisani nohlu lombhalo.
- Itiye lasendle: Ngokwabezindaba (2023), «itiye labangafi» lendawo — isihlahla esincane esihlala siluhlaza sineqabunga elilingana nentende yesandla; izihlahla zasendle zifakwe ohlwini lwezitshalo ezivikelwe zesigaba sesibili. Ngokwe-«Beijing ribao» (2023), entabeni kusekhona isihlahla esidala se-«tiye labangafi» esingamamitha angu-6,5 ubude, futhi enkulisa ngaphansi kwentaba ngaleso sikhathi kwase kutshalwe izihlahla zasendle ezingu-218 ngezinga lokuphila lika-94,4 % futhi kwakhuliswa izithombo ezingaphezu kuka-13 500.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Kusukela eqhumeni elineqabunga elilodwa kuya eqhumeni elinamacembe amathathu; amahlumela aphelele, ahlanzekile futhi alinganayo.
- Isikhathi sokuvuna: Kabili ngonyaka — ngaphambi komkhosi weQingming (清明) nangesizini yeBailu (白露).
4. I-terroir nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Isifunda sizungezwe izintaba ezinhlangothini ezintathu futhi sibheke olwandle eningizimu. Ngokwe-«Shanwei ribao», izingadi zetiye zisebangeni elingamakhilomitha angaba ngu-50 ukusuka esiqongweni esikhulu sokhahlamba; ngokwe-«Beijing ribao», lesi siqongo yiLianhuafeng (莲花峰), 1337,6 m. Ukhahlamba uqobo, ngokwalelo phephandaba, lunwebeka ngaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-400 — kusukela eLongyan (龙岩) eFujian kuya emfuleni iPearl.
- Incazelo yendawo yophawu lwezolimo (ngokulandisa kwesayithi lesithenjwa): amagquma ikakhulukazi angu-100–200 m, indawo ephakeme kakhulu yesifunda — 1337,3 m; izintaba namagquma kuthatha u-60 % wendawo, amathafa — u-40 %; izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-22,5 °C, imvula ingu-2389,5 mm ngonyaka, kuyo ehlobo — 1450 mm. Amaphephandaba anikeza ubude besiqongo nezinga lokushisa ngokuhlukile kancane — 1337,6 m kanye no-22,7 °C.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: 80–700 m — amathafa, amagquma nemithambeka emincane.
- Inhlabathi: Ephuzi (黄壤) kanye nebomvu-ephuzi (红黄壤). I-pH ngokombhalo wokuvikela — 4,0–5,0, ngokwe-«Shanwei ribao» — 4,0–4,8.
- Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon eseningizimu. Ukukhanya kwelanga — ngokwesilinganiso amahora angu-1873 ngonyaka («Shanwei ribao»); izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-22,7 °C nesikhathi esingenasithwathwa esiyizinsuku ezingu-360 («Nanfang nongcun bao»).
- Ubuciko bokulima ngokombhalo: Imithambeka engekho ngaphezu kuka-15°, ukutshala kusukela ngoNovemba kuya kuMashi.
- Isilinganiso: Ngokwesicelo sika-2020 — amahektha angu-2330 namathani angu-4302 ngonyaka; ngokwabezindaba baka-2022–2023 — cishe ama-mu angu-52,5 (amahektha angaba ngu-3500) namathani angu-4146; i-China Daily (2024) ibhala ngaphezu kwama-mu angu-60 000 namathani angaphezu kuka-5 000. Inani lonyaka lomkhiqizo isifunda libiza ama-yuan ayizigidi ezingu-439 (ngamahektha angu-2330 namathani angu-4302), i-«Nanfang nongcun bao» (2022) — cishe ama-yuan ayizigidi eziyinkulungwane namakhulu amathathu nesishiyagalolunye.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Izindlela ngokombhalo wokuvikela ka-2025:
- Ukwandlala (摊青, tānqīng): Ungqimba olungu-3 cm ezisefeni noma u-10–15 cm emseleni, amahora angu-6–12, kuze kube ngumswakama ongu-68–70 %.
- Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): 250–270 °C ngezinga lokushisa leqabunga elingu-80–85 °C, imizuzu engu-4,0–4,5, ukulahleka kwesisindo kungu-12–14 %, umswakama ongu-58–60 %.
- Ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn): Ngohlelo oluthi «ngaphandle kokucindezela — ukucindezela okulula — ngaphandle kokucindezela — ukucindezela okuqinile — ngaphandle kokucindezela», isikhathi esiphelele siyimizuzu engu-25–35, kuze kube yilapho itiye lisonta ngokuqinile futhi ijusi livele kulo.
- Ukuhlukanisa izigaxa (解块, jiěkuài): Ngomshini, ngokukhipha imvuthuluka.
- Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào) ebhodweni kathathu: ku-230–250 °C kuze kube ngama-8/10 okomile; ku-145–150 °C imizuzu engu-30; ukomisa kokugcina (辉锅, huīguō) ku-110–115 °C amahora ayisithupha — kuze kube yilapho kuvela «isithwathwa» esiluhlaza-ngwevu etiyeni nephunga elimnandi noma loju. Ngemva kwalokho itiye liyalinywa ngokushesha.
6. Izici ze-organoleptic
Incazelo yombhalo wokuvikela ka-2025.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Itiye elisontwe ngokuqinile, eliluhlaza-ngwevu, eline-«isithwathwa» — ungqimba olumhlophe (条索紧实、灰绿起霜). I-«Shanwei ribao» ivumela netiye elimahhadlahhadla, eliluhlaza okumnyama.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga le-infusion: Lekheshinathi, eline-«phunga lomlilo» (栗香带火工香); kufomula yombhalo — loju nekheshinathi (蜜栗香).
- Ukunambitheka: Okuqinile, nokubuya kobumnandi (滋味浓厚、回甘). Abezindaba bengeza: okuqabulayo, kumelana nokuphakwa okuningi.
- Umbala we-infusion: Oluhlaza-ophuzi nokucwebezela kwegolide (黄绿泛金).
- Iqabunga elitheliwe (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Eliluhlaza-ophuzi (叶底黄绿).
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo ze-physicochemical zombhalo wokuvikela ka-2025:
| Inkomba | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| Umswakama | akukho ngaphezu kuka-3,5 % |
| Umlotha ophelele | akukho ngaphezu kuka-6,5 % |
| Ama-polyphenol etiye | akukho ngaphansi kuka-18,0 % |
| Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini | akukho ngaphansi kuka-48,0 % |
Izinga lomswakama lika-3,5 % liqinile kunelijwayelekile letiye eliluhlaza; libhalwe kanjalo embhalweni.
Amanani angempela, ngokwe-China Daily (2024): ama-polyphenol etiye 19–25 %, ama-amino acid amahhala 2,7–3,5 %, izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini 48–52 %. Indlela nesampula akushiwongo embhalweni.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 85–90 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
- Isitsha: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot ye-porcelain.
- Inqubo: Shisisa isitsha, ukuphisa kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60, bese kuba nokuphinda ukuphisa okuningana nokwandisa isikhathi kancane.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga, kungcono esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C. Kuphuzwe phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye nomgunyathi
Uhlu lwamanani alukho emithonjeni etholakele, kukhona kuphela amazwi abantu bendawo. Ngokwamazwi omphathi womnyango wezolimo wesifunda (2022), lapho ubuchwepheshe bungekho, itiye lalithengiswa ngamashumi ambalwa ama-yuan nge-jin (500 g), manje — ngamakhulu noma izinkulungwane zama-yuan. Omunye wabakhiqizi bendawo esizindalwezini sesifunda ubiza amanani aphansi: itiye lasekwindla — ngaphezu kwama-200, itiye lasentwasahlobo — ama-yuan angu-300–400 nangaphezulu; akashongo amayunithi, ngokomongo — i-jin. Itiye lasentwasahlobo, ngokwesizindalwazi sesifunda, linikeza abalimi betiye cishe ingxenye yemali engenayo yonyaka evela etiyeni.
- Ukwazi ukugwema umgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo: lugunyazwa yi-CNIPA kubakhiqizi abasendaweni evikelwe.
- Qiniseka ukuthi itiye livela emalokishini iHaicheng, iGongping, iPingdong noma iHuangqiang.
- Ungalididanisi nezingxube zezimbali «ezine-lotus»: iLianhuashan — igama lentaba.
- Ngokombhalo: itiye eliluhlaza-ngwevu elinongqimba, i-infusion eluhlaza-ophuzi nokucwebezela kwegolide, iphunga lekheshinathi nephunga lomlilo.
11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Izinto zokusetshenziswa zingavela ezihlahleni zama-oolong, kodwa itiye — liluhlaza: ubuchwepheshe bunquma, hhayi uhlobo.
- Ukomisa kokugcina ebhodweni ngokombhalo kuthatha amahora ayisithupha.
- Ngesimemezelo esisodwa sika-2025 isifunda sakhuphula kathathu inani lemikhiqizo yaso enophawu lwendawo.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye
- Huidong Xianren Cha (惠东仙人茶): Inani letiye lendawo lesifunda esingumakhelwane iHuidong; nalo libizwa ngokuthi «itiye labangafi», futhi izingadi zalo futhi zisokhahlamba iLianhuashan.
- Baipenzhu Hengkeng Cha (白盆珠横坑茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lomuzana iHengkeng eHuidong, elizungezwe nxazonke yilo lokhahlamba.
- Dan Cong (单枞): I-oolong yaseChaozhou; uhlobo 凤凰单丛 lusohwini lwezinto zokusetshenziswa zetiye laseHaifeng, kodwa ubuchwepheshe lapha — obuluhlaza.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Haifeng Lianhuashan Cha — itiye eliluhlaza elomiswa ebhodweni lentaba yeLotus empumalanga yeGuangdong, lapho izinto zama-oolong zisetshenziswa ngobuchwepheshe obuluhlaza. Umbhalo wokuvikela uchaza ukuqinisa ku-250–270 °C, ukomisa ebhodweni amahora ayisithupha, itiye eliluhlaza-ngwevu eline-«isithwathwa» kanye nefomula ethi «i-infusion esagolide, iphunga loju nekheshinathi». Ukuvikelwa kwegama — udaba luka-2021 no-2025.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo