I-Baizhangtan Cha (Bǎizhàngtán chá, 百丈潭茶) itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lohlobo lokugazinga oluvela esifundeni sase-Tongcheng (通城县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wase-Xianning eningizimu impela yesifundazwe sase-Hubei, lapho kuhlangana khona i-Hubei, i-Hunan ne-Jiangxi. Uphawu oluyinhloko olugqamisa incazelo yomkhiqizo ngukuthi «扁平显毫»: iqabunga eliyisicaba eliqondile elinoboya obumhlophe obuvulekile. Itiye liselisha, lango-1990s. Ngo-2020 igama lathola uphawu lwendawo lwezolimo — okwesibili esifundeni, — kwathi ngo-2025 langena ohlwini lwemikhiqizo enophawu lwendawo lweHhovisi Likazwelonke Lobuhlakani beMpahla yaseChina.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza lohlobo lokugazinga (炒青, chǎoqīng), eliyisicaba (扁形, biǎnxíng). Isigaba sibizwa encazelweni yomkhiqizo ovikelwe: «百丈潭茶为炒青类扁形绿茶» — «itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lohlobo lokugazinga».
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lesimanje lesifunda; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), umasipala wase-Xianning (咸宁, Xiánníng), isifunda sase-Tongcheng (通城, Tōngchéng).
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwencwadi yemikhiqizo yendawo — amadolobhana nezifunda eziyishumi nanye zesifunda, izigodi zokuphatha eziyi-165: 马港镇, 五里镇, 隽水镇, 关刀镇, 沙堆镇, 麦市镇, 塘湖镇, 四庄乡, 大坪乡, 石南镇 and 北港镇. Ikhathalogi yemikhiqizo enophawu lwendawo ibiza indawo ngokuthi «indawo yokuphatha yamanje yesifunda sase-Tongcheng».
- Izixhumanisi zokuma: Ngokwencwadi efanayo — 113°36′–114°04′ empumalanga longitude no-29°02′–29°24′ enyakatho latitude.
2. Umlando nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Ngawo-1990. Ngokwamazwi omfakisicelo ekuhlolweni kuka-2020, itiye «lakhiwa kusukela eminyakeni yamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye» (自九十年代研制而成); ingosi ye-«Jingchu Wang» (2020) ikhuluma ngonyaka we-1990, kanti ukubhaliswa kophawu lokuhweba «百丈潭» kwangonyaka we-2003. Imibhalo yakuqala ebhaliwe ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- 2005. Ngokwencwadi kahulumeni wesifunda, ngoJulayi 2005 kwasungulwa inkampani yetiye enegama elifanayo (通城县百丈潭茶业有限责任公司) — ibhizinisi elihamba phambili lezolimo ezingeni lesifundazwe. Ukuxhumana kwayo nenqubo yophawu akutholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- 2009–2017 — imiklomelo. Ngokwencwadi yemikhiqizo yendawo: ngo-2009 itiye langena emikhiqizweni emihlanu eyinhloko egqugquzelwayo yetiye eliluhlaza elidumile lase-Xianning, ngo-2013 lathola igolide embukisweni wezolimo wase-China (eWuhan) weshumi, ngo-2016 uphawu lwaqashelwa njengophawu lokuhweba oludumile lwase-Xianning, ngo-2017 itiye laba umkhiqizo odumile wedolobha. Imithombo iyaphikisana: i-«Jingchu Wang» ibeka ukuqashelwa kophawu njengodumile eXianning ngonyaka we-2008.
- Januwari 2020 — ukuhlolwa. Ngokombiko womnyango wezolimo waseXianning, ochwepheshe bahlolisisa isicelo se-Tongcheng County Wild Tea Research Institute (通城县野生茶科学研究所), bathola ikhwalithi ihlukile futhi bavuma ukubhaliswa; umnyango wabiza i-Baizhangtan Cha njengomkhiqizo wesibili wesifunda onophawu lwezolimo.
- Ephreli — Meyi 2020 — ukubhaliswa. Incwadi ithi isinqumo soMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya sangomhla zingama-30 Ephreli 2020. Ngomhla ziyi-19 Meyi ingosi ye-«Jingchu Wang» (荆楚网) yabika ukuthi ngesimemezelo sikamongameli somnyango esinguNombolo 290 izitifiketi zatholwa yimikhiqizo eyishumi nesishiyagalolunye yaseHubei, futhi yabala phakathi kwazo i-Baizhangtan Cha. Inombolo yokubhaliswa kukhathalogi yezinkomba ngu-AGI02948.
- 2025 — uhlu lweHhovisi Likazwelonke. Ngesimemezelo esinguNombolo 640, esisayinwe ngomhla ziyi-16 Julayi futhi sashicilelwa ngomhla ziyi-13 Agasti 2025, iHhovisi Likazwelonke Lobuhlakani beMpahla laqashela njengemikhiqizo enophawu lwendawo amagama angu-1409; ikhathalogi yezinkomba ibeka i-Baizhangtan Cha kulesi simemezelo.
- Igama: 百 (bǎi) — ikhulu, 丈 (zhàng) — zhang, isilinganiso sakudala sobude, 潭 (tán) — ichibi elijulile: «ichibi elijule ngamazhang ayikhulu». Leli yigama lendawo: ngokwencwadi yesifunda, kubizwa kanjalo enye yezinhlaka ezintathu zamagesi amancane esifunda, kanti ugologo wendawo ubizwa nge-百丈潭酒. Ukuthi kungani igama lanikezwa itiye akuchazwanga emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ohlwini «lokunambitha kwase-Tongcheng» lwehhovisi lesifunda lezamasiko nezokuvakasha (2021), itiye libhalwe njenge-«百丈潭有机茶» — itiye lezolimo elingelamakhemikhali i-Baizhangtan.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Uhlobo / Cultivar: Emithonjeni etholakele uhlobo alubizwanga.
- Izinto zokusetshenziswa: Izinkomba zekhemikhali nokomzimba ezincwadini zinikezwa ngokukhiwa kwentwasahlobo «iqabunga elilodwa nehlumela elilodwa» (一芽一叶). Izinga lokukhiwa alitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- Isikhathi sokukhiwa: Azikho izinsuku eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukunikezwa isitifiketi sezolimo ezingelamakhemikhali: Ngokwamazwi omfakisicelo ekuhlolweni kuka-2020, itiye laphumelela izitifiketi zezolimo ezingelamakhemikhali zikahulumeni iminyaka eyishumi nesishiyagalombili ilandelana.
4. Indawo yokutshala kanye nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Ngokwencwadi yesifunda, iTongcheng isenyakatho yezintaba zaseMufushan (幕阜山), lapho kuhlangana khona iHunan, iHubei neJiangxi. Empumalanga isifunda sinomngcele ne-Xiushui (Jiangxi), eningizimu ne-Pingjiang (Hunan), entshonalanga ne-Yueyang ne-Linxiang (Hunan), enyakatho ne-Chongyang (Hubei).
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokwencwadi yemikhiqizo yendawo, ukuphakama endaweni kuyi-250–1528 m; akukho datha ehlukile yezingadi.
- Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esishisayo esinamanzi. Idatha iyaphikisana: incwadi yesifunda inikeza izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo elingu-15.5–16.7 °C nemvula engaba ngu-1500 mm, incwadi ithi 17 °C, 1627.3 mm imvula, 1694.5 amahora elanga ngonyaka kanye nesamba sonyaka sokushisa okusebenzayo kusuka ku-3000 kuya ku-5100 °C. Ukuminyana kwehlathi kuyo yomibili imithombo kungu-57.5 %.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwencwadi — ikakhulukazi inhlabathi ebomvu nenhlabathi ephuzi nsundu, pH 4.5–6.8.
- Ubukhulu: Ngokwencwadi, indawo yezingadi zetiye endaweni ingamahektha angu-4620; unyaka wedatha awubhalwanga. Umthombo ofanayo ubiza iTongcheng njengesinye sezifunda ezintathu ezinkulu zetiye zaseHubei.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Incazelo yomkhiqizo ibeka itiye ohlotsheni lokugazinga oluyisicaba (炒青); imephu yobuchwepheshe nemingcele akutholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
Kumatiye aluhlaza agazingiwe ayisicaba ukulandelana okuvamile yilokhu:
- Ukuvuthwa kweqabunga elisha (摊青, tānqīng).
- Ukuqedwa kokugazinga (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa ukugqwaleka.
- Ukuqondisa (理条, lǐtiáo).
- Ukucindezela ukuba kube isicaba (压扁, yābiǎn): Iqabunga lithola isimo esiyisicaba.
- Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).
Lena indlela ejwayelekile yesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe be-Baizhangtan Cha.
6. Izici zokuzwakala
Incazelo engezansi ivela encazelweni yomkhiqizo ovikelwe kukhathalogi yezinkomba; incwadi iyayiphinda.
- Isimo seqabunga elomile: Lisicaba futhi liqondile (扁平挺直), linesisindo futhi liminyene (身骨重实), liluhlaza, linoboya obumhlophe (色绿有白毫). Uphawu oluhlukile — «lisicaba, linoboya obuvulekile» (扁平显毫).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga letiye: Liphezulu futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (香高持久).
- Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele, nobumnandi obubuyayo (醇厚回甘); itiye likwazi ukumelana nokuthelwa kaningi (耐冲泡).
- Umbala wetiye: Uluhlaza futhi ukhanya (绿亮).
- Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Ziyalingana futhi zikhanya (匀整明亮).
Umfakisicelo ekuhlolweni kuka-2020 uchaze ukunambitheka ngokuthi «kugcwele, kumnandi futhi kusha» (醇厚甘鲜), kanti iqabunga eliphekiwe walichaza njengelilinganayo, lithembekile, livuleka libe «izimbali» eziphelele (匀嫩成朵).
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Incwadi yemikhiqizo yendawo inikeza lezi zinkomba zokukhiwa kwentwasahlobo «iqabunga elilodwa nehlumela elilodwa»:
| Inkomba | Ivelu |
|---|---|
| Ama-phenol etiye | okungenani 15 % |
| Ama-amino acid akhululekile | okungenani 2 % |
| Izinto ezikhiphekayo emanzini | okungenani 36 % |
| Umswakama | okungaphezu kuka-6.5 % |
Izibalo aziqinisekiswanga ngombhalo wezidingo zeHhovisi Likazwelonke; ayikho idatha nge-caffeine.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba samatiye aluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
- Isitsha: ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa isitsha.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi eceleni kwesitsha.
- Ukukhishwa kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
- Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yetiye.
- Thela amanzi futhi.
- Ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu ukuthelwa.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye nokukhwabanisa
Ayikho idatha ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Indlela yokugwema omgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu lwendawo ephaketheni.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni sase-Tongcheng.
- Iqabunga — lisicaba, liqondile, linoboya obumhlophe obuvulekile. Lokhu kubukeka kukhona kumatiye amaningi ayisicaba, ngakho imvelaphi nophawu kuthembeke kakhulu kunokubukeka.
11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Igama letiye liyigama lendawo, eliphinde libe yigama lenhlaka yamagesi amancane kanye nogologo wesifunda.
- Esimemezelweni esifanayo sikamongameli womnyango sika-2020 uphawu lwatholwa yiminye imikhiqizo eyishumi nesishiyagalombili yaseHubei, phakathi kwayo omakhelwane ochungechungeni — i-Donghe Bizhen Cha (董河碧珍茶) ne-Luotian Xianglu Cha (罗田香露茶).
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza
- I-Tongcheng Haolü (通城毫绿): Elinye itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda elifanayo — ukusongeka okuqondile okunoboya kohlobo lwe-maojian; iBaizhangtan Cha ineqabunga eliyisicaba.
- I-Xi Hu Long Jing (西湖龙井): Isibonelo setiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba eligazingiwe; i-Baizhangtan Cha itiye laseHubei lakamuva lesimo esifanayo.
- I-Sanxia Long Jing (三峡龙井): Itiye eliluhlaza laseHubei elenziwe ngobuchwepheshe be-longjing, livela entshonalanga yesifundazwe.
- I-Shuangjing Lü (双井绿): Itiye eliluhlaza elisongekile elinoboya lesifunda esingumakhelwane sase-Xiushui — ngaphesheya komngcele wesifundazwe, eJiangxi.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Baizhangtan Cha itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba eliselisha lezintaba zase-Tongcheng lapho kuhlangana khona izifundazwe ezintathu: iqabunga eliqondile elinoboya obumhlophe, iphunga eliphezulu elihlala isikhathi eside, ukunambitheka okugcwele nobumnandi obubuyayo. Imibhalo ikhuluma ngendawo, ukubukeka nokubhaliswa, kodwa ayisho uhlobo lwetiye noma imephu yobuchwepheshe.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo