I-Zhenba Maojian (Zhènbā máojiān, 镇巴毛尖) itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sase-Zhenba (镇巴县) esifundeni sikaMasipala wase-Hanzhong (汉中) eningizimu impela yesifundazwe sase-Shaanxi, ezintabeni zase-Dabashan ngasemngceleni ne-Sichuan. Igama elithi «maojian» — «izihloko ezinoboya» — lichaza ukwakheka, hhayi ubuchwepheshe; isigaba sinqunywa uchungechunge lokucubungula oluvela ezidingweni zokuvikelwa: ukulungiswa kokushisa, ukusonteka kabili, ukomiswa kanye nokugazingwa, ngaphandle kokufakwa komoyampilo kanye nangaphandle kokubilisa. Leli gama livikelwe njengophawu lwezolimo lwendawo (AGI03433) kanye nanjengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo ohlwini lwe-CNIPA lwango-2025.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Izidingo zokuvikelwa aziliqambi ngegama isigaba, kodwa zibeka ubuchwepheshe obuluhlaza — ukulungiswa kokushisa (杀青, shāqīng), ukusonteka, ukomiswa — ngaphandle kokufakwa komoyampilo kanye nangaphandle kokubilisa (闷黄, mènhuáng); umnambithisi uluhlaza ngobumnene.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza laseningizimu ye-Hanzhong e-Shaanxi elinezindlela ezimbili zokuvikelwa.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Shaanxi (陕西, Shǎnxī), umasipala wase-Hanzhong (汉中, Hànzhōng), isifunda sase-Zhenba (镇巴, Zhènbā).
- Umfakisicelo: Isiteshi sokuqondisa kwezobuchwepheshe sokulima itiye sesifunda sase-Zhenba (镇巴县茶叶技术指导站).
- Indawo evikelwe: Izindawo zokuhlala ezingama-20 kanye namahhovisi emigwaqo esifunda, kuzo kunezigodi zokuphatha eziyi-137. Kushiwo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili: Nianzi, Bamiao, Guanyin, Xinglong, Ping’an, Yongle, Dachi, Jianchi, Sanyuan, Liba, Changling, Yanchang, Chinan, Bashan, Yudu, Xiaoyang, Jingyang kanye ne-Yangjiahe — «kanye nezinye». Ngokohlu lwesithenjwa esifundeni kukhona izindawo eziyizi-20 ezinjalo, futhi okungashiwo kuphela yi-Qingshui (青水) ne-Rencun (仁村); izigodi kanye namakomidi okuhlala esifundeni, ngokwesithenjwa, angama-256.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: 107°25′–108°16′ empumalanga, 32°08′–32°50′ enyakatho.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Ngaphambi kokuvikelwa. Umlando wetiye emithonjeni etholakele awukho: azikho izinsuku, azikho imiklomelo, azikho imibhalo yomlando.
- Uphawu lwezolimo. UMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya wabhalisa leli gama ngaphansi kwenombolo AGI03433; unyaka wokubhaliswa emithonjeni etholakele awukho.
- 2025. Isimemezelo se-CNIPA № 646 safaka «镇巴毛尖» ohlwini lwemikhiqizo enophawu lwendawo (umugqa wama-759 wesithasiselo) futhi sagunyaza izidingo zokuvikelwa: indawo, izinhlobo zezitshalo, indawo yokutshala, ubuchwepheshe bezolimo, ubuchwepheshe bokucubungula, ukubukeka kanye nezinkomba zomzimba namakhemikhali.
- Igama: «Zhenba» (镇巴) — igama lesifunda; «maojian» (毛尖) — «izihloko ezinoboya», ngokubukeka kweqabunga elomile.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: I-Hanzhong iyindawo yetiye eseningizimu ye-Shaanxi, ehlukaniswe nenyakatho eyomile ngochungechunge lwezintaba i-Qinling. Ngokwendatshana yethu yomqulu, isifunda singena nendawo yegama lesambulela lesifunda i-Hanzhong Xian Hao (汉中仙毫); i-Zhenba Maojian igama elihlukile elinezidingo zalo.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo zezitshalo: Izidingo zokuvikelwa zibiza inani labantu 紫阳槠叶群体种 (Zǐyáng zhūyè qúntǐzhǒng) — negama lesifunda sase-Ziyang sesifundazwe esifanayo egameni — kanye nohlobo 名山131 (Míngshān 131), «kanye nezinye». Incazelo yezihlahla umqulu awuyinikezi.
- Ukuvunwa: Kuphela ngesandla (全部手工采摘); imiqumbe namaqabunga agcwele futhi alingene, ngaphandle kwamazolo nokulimala (芽叶饱满匀整，不带露水无损伤).
- Indinganiso yokuvuna: Ukuthi mangaki amaqabunga okufanele athathwe nomqumbe, umqulu awusho; imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Izinkathi zonyaka: Imithetho yokuthena ikhuluma ngokuvuna kwentwasahlobo nekwindla; izinsuku eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele azikho.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Ngokwemininingwane yesithenjwa, isifunda silele engxenyeni esentshonalanga yezintaba zase-Dabashan nasengxenyeni esempumalanga yogqozi lwase-Micangshan, ekhoneni eliseningizimu-mpumalanga yesifunda sase-Hanzhong, futhi eningizimu sinomngcele ne-Wanyuan ne-Tongjiang zase-Sichuan. Sinqanyulwa imifula yamabhange amabili — i-Jialingjiang ne-Hanjiang.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikelwa — 800–1200 m. Indawo yesifunda, ngokwesithenjwa, isukela ku-425 m eduze kwedolobhana lase-Bamiao iye ku-2534 m entabeni i-Jiangangshan.
- Isimo sezulu: Ezingadini imininingwane ayikho. Ngokwesithenjwa ngesifunda: indawo enomswakama esenyakatho eshisayo eseningizimu-mpumalanga yemonsoon, ibonakala njengezwekazi; izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-13.8 °C, imvula ingu-1250 mm, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa siyizinsuku ezingama-236.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikelwa — inhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu (黄棕壤), inhlabathi ephuzi-nsundu ngokukhanyayo (黄褐土), inhlabathi enamatshe (石渣土) kanye nenhlabathi enesihlabathi enezicucu zamatshe (片砂土); ungqimba alukho ngaphansi kuka-1 m, i-pH ingu-5.5–6.0, izinto eziphilayo azikho ngaphansi kuka-2.0 %.
- Ubuchwepheshe bezolimo: Ukutshala okuminyene emigqeni evundlile ethambekeni emgqeni owodwa noma emibili, ngendlela ka-«丁», izithombo ezingama-25 000–32 000 ngehektha. Umquba ngohlelo «olulodwa oluyinhloko, okubili okungeziwe» (一基两追): okuyinhloko, ikakhulukazi okuphilayo, ekwindla noma ebusika lapho kulinywa ngokujulile, kungabi ngaphansi kuka-20 cm; okungeziwe entwasahlobo nasehlobo-ekwindla, ikakhulukazi i-nitrogen esheshayo. Ukuthena kwentwasahlobo — ngemva kokuvuna kwentwasahlobo, ngokujulile (10–15 cm) noma ngamandla (uhhafu wesihlahla); ekwindla — ngemva kokuvuna kwekwindla, ngama-3–5 cm ngaphezulu kokusikeka kwangaphambilini.
- Isilinganiso: Indatshana yesithenjwa ngesifunda ibiza ama-35 000 mu wezingadi zetiye kanye namathani angama-420 etiye ngonyaka, ingasho unyaka.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zokuvikelwa zibeka uchungechunge lokucubungula, kodwa azinikezi imingcele — akukho amazinga okushisa, akukho isikhathi, akukho umswakama. Ukulandelana kwezigaba ngokomqulu: ukuhlukaniswa kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng) → ukulungiswa kokushisa (杀青, shāqīng) → ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn) → ukuhlukanisa izigaxa (解块, jiěkuài) → ukomiswa kokuqala (初烘, chūhōng) → ukuphola (摊晾, tānliàng) → ukusonteka okuphindwayo (复揉, fùróu) → ukugazingwa ngokugingqika kweqabunga (滚炒, gǔnchǎo) → ukomiswa okuphelele (足干, zúgān) → ukukhetha (精选, jīngxuǎn) → ukupakisha.
Ngokohlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye eliluhlaza, hhayi ngokwencazelo yaleli ngqo, ukulungiswa kokushisa kumisa ukufakwa komoyampilo, kanti ukugazingwa nokomiswa kuphelele kuqinisa iphunga elimnandi. Isici esikhethekile sochungechunge siyabonakala ngisho nangaphandle kwemingcele: ukusonteka kukabili, phakathi kwakho kukhona ukomiswa kancane nokuphola, bese ekugcineni kuba ukugazingwa.
6. Izici Zokunambitha
Incazelo engezansi inikezwa izidingo zokuvikelwa; imfishane, futhi ayikho imishwana emithathu kuyo.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Liqinile futhi lisontekile ngokuqinile, liluhlaza ngokucwebezela okumanzi, noboya obubonakalayo (外形壮实紧结、色泽绿润显毫).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lomnambithisi: Alichazwanga ngokwehlukile — iphunga lishiwo kuphela encazelweni yokunambitha; imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Ukunambitha: Kuthambile futhi kunephunga elimnandi, nobuyisa obumnandi (滋味醇香回甘).
- Umbala womnambithisi: Uluhlaza ngobumnene, obala futhi okhanyayo (茶汤嫩绿透亮).
- Iqabunga letiye (iqabunga elidliwe): Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Umqulu wengeza ukuthi itiye licebile ngezinto ezikhishwayo futhi likwazi ukumelana nokuthelwa kaningi (内含物丰富耐冲泡).
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izinkomba zomzimba namakhemikhali ngokwezidingo zokuvikelwa:
| Inkomba | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| Izinto ezikhishwayo | azikho ngaphansi kuka-40.0 % |
| Ama-amino acid | azikho ngaphansi kuka-3 % |
| Ama-polyphenol | azikho ngaphansi kuka-16 % |
| Ama-catechin | 15 % |
Kuma-catechin emqulwini alukho uphawu lokuqhathanisa — nje «15 %»; lokhu kuqinisekiswe ngesithombe sekhasi. Ukuthi umkhawulo noma isilinganiso, akucaci. Umqulu ubiza itiye ngokuthi licebile ngama-amino acid nge-zinc, kodwa izinombolo ze-zinc azizinikezi. Lezi izidingo zokuvikelwa, hhayi izilinganiso zeqoqo.
8. Ukudidiyela
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi ekhanyayo noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo: Fudumeza isitsha, thela amanzi odongeni, umnambithisi wokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60; phuza, ushiya ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu, bese uthela futhi. Ngokuvamile ukuphindwa kabili noma kathathu, kodwa izidingo zokuvikelwa ziphawula ukuthi itiye likwazi ukumelana nokuthelwa kaningi.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga; kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.
- Ungayigwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Funani uphawu olukhethekile lophawu lwendawo: isicelo esivela kumkhiqizi osendaweni samukelwa yihhovisi lokuphathwa kwempahla yobuhlakani lesifunda, lihlolwa yihhovisi lesifundazwe, futhi ilungelo lophawu limenyezelwa yi-CNIPA.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sase-Zhenba, nokuthi ephaketheni kubhalwe ngqo «镇巴毛尖»: igama elithi «maojian» aliqinisekisi indawo.
- Iqabunga elomile — liqinile, lisontekile ngokuqinile, liluhlaza noboya; umnambithisi — uluhlaza ngobumnene futhi obala.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Ukuvunwa ngesandla kuyisibopho kulo lonke igama: umqulu awuhlukanisi itiye ngezinhlobo zezitshalo.
- Indawo evikelwe ibizwa ngokuthi «izindawo zokuhlala ezingama-20 kanye namahhovisi emigwaqo», kodwa kushiwo eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili.
- Esinye sezisekelo ezimbili zezinhlobo zezitshalo sinegama lesinye isifunda setiye sase-Shaanxi — i-Ziyang.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aseningizimu ye-Shaanxi kanye nama-maojian
- I-Hanzhong Xian Hao (汉中仙毫): Igama lesifunda eliyisambulela, indawo yalo ifaka ne-Zhenba; lapha — igama lesifunda elinezidingo zalo.
- I-Wuzi Xianhao (午子仙毫): Itiye lesifunda sase-Xixiang sesifunda esifanayo neqabunga eliyisicaba neligobile; kwi-Zhenba Maojian iqabunga liqinile futhi lisontekile ngokuqinile.
- I-Ziyang Mao Jian (紫阳毛尖): I-maojian yesifunda sase-Ankang; igama lika-Ziyang liphinde libe yinani labantu elivela ezidingweni ze-Zhenba Maojian.
- I-Xinyang Mao Jian (信阳毛尖): Itiye lase-Henan elinegama elifanayo — «maojian» lichaza ukwakheka, hhayi indawo.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Zhenba Maojian itiye eliluhlaza lasemaphethelweni aseningizimu e-Shaanxi, lapho izintaba zase-Dabashan zihlangana ne-Sichuan. Umlando walo imithombo iyathula, kodwa izidingo zokuvikelwa zango-2025 zilichaza ngokuningiliziwe: izingadi ku-800–1200 m, ukuvunwa ngesandla, ukusonteka kabili nokugazingwa ekugcineni, iqabunga eliluhlaza eliqinile elinoboya, umnambithisi oluhlaza ngobumnene obala kanye nokunambitha okuthambile nobuyisa obumnandi. Izikhathi zokuvuna, iphunga, iqabunga letiye kanye nentengo okwamanje kuseyizindawo ezingenalwazi.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo