Jiūkēng chá · thetea.app

Jiukeng Cha (Jiūkēng chá, 鸠坑茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’boma la Chun’an (淳安县) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Hangzhou (杭州), m’chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江), m’dera la nyanja yosungiramo madzi ya Qiandao Hu (千岛湖). Dzinali ndi dzina la malo, mzinda wa Jiukeng (鸠坑乡) kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa boma. Dzina lomweli limagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa mtundu wa chomera cha tiyi Jiukengzhong (鸠坑种), womwe mu 1984 unavomerezedwa ngati mtundu wa dziko lonse ndipo unafalikira kutali kupitirira boma, choncho mtundu ndi tiyi ayenera kusiyanitsidwa. Kuyambira 2025, dzinali limatetezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera m’mitundu iwiri, yopindika ndi yosalala, yokhala ndi fungo lamtundu wa mtedza wa chestnut.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Dongosolo la kukonza m’zofunikira za chitetezo ndi lobiriwira: kutentha kokonza (杀青, shāqīng) nthawi yomweyo pambuyo poyala masamba, popanda oxidation ndi kufufumitsa.
Kulemba pa gulu: Malinga ndi wailesi yapakati ya Central, kampani ya m’deralo imapanga kuchokera ku mtundu womwewo osati tiyi wobiriwira wokha, komanso wofiira ndi woponderezedwa (团茶). Zofunikira za chitetezo zimalongosola tiyi wobiriwira wa mitundu iwiri yokha.
Gulu lalikulu: Tiyi wa mbiri yakale wa mindandanda ya nthawi ya Tang; chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera.
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), mzinda wa Hangzhou (杭州, Hángzhōu), boma la Chun’an (淳安, Chún’ān), mzinda wa Jiukeng.
Dera lotetezedwa: Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo cha 2025, mizinda 23 ya boma la Chun’an, kuchokera ku Qiandao Hu ndi Wenchang mpaka Weiping, Linqi, Fenkou ndi Jiukeng yomwe, m’midzi 425 ya kayendetsedwe; 118°20′–119°20′ kutalika, 29°11′–30°02′ kufupi. Wopempha ndi likulu la chitukuko cha ulimi m’boma (淳安县农业农村发展服务中心).
Malo ogwirira ntchito: Pafupifupi 29.2–30.0° kumpoto ndi 118.3–119.3° kummawa.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Tang. M’buku la “Zowonjezera pa mbiri ya boma la Tang” (唐国史补) ndi Li Zhao (李肇) m’ndandanda wa tiyi otchuka pali mzere woti “睦州有鸠坑” - “ku Muzhou kuli Jiukeng” (m’mabuku ena chilembo chomaliza chimalembedwa mosiyana 坈). Muzhou ndi dzina lakale la chigawo chomwe chinali ndi Chun’an. Mzerewu nthawi zina umanenedwa kuti ndi wa “Chikalata cha Tiyi”, koma chikalatacho chikunena za Muzhou mosiyana: “睦州生桐庐县山谷” - tiyi wa Muzhou umamera m’zigwa za boma la Tonglu.
- Ndemanga yotsutsana. Mawu okhudza tiyi wophikidwa ndi nthunzi wa mapiri a Jiukeng amanenedwa m’mabuku kuti ndi a “Buku la Tiyi” (茶谱) la Mao Wenxi, kapena ndi “Hanmo Quanshu” (翰墨全书); umwini wake ndi wotsutsana.
- Tiyi wa msonkho. Mabuku ofotokoza amatchula mbiri yakale ya m’deralo “Zhishan Yizhi” (雉山邑志) ndi “Yanling Zhi” (严陵志): “淳安茶旧产鸠坑者佳，唐时称贡物，宋朝罢贡” - tiyi wabwino wa Chun’an kuyambira kale ndi wa ku Jiukeng, mu nthawi ya Tang ankatumizidwa ngati msonkho, mu nthawi ya Song msonkhowo unayimitsidwa. M’mabuku omwe mzerewu sunatsimikizidwe.
- Kutumiza kunja. Malinga ndi mabuku amakampani, kuyambira kumapeto kwa mzera wa Qing tiyi wa Jiukeng ankatumizidwa kunja m’mitundu yosakanikirana, ndipo tiyi wa Chun’an “Suilü” (遂绿) pamodzi ndi “Tunlü” (屯绿) ndi “Wulü” (婺绿) anapanga “katatu wagolide” wa tiyi wobiriwira wa China.
- 1959. Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa mabuku, “Jiukeng wamasamba akulu” (鸠坑大叶种) analowa m’gulu la mitundu khumi yabwino kwambiri m’dziko; mbewu ndi mbande zinatumizidwa ku Soviet Union, Mali, Guinea, Algeria ndi Morocco, ndipo anthu osamukira m’dera la nyanja ya Xin’anjiang anapita ndi mbewu.
- 1984. Malinga ndi wailesi yapakati ya Central, komiti ya dziko lonse ya mitundu ya chomera cha tiyi inavomereza Jiukengzhong ngati mtundu wa dziko pansi pa nambala “Huacha No. 23” (华茶23号); buku lina la makampani limatchula chaka cha 1985. Nyuzipepala ya sabata ya makampani imanena kuti mtundu unalowa m’gulu loyamba la mitundu ya dziko.
- 1985. Malinga ndi mabuku, Jiukeng Maojian (鸠坑毛尖) womwe unabwezeretsedwa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m’ma 1980 unalandira udindo wa chinthu chabwino cha Unduna wa Zaulimi, Zoweta ndi Usodzi.
- 2003. Malinga ndi wailesi yapakati ya Central, mbewu za mtundu zinauluka m’chombo cha “Shenzhou-5” mu kuyesa kwa kusankha zam’mlengalenga.
- 2025. Mwa chilengezo cha Bungwe la Dziko Lonse la Katundu Wamaluso Nambala 640 (losainidwa pa July 16, lofalitsidwa pa August 13) zinthu 1409 zinavomerezedwa ngati zinthu zokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera; Jiukeng Cha ndi mzere 434. Dzinali linalembetsedwanso ngati chizindikiro cha dera chaulimi: malinga ndi kufotokozera - pa December 22, 2017; tsiku silinatsimikizidwe ndi buku la unduna.
Dzina: “Jiukeng” (鸠坑) ndi dzina la mzinda: 鸠 - njiwa yamtchire, 坑 - dzenje, chigwa.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Mabuku amakampani ndi a m’deralo amatcha mtundu “tiyi wa mayi” (母亲茶). Malinga ndi malipoti a atolankhani a 2021-2022, m’mudzi wa Tanglian (塘联) m’mzinda pa malo okwera pafupifupi 600 m pamamera “mfumu ya mitengo ya tiyi” (茶树王) ya zaka zoposa 800, ndi chimfundu pafupifupi 11 m m’mimba; malinga ndi mwambi wa m’deralo “茶王不摘叶，茶树不下青”, mpaka masamba ake asathyoledwa, zitsamba zina sizikhudzidwa, ndipo kukolola kwa masika kumayambika pa mtengo umenewu.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira

Mtundu: Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo - mtundu wamba wa Jiukeng (鸠坑群体种) wa boma la Chun’an ndi mitundu ya clones yochokera mwa iwo monga mzere wa amayi. Malinga ndi wailesi yapakati ya Central, Jiukengzhong ndi mtundu wokha wa Zhejiang wochokera ku mbewu komanso umodzi mwa mitundu yofalitsidwa kwambiri m’dziko; unatengeredwa ku mayiko opitirira khumi, monga Japan, Vietnam, Soviet Union yakale, India, Guinea, Morocco ndi Algeria.
Ana a mtundu: Kuyambira zaka za m’ma 1980, mizere “Jiu 20” (鸠20) ndi “Jiu 16” (鸠16) inasankhidwa kuchokera m’gulu; malinga ndi buku la makampani, masamba a “Jiu 20” ndi oyenera tiyi wobiriwira komanso wofiira. Atolankhani a mzinda mu 2015 analemba za mtundu watsopano “Jiukeng Zao” (鸠坑早), womwe unachokera m’gulu lomwelo. Malinga ndi lipoti la “Nongmin Ribao” (2023), oposa theka la minda ya tiyi m’boma ndi yodzaza ndi gulu la Jiukeng ndi ana ake, ndipo masamba a “Jiu 20” amagulidwa mokwera mtengo kuposa mitundu ina.
Kukolola: Kumayamba pamene pa mita imodzi ya chimfundu masamba 10-15 akwaniritsa muyezo. Masamba - athunthu, atsopano, obiriwira kwambiri, opanda tsinde, mamba, ndi “tsamba la nsomba” (鱼叶), opanda kuwonongeka ndi zosakaniza.
Muyezo wa kukolola: Kwa Jiukeng Maojian buku limatchula mphukira ndi tsamba limodzi lotseguka pang’ono - “nsonga ya burashi” (笔尖); malinga ndi nthawi, zopangira zimagawidwa kukhala maoce (pamaso pa Qingming), yuqian (pamaso pa Guyu) ndi chaoqing (pambuyo pa Guyu).

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Dera: Kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa boma la Chun’an pamalire ndi Anhui, mapiri ozungulira Qiandao Hu.
Dothi: Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo - dothi lofiira kapena lachikasu la acidic lopangidwa bwino, pH 4.0-6.0.
Nyengo: Buku limapereka kwa chigwa cha Jiukeng pafupifupi 17.0 °C pa chaka, masiku pafupifupi 263 opanda chisanu ndi 1430 mm ya mvula, ndi chifunga pafupipafupi.
Kutalika: Palibe deta yeniyeni m’zofunikira; kufotokozera kumatchula malo oyang’ana dzuwa pamwamba pa 600 m.
Malo: Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa chizindikiro chaulimi - 6500 ha ya minda, zoposa 3000 t za tiyi pachaka, dera lotetezedwa 27 000 ha.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga

Zofunikira za chitetezo zimafotokoza masitepe asanu ndi atatu ndi magawo:

Kuyala masamba (鲜叶摊放, xiānyè tānfàng): Maola 6-12, mpaka kufewa, mtundu wobiriwira woderapo ndi fungo loyera.
Kutentha kokonza (杀青, shāqīng): M’mphika kapena makina a ngoma.
Kuzizira (摊凉, tānliáng): Mphindi 40-60.
Kuwongola (理条, lǐtiáo): Pa makina owongola kapena makina a tiyi wosalala.
Kupumula (回潮, huícháo): Mphindi 20-30, mpaka mphukira ifewe.
Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Mphindi 20-25; kalasi yapamwamba popanda kukakamiza, zina - ndi kukakamiza kopepuka pakati pa kuzungulira.
Kuyanika (烘干, hōnggān): Kawiri ndi kupumula kwa mphindi 20-30 pakati, mpaka chinyezi chichepe kuposa 6%.
Kukonza (整理, zhěnglǐ): Kusankha masamba achikasu, mamba ndi masamba okalamba, kusefa zinyalala.

Kwa Jiukeng Maojian wa mbiri yakale, mabuku amafotokoza dongosolo la manja: kuyala masamba kwa maola 6-12, kutentha kokonza, kupotoza, kuyanika kwachiwiri (烘二青, hōng èrqīng), kuumba (整形做条), kutulutsa timbewu (提毫, tíháo) ndi kuyanika komaliza. Mawonekedwe owongoka olimba amapezeka m’mphika pa 60 °C; kenako mphika umaziziritsidwa pafupifupi 40 °C ndipo masamba amasinthidwa ndi manja mpaka timbewu tiwonekere. Amayanika komaliza m’dengu la nsungwi pamwamba pa moto.

6. Makhalidwe a Kumva

Malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo, kwa mitundu iwiri.

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Mtundu wopindika (卷曲形) - masamba opindika obiriwira kwambiri ndi timbewu towoneka. Wosalala (扁形) - wosalala, wonyezimira, wowongoka, wobiriwira.
Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokozera kosiyana m’mabuku opezeka.
Fungo la madzi: Wa wopindika - fungo lofewa la mtedza wa chestnut, lokhalitsa (嫩栗香持久); wa wosalala - fungo lamphamvu la mtedza wa chestnut (栗香馥郁).
Kukoma: Wa wopindika - kwatsopano ndi kofewa (鲜醇); wa wosalala - kolemera ndi kofewa (浓醇).
Mtundu wa madzi: Wa wopindika - wobiriwira, wowala; wa wosalala - wobiriwira wofewa, wowala.
Masamba a pansi (masamba ophikidwa): Wa wopindika - ofewa, ofanana, obiriwira ndi owala; wa wosalala - okhuthala, okhuthala, obiriwira ndi owala.

Chizindikiro chapadera chimalongosoledwa motere: “叶肥耐冲泡、栗香味鲜浓” - masamba okhuthala, opirira madzi ambiri, fungo la mtedza wa chestnut, kukoma kwatsopano kolemera.

Jiukeng Maojian amafotokozedwa m’mabuku motere: masamba olimba, akulu, owongoka, obiriwira wofewa, ndi timbewu toyera; m’madzi mphukira ndi zokhuthala, mtundu wachikasu-wobiriwira ndi wowala, timbewu tatali tasiliva, fungo la mtedza wa chestnut wokazinga (熟栗子香), kukoma kwatsopano ndi kolemera.

7. Zomwe Zili M’masamba

Zofunikira za chitetezo zimapereka kwa tiyi wokonzedwa:

Chizindikiro	Kuchuluka
Zinthu zochotsedwa	40-53%
Polyphenols a tiyi	18-28%
Amino acid	3-6%

Palibe deta ya caffeine m’mabuku opezeka.

8. Kupanga Tiyi

Mchitidwe wa kalasi ya tiyi wobiriwira; ogulitsa amalangiza madzi 80-90 °C ndi kutsanulira katatu kapena kanayi, koma izi si zofunikira za chizindikiro.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80-85 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Zida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
Ndondomeko:
1. Tenthetsa zida.
2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi m’mphepete.
3. Kutsanulira koyamba - pakadutsa masekondi 40-60.
4. Imwani, kusiya gawo la madzi, ndikuwonjezera madzi.
5. Kutsanulira katatu kapena kanayi, kulikonse mokulira pang’ono.

9. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa kalasi. M’paketi yotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0-5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonamizira

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’mabuku opezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
- Mtundu ndi malo si chinthu chimodzi: chomera cha Jiukeng chimamera ku China konse, koma Jiukeng Cha ndi tiyi wa boma la Chun’an wokha.
- Fufuzani chizindikiro cha chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha dera.
- Mitundu yonse iwiri ndi yovomerezeka; chofanana ndi fungo la mtedza wa chestnut ndi masamba okhuthala a pansi.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

Mzere “睦州有鸠坑” nthawi zambiri umanenedwa kuti ndi wa “Chikalata cha Tiyi”, koma uli m’buku la “Zowonjezera pa mbiri ya boma la Tang”.
Mbewu za Jiukeng zinauluka m’mlengalenga mu 2003.
Malinga ndi mabuku, Jiukeng Maojian ankatumikira ngati maziko a tiyi wa jasmine - “Jiukeng Moli Maojian” (鸠坑茉莉毛尖).
Malire apansi a zinthu zochotsedwa ndi 40%; kwa Yuyao Pubu Xianming (余姚瀑布仙茗) ndi Sanbeixiang Cha (三杯香茶) m’chilengezo chomwecho - 36 ndi 37%.

12. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi ena a Chun’an ndi oyandikana nawo

Qiandao Yuye (千岛玉叶): Tiyi wobiriwira wosalala wa boma lomwelo kuchokera ku mtundu womwewo, wopangidwa mu 1982.
Zhejiang Songzhen (浙江松针): Tiyi wobiriwira wooneka ngati singano wa boma lomwelo.
Tonglu Xueshui Yunlü Cha (桐庐雪水云绿茶): Tiyi wa boma la Tonglu, lomwe “Chikalata cha Tiyi” limatchula ngati malo a tiyi wa Muzhou.
Tunlü (屯绿): Tiyi wobiriwira wa Anhui wotumizidwa kunja, mnansi wa “katatu wagolide”.

Pomaliza:

Jiukeng Cha ndi tiyi amene dzina lake ndi lalikulu kuposa iye mwini: mzinda unapereka dzina ku mtundu womwe unafalikira ku China konse ndi kupitirira, ndipo chotetezedwa ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa boma la Chun’an wokha. Wopindika kapena wosalala, amadziwika ndi masamba okhuthala, fungo la mtedza wa chestnut ndi kupirira kutsanulira kambiri.

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