Jiūkēng chá · thetea.app

I-Jiukeng Cha (Jiūkēng chá, 鸠坑茶) itiye eliluhlaza lasesifundeni sase-Chun’an (淳安县) ngaphansi kukamasipala wase-Hangzhou (杭州), esifundazweni sase-Zhejiang (浙江), endaweni yechibi le-Qiandao (千岛湖). Igama liyisichazamazwi sendawo, idolobhana lase-Jiukeng (鸠坑乡) enyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifunda. Igama elifanayo linikezwe uhlobo lwesihlahla setiye i-Jiukengzhong (鸠坑种), olwaqashelwa ngo-1984 njengohlobo lukazwelonke futhi lwasakazeka kude nangale kwesifunda, ngakho-ke uhlobo lwesihlahla kanye netiye kumele kuhlukaniswe. Kusukela ngo-2025 igama livikelwa njengomkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo ngezindlela ezimbili, ezigoqiwe neziyisicaba, nephunga le-chestnut.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Uhlelo lokucubungula ezidingweni zokuvikelwa luhlaza: ukulungiswa ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng) ngokushesha ngemva kokuvundlalwa kweqabunga, ngaphandle kwe-oxidation nokubila.
Isichasiselo ngesigaba: Ngokombiko we-Central Radio, inkampani yendawo yenza kusuka ohlotsheni olufanayo hhayi kuphela itiye eliluhlaza, kodwa futhi nelibomvu nelicindezelwe (团茶). Izidingo zokuvikelwa zichaza kuphela itiye eliluhlaza lezindlela ezimbili.
Isigaba: Itiye lomlando lochungechunge lwe-Tang; umkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo.
Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Zhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), umasipala wase-Hangzhou (杭州, Hángzhōu), isifunda sase-Chun’an (淳安, Chún’ān), idolobhana lase-Jiukeng.
Indawo yokuvikelwa: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikelwa zango-2025, amadolobhana nezindawo ezingama-23 zesifunda sase-Chun’an, kusukela e-Qiandao Lake nase-Wenchang kuya e-Weiping, e-Linqi, e-Fenkou nase-Jiukeng uqobo, imizana yokuphatha engama-425; 118°20′–119°20′ E, 29°11′–30°02′ N. Umfakisicelo yisikhungo sokuthuthukisa ezolimo sesifunda (淳安县农业农村发展服务中心).
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe 29.2–30.0° N no-118.3–119.3° E.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- I-Tang. Ku-«Izijobelelo emlandweni wombuso we-Tang» (唐国史补) ngu-Li Zhao (李肇) ohlwini lwamatiye adumile kunomugqa othi «睦州有鸠坑» — «e-Muzhou kune-Jiukeng» (kwezinye izinhlelo uphawu lokugcina lunikezwe ngokwahluka 坈). I-Muzhou yigama elidala lomasipala okwakungaphansi kwawo i-Chun’an. Umugqa ngezinye izikhathi unikezwa i-«The Classic of Tea», kodwa i-classic nge-Muzhou isho okuhlukile: «睦州生桐庐县山谷» — itiye lase-Muzhou likhula ezigodini zesifunda sase-Tonglu.
- Isicaphuno esinempikiswano. Inkulumo mayelana netiye elishisiwe le-Qiandao Lake i-Jiukeng izincwadi ziyinikeza ngezinye izikhathi i-«Tea Book» (茶谱) ka-Mao Wenxi, ngezinye izikhathi iqoqo elithi «Hanmo Quanshu» (翰墨全书); isichasiselo sinempikiswano.
- Itiye lentela. Izincwadi zokubhekisela zicaphuna imibhalo yendawo ethi «Zhishan Yizhi» (雉山邑志) kanye ne-«Yanling Zhi» (严陵志): «淳安茶旧产鸠坑者佳，唐时称贡物，宋朝罢贡» — itiye elingcono kakhulu lase-Chun’an kusukela kudala livela e-Jiukeng, nge-Tang laliyintela, nge-Song intela yaqedwa. Emibhalweni uqobo umugqa awukaqinisekiswa.
- Ukuthunyelwa ngaphandle. Ngokwezincwadi zomkhakha, kusukela ekupheleni kwe-Qing, itiye lase-Jiukeng lalithunyelwa kwamanye amazwe ngokuxutshwa, kanti i-Chun’an «Suilü» (遂绿) kanye ne-«Tunlü» (屯绿) ne-«Wülü» (婺绿) bakha «unxantathu wegolide» wetiye eliluhlaza lase-China.
- 1959. Ngokwencazelo yokubhekisela, «i-Jiukeng enamaqabunga amakhulu» (鸠坑大叶种) yangena ohlwini lwezilimo eziyishumi ezingcono kakhulu ezweni; imbewu nezithombo zathunyelwa e-USSR, e-Mali, e-Guinea, e-Algeria nase-Morocco, kanti abafuduki abavela endaweni yechibi le-Xin’anjiang bahamba nembewu.
- 1984. Ngokombiko we-Central Radio, ikomidi likazwelonke lezilimo zesitshalo setiye laqashela i-Jiukengzhong njengohlobo lukazwelonke ngenombolo ethi «Huacha No. 23» (华茶23号); enye incwadi yomkhakha ibika unyaka we-1985. Iphephandaba lomkhakha libhala ukuthi uhlobo lwangena eqoqweni lokuqala lezilimo zikazwelonke.
- 1985. Ngokwezincwadi zokubhekisela, i-Jiukeng Maojian (鸠坑毛尖) evuselelwe ekuqaleni kweminyaka yama-1980 yathola isiqu somkhiqizo wekhwalithi woMnyango Wezolimo, Imfuyo Nezokudoba.
- 2003. Ngokombiko we-Central Radio, imbewu yalolu hlobo yandiza ngomkhumbi-mkhathi i-«Shenzhou-5» ocwaningweni lokukhethwa emkhathini.
- 2025. Ngokwesimemezelo se-State Intellectual Property Office No. 640 (esayinwe ngoJulayi 16, sashicilelwa ngo-Agasti 13), imikhiqizo eyi-1409 yaqashelwa njengemikhiqizo enesiqinisekiso sendawo; i-Jiukeng Cha ingumugqa wama-434. Igama libhaliswe futhi njengesiqinisekiso sendawo sezolimo: ngokwencazelo yokubhekisela ngoDisemba 22, 2017; noshicilelo lomnyango alukaqinisekiswa.
Igama: «Jiukeng» (鸠坑) yigama ledolobhana: 鸠 — ijuba, 坑 — umgodi, umhosha.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Izincwadi zomkhakha nezendawo zibiza lolu hlobo ngokuthi «itiye likamama» (母亲茶). Ngokwemibiko yabezindaba yango-2021–2022, edolobhaneni lase-Tanglian (塘联) ledolobhana endaweni ephakeme cishe ngamamitha angama-600 kukhula «inkosi yezihlahla zetiye» (茶树王) endala kuneminyaka engama-800, enomqhele ongaba ngu-11 m ububanzi; ngokwesisho sendawo esithi «茶王不摘叶，茶树不下青», kuze kube kukhiwa iqabunga kuso, ezinye izihlahla azithintwa, futhi ukuvuna kwentwasahlobo kuvulwa kulesi sihlahla.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Uhlobo lwesihlahla: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikelwa, inani lendawo lase-Jiukeng (鸠坑群体种) lesifunda sase-Chun’an kanye nezinhlobo ze-clone ezakhiwe kulo njengomzali. Ngokombiko we-Central Radio, i-Jiukengzhong iwukuphela kohlobo lwembewu yase-Zhejiang futhi ingenye yezinhlobo ezisatshalaliswa kabanzi kakhulu ezweni; yathunyelwa emazweni angaphezu kweshumi, kuhlanganise ne-Japan, i-Vietnam, i-former USSR, i-India, i-Guinea, i-Morocco ne-Algeria.
Inzalo: Kusukela ngeminyaka yama-1980, kusuka enanini kuye kwakhethwa imigqa ethi «Jiu 20» (鸠20) kanye ne-«Jiu 16» (鸠16); ngokwencwadi yomkhakha, iqabunga le-«Jiu 20» lilungele kokubili itiye eliluhlaza nelibomvu. Abezindaba basemadolobheni ngo-2015 babhala ngohlobo olusha oluthi «Jiukeng Zao» (鸠坑早), olwakhiwe kusuka enanini elifanayo. Ngokombiko we-«Nongmin Ribao» (2023), ngaphezu kwengxenye yezivande zesifunda zitshalwe ngenani lase-Jiukeng kanye nenzalo yalo, kanti iqabunga le-«Jiu 20» lithengwa ngentengo ephakeme kunezinye izinhlobo.
Ukuvuna: Kuqala lapho emaminithini ayi-10–15 emqhelweni kuyahlangabezana nezinga. Iqabunga liphelele, lisha, liluhlaza ngokugqamile, ngaphandle kwesiqu, amaxolo kanye ne-«fish leaf» (鱼叶), ngaphandle komonakalo nokungcola.
Izinga lokuvuna: Nge-Jiukeng Maojian incwadi yokubhekisela ibiza ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa elisanda kuvuleka — «tip of the brush» (笔尖); ngokwezikhathi izinto ezingavuthiwe zihlukaniswa nge-maojian (ngaphambi kwe-Qingming), i-yuqian (ngaphambi kwe-Guyu) ne-chaoqing (ngemva kwe-Guyu).

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokulima

Isifunda: Inyakatho-ntshonalanga yesifunda sase-Chun’an emngceleni ne-Anhui, izintaba ezizungeze i-Qiandao Lake.
Inhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikelwa, inhlabathi ebomvu noma ephuzi ene-asidi enhle, i-pH 4.0–6.0.
Isimo sezulu: Incwadi yokubhekisela inikeza isilinganiso sonyaka esiseduze no-17.0 °C, cishe izinsuku ezingama-263 ezingenasithwathwa kanye ne-1430 mm yemvula, nenkungu evamile.
Ukuphakama: Imininingwane enembile ayikho ezidingweni; incazelo yokubhekisela ihlukanisa imithambeka enelanga ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-600.
Indawo: Ngokwencazelo yesiqinisekiso sezolimo, amahektha angama-6500 ezivande, ngaphezu kwamathani angama-3000 etiye ngonyaka, indawo evikelwe engamahektha angama-27000.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izidingo zokuvikelwa zibeka izinyathelo eziyisishiyagalombili ezinemingcele:

Ukuvundlalwa kweqabunga (鲜叶摊放, xiānyè tānfàng): amahora angama-6–12, kuze kube thambile, umbala oluhlaza omnyama nephunga elihlanzekile.
Ukulungiswa ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng): Embizeni noma emshinini wesigubhu.
Ukupholisa (摊凉, tānliáng): imizuzu engama-40–60.
Ukuqondanisa (理条, lǐtiáo): Ngomshini wokuqondanisa noma umshini wetiye eliyisicaba.
Ukuphumula (回潮, huícháo): imizuzu engama-20–30, kuze kube thambile ihlumela.
Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): imizuzu engama-20–25; isigaba esiphezulu ngaphandle kokucindezela, ezinye ngokucindezela okuncane maphakathi nomjikelezo.
Ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān): kabili ngokuphumula kwemizuzu engama-20–30 phakathi, kuze kube umswakama ongaphansi kuka-6 %.
Ukuqeda (整理, zhěnglǐ): kukhethwa amapuleti aphuzi, amaxolo namaqabunga amadala, kususwa imvuthu.

Nge-Jiukeng Maojian yomlando izincwadi zokubhekisela zichaza uhlelo lwezandla: ukuvundlalwa kweqabunga amahora angama-6–12, ukulungiswa ngokushisa, ukusonga, ukomisa kwesibili (烘二青, hōng èrqīng), ukubunjwa (整形做条), ukuvezwa koboya (提毫, tíháo) nokomisa kokugcina. Ukuma okuqondile okuqinile iqabunga likuthola embizeni ku-60 °C; bese imbiza ipholiswa cishe ku-40 °C bese iqabunga lihlikihlwa ngezandla kuze kuvele uboya. Ukomiswa kokugcina kubhasikidi we-bamboo phezu komlilo.

6. Izici Zokunambitha

Ngokwezidingo zokuvikelwa, kwezindlela ezimbili.

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Isimo esigoqiwe (卷曲形) — iqabunga eligoqiwe eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka elinoboya obubonakalayo. Isicaba (扁形) — isicaba, esibushelelezi, esiqondile, esiluhlaza.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lotshwala: Eligoqiwe — i-chestnut ethambile, eqhubekayo (嫩栗香持久); isicaba — i-chestnut eqinile (栗香馥郁).
Ukunambitheka: Eligoqiwe — okusha nokuthambile (鲜醇); isicaba — okugcwele nokuthambile (浓醇).
Umbala wotshwala: Eligoqiwe — oluhlaza, ogqamile; isicaba — oluhlaza okotshani, ogqamile.
Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphekiwe): Eligoqiwe — lithambile, lilinganile, liluhlaza futhi ligqamile; isicaba — linenyama, liwugqinsi, liluhlaza futhi ligqamile.

Isici esihlukanisayo umqulu usichaza kanje: «叶肥耐冲泡、栗香味鲜浓» — iqabunga elinamanzi, elimelana nokuphuzwa kaningi, iphunga le-chestnut, ukunambitheka okusha okujulile.

I-Jiukeng Maojian izincwadi zokubhekisela ziyichaza kanje: iqabunga liminyene, likhulu, liqondile, liluhlaza ngokuthambile, linezinwele ezimhlophe; otshwaleni amahlumela anenyama, umbala uphuzi-luhlaza futhi ugqamile, uboya bude buyisiliva, iphunga le-chestnut ephekiwe (熟栗子香), ukunambitheka okusha futhi kujulile.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zokuvikelwa zibeka etiyeni eliqediwe:

Inkomba	Okuqukethwe
Izinto ezikhishwayo	40–53 %
Ama-polyphenol etiye	18–28 %
Ama-amino acid	3–6 %

Ayikho imininingwane nge-caffeine emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza; abathengisi beluleka amanzi angama-80–90 °C nokuphuzwa okuthathu kuya kokune, kodwa lokhu akusilo ijwayelekile lesiqondiso.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
Izitsha: ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza izitsha.
2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngodonga.
3. Ukuphisa kokuqala ngemizuzu engama-40–60.
4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yotshwala, bese wengeza amanzi.
5. Ukuphuza kathathu kuya kokune, ngakunye kukude kancane.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama nephunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo Namanga

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Ungawagwema kanjani amanga:
- Uhlobo nendawo akufani: isihlahla se-Jiukeng sikhula kulo lonke elase-China, kodwa i-Jiukeng Cha itiye kuphela lesifunda sase-Chun’an.
- Bheka uphawu lomkhiqizo onesiqinisekiso sendawo.
- Zombili izindlela zisemthethweni; okufanayo yiphunga le-chestnut nesisekelo setiye esinenyama.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Umugqa othi «睦州有鸠坑» uvame ukunikezwa i-«The Classic of Tea», kodwa use-«Izijobelelo emlandweni wombuso we-Tang».
Imbewu ye-Jiukeng yandiza emkhathini ngo-2003.
Ngokwezincwadi zokubhekisela, i-Jiukeng Maojian yayiyisisekelo setiye le-jasmine — «Jiukeng Moli Maojian» (鸠坑茉莉毛尖).
Umngcele ophansi wezinto ezikhishwayo ungu-40 %; ku-Yuyao Pubu Xianming (余姚瀑布仙茗) nase-Sanbeixiang Cha (三杯香茶) esimemezelweni esifanayo ngu-36 no-37 %.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye ase-Chun’an nakomakhelwane

Qiandao Yuye (千岛玉叶): Itiye eliluhlaza eliyisicaba lesifunda esifanayo sohlobo olufanayo, eladalwa ngo-1982.
Zhejiang Songzhen (浙江松针): Itiye eliluhlaza elinjengenaliti lesifunda esifanayo.
Tonglu Xueshui Yunlü Cha (桐庐雪水云绿茶): Itiye lesifunda sase-Tonglu, i-«The Classic of Tea» elibiza ngokuthi indawo yetiye lase-Muzhou.
Tunlü (屯绿): Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Anhui lokuthumela ngaphandle, umakhelwane ku-«golden triangle».

Ekuphetheni:

I-Jiukeng Cha itiye eligama lalo likhulu kunalo uqobo: idolobhana lanikeza igama ohlotsheni olwasakazeka kulo lonke elase-China nangale, kanti okuvikelwe kuphela itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Chun’an. Ligoqiwe noma liyisicaba, libonakala ngeqabunga elinamanzi, iphunga le-chestnut nokumelana nokuphuzwa kaningi.

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