I-Songyang Xiangcha (Sōngyáng xiāngchá, 松阳香茶) — «itiye elinephunga elimnandi» lesifunda saseSongyang (松阳县) ngaphansi kwedolobha laseLishui eningizimu-ntshonalanga yesifundazwe saseZhejiang. Lona itiye eliluhlaza elisetshenziswa kakhulu elisontwe ngokuqondile futhi lagxishwa ngokuthoswa. Imibhalo yesifunda ikhuphula ubuchwepheshe balo ematiyeni athosiwe ayenziwa lapha kusukela ngesikhathi saseTang, futhi iyichaza kafushane ngokuthi: iphunga elimnandi eliphakeme, ukunambitheka okugcwele. I-Xiangcha ingenye yezimpawu ezimbili zesifunda zesifunda eceleni kwe-Songyang Yinhou edumile; ngokwemininingwane yeziphathimandla zaseLishui, ithengiswa ezifundazweni nasemadolobheni angaphezu kwamashumi amabili, kanti eSongyang uqobo kunemakethe abezindaba abayibiza ngokuthi imakethe enkulu kunazo zonke yetiye eliluhlaza eChina.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá), elingavutshelwe. Isimo — ukusonteka okuqondile kokugxishwa ngokuthoswa: 条形炒青 (tiáoxíng chǎoqīng).
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lesimanje lesifunda saseZhejiang; uphawu lwesitifiketi sendawo (2015).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseZhejiang (浙江, Zhèjiāng), idolobha laseLishui (丽水, Lìshuǐ), isifunda saseSongyang (松阳县, Sōngyáng Xiàn).
- Indawo: Isizinda sezimpawu zesifundazwe sibiza isifunda saseSongyang njengendawo yomnikazi wophawu; umngcele oqondile wendawo awukho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe u-28.5° enyakatho kanye no-119.5° empumalanga.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Izwe lasendulo letiye. Ngokwemibhalo yeziphathimandla zaseLishui kanye nomnyango wezolimo wesifunda, itiye eSongyang laqala ukutshalwa ngesikhathi seNkathi Yemibuso Emithathu. Kuthiwa futhi ukuthi ngesikhathi saseTang umfundisi wamaDao u-Ye Fashan (叶法善) wenza lapha itiye elalibizwa ngokuthi «itiye lokungafi lentaba yaseMaoshan» (卯山仙茶), — «elisesimweni seqabunga likanqumbisa, liluhlaza okumnyama, linomhluzo ocacile kanye nokunambitheka okuthambile», — nokuthi leli tiye lalithunyelwa enkantolo. Imibhalo yaleyo nkathi ayikho emithonjeni etholakele; lokhu kuyisiko lesifunda.
- Amatiye endawo aseTang. Imithombo efanayo ibiza amatiye adumile endawo enkathini yeTang ngokuthi i-Hengshan Cha (横山茶) ne-Xiajie Cha (下街茶). I-Xiangcha, ngokwamazwi abo, idalwe ngesisekelo samasu abo okuthosa.
- 1929. Itiye laseSongyang lathola umklomelo wokuqala embukisweni wokuqala waseWest Lake (西湖博览会) e-Hangzhou.
- 2014–2015. Ngomhla ka-3 Juni 2014 inhlangano yemboni yetiye yesifunda saseSongyang (松阳县茶叶产业协会) yafaka isicelo sophawu lwesitifiketi sendawo «松阳香茶», ngomhla ka-14 Juni 2015 uphawu lwabhaliswa — ekubhalisweni okubili, inombolo 14577182 kanye no-14577183, isigaba 30. Emaphawini, ngokwemininingwane yesizinda sesifundazwe, kuvunyelwe izinkampani eziyishumi.
- Namuhla. Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda ka-2022, eSongyang kukhona cishe ama-mu ayizinkulungwane eziyi-153 ezingadi zetiye zemvelo, futhi wonke uchungechunge lwemboni yetiye lunikeza ngaphezu kwezigidi eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-13 zama-yuan ngonyaka. Isifunda sibalwa phakathi kwezifunda eziyishumi ezihamba phambili zemboni yetiye eChina (全国茶业发展十强县).
- Unyaka lapho i-xiangcha uqobo yavela khona awushiwongo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Igama:
- «Songyang» (松阳) — yigama lesifunda; ngokwezwi nezwi «uphayini» kanye «nomthambeka onelanga».
- «Xiangcha» (香茶, xiāngchá) — «itiye elinephunga elimnandi». Igama ligcizelela okubalulekile: leli tiye laziswa ngephunga nokunambitheka kwalo.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: ISongyang inezimpawu ezimbili zesifunda. I-Songyang Yinhou itiye elidumile elinoboya obusiliva; i-xiangcha itiye elisetshenziswa nsuku zonke elisakazwa ezweni lonke. Ngokomnyango wezolimo wesifunda, embonini yetiye kuqashwe cishe u-40 % wezakhamuzi zesifunda, kanti uhhafu wemali engenayo yabalimi uvela etiyeni.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Uhlobo / I-cultivar: Iziphi izinhlobo ezisetshenziswa ngokuqondile kwi-xiangcha, akushiwongo emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokwemininingwane yeziphathimandla zaseLishui, esifundeni kutshalwa i-Huangjinya (黄金芽, huángjīnyá), i-Zijuan (紫鹃, zǐjuān), i-Anji Baicha (安吉白茶, Ānjí báichá), i-Longjing 43 (龙井43, Lóngjǐng 43) kanye ne-Wuniu Zao (乌牛早, wūniúzǎo).
- Ukuvuna: Izikhathi zokuvuna azikashiwongo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izinga lokuvuna: Imininingwane ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Imvelaphi evela esifundeni saseSongyang kanye nokuvunyelwa komkhiqizi uphawini.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: ISongyang ilele ezintabeni zaseningizimu-ntshonalanga yeZhejiang. Ngokwencazelo yeziphathimandla zaseLishui, isifunda sizungezwe izintaba futhi sinqanyulwa imifudlana, isimo sezulu simnene, imvula iningi. Izingadi zetiye zihamba ngezigodi nasemithambekeni — kusuka lapha isiqubulo sesifunda esithi «ikhulu lamakhilomitha omuzi — ikhulu lamakhilomitha etiye» (百里乡村百里茶).
- Ukuphakama kokutshalwa: Imininingwane ye-xiangcha ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Inhlabathi: Kulezo zincazelo ezifanayo — ivundile, inongqimba olujulile, lucebile ngezinto eziphilayo. Uhlobo oluqondile lomhlabathi alukho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu se-subtropical monsoon seningizimu-ntshonalanga yeZhejiang. Ukuminyana kwehlathi lesifunda, ngokomnyango wezolimo wesifunda, kungaphezu kuka-80 %.
- Itiye le-organic: Isifunda sizikhangisa ngokuthi «izwe letiye le-organic laseChina» (中国有机茶乡). Izingadi ze-organic, kuhlanganise nezesikhashana, ngokwemininingwane yeziphathimandla zaseLishui ka-2025, zicishe zibe ngu-4700 mu — ingxenye encane yazo zonke izingadi zesifunda.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Ubuchwepheshe ngokombhalo wophawu abukho emithonjeni etholakele. Incazelo yesibili isho into eyodwa: iqabunga liyasontwa ukuze ijusi liphume kalula emhluzweni. Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye eliluhlaza lokugxishwa ngokuthoswa lulolu:
- Ukuhlukaniswa kweqabunga elisha (摊放 — tānfàng): Iqabunga lilahlekelwa ingxenye yomswakama.
- Ukugxisha (杀青 — shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
- Ukusonteka (揉捻 — róuniǎn): Iqabunga lithola isimo sokusonteka okuqondile.
- Ukomisa (干燥 — gānzào).
Lolu uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe be-xiangcha. Amazinga okushisa nobude besikhathi baleli tiye abekho emithonjeni etholakele.
6. Izici Zesitho
Amafomula amafushane emithonjeni ayahluka. Imibhalo yeziphathimandla zaseLishui ithi nge-xiangcha «香高味浓» — iphunga elimnandi eliphakeme, ukunambitheka okugcwele. Ubuholi besifunda engxoxweni, bekhuluma ngetiye laseSongyang jikelele, busho elinye ifomula — «色绿、条紧、香高、味醇»: umbala oluhlaza, ukusonteka okuqinile, iphunga elimnandi eliphakeme, ukunambitheka okuthambile.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukusonteka okuqondile okuqinile kombala oluhlaza (条紧、色绿) — ngokwefomula yobuholi besifunda.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Incazelo ehlukile ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lomhluzo: Eliphakeme (香高).
- Ukunambitheka: Okugcwele (味浓) — ngokwemibhalo yeziphathimandla zaseLishui; okuthambile (味醇) — ngokwefomula yobuholi besifunda.
- Umbala womhluzo: Imininingwane ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Imininingwane ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
Izincazelo ezinemininingwane ethe xaxa zokubukeka — ezinephunga le-chestnut — zitholakala ekulandiseni kwesibili; azizange ziqinisekiswe ngomthombo wokuqala.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Ukuhlaziywa kokwakheka kwe-songyang xiangcha ngokuqondile akukho emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 85–90 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi ekhanyayo noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa isitsha.
- Faka itiye.
- Thela amanzi amancane, vumela iqabunga livuleke imizuzwana engama-20–30.
- Thela amanzi engeziwe; umhluzo wokuqala — imizuzu eyi-1–2.
- Phuza, ushiye ingxenye yomhluzo.
- Ukuphindisela kabili noma kathathu ngokukhuphuka okuncane kwesikhathi.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, kude nokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga. Itiye eliluhlaza liphuzwa liselisha, ukuguga akudingeki kulo.
10. Intengo kanye Nemikhohlisi
Amanani okudayisa awekho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Uzivika kanjani emikhohlisini:
- Bheka uphawu «松阳香茶» ephaketheni kanye nomkhiqizi ophakathi kwabavunyelwe uphawini.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni saseSongyang.
- Iqabunga kufanele libe ukusonteka okuqondile okuqinile, iphunga — libe phezulu.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- ESongyang kusebenza imakethe yetiye yaseNingizimu yeZhejiang (浙南茶叶市场). Abezindaba bayibiza ngokuthi imakethe enkulu kunazo zonke yetiye eliluhlaza eChina, lapha kushicilelwa inkomba kazwelonke yamanani etiye eliluhlaza. Imakethe inezigaba eziyisithupha — i-maofeng, i-xiangcha, itiye eliyisicaba, i-biluochun, elibomvu kanye nelezimbali, — izitolo ezingama-306 kanye nezindawo zokuhweba ezingaba yizinkulungwane eziyishumi. Ngokwabezindaba, ngo-2022 emakethe kwadlula amathani angu-81.7 ezinkulungwane etiye.
- Itiye laseSongyang lathola umklomelo wokuqala embukisweni waseWest Lake ka-1929.
- Uphawu «松阳香茶» lubhaliswe ngokusemthethweni ngaphansi kwezinombolo ezimbili ngesikhathi esisodwa.
- I-Xiangcha ithengiswa ezifundazweni nasemadolobheni angaphezu kwamashumi amabili eChina.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza
- I-Songyang Yinhou (松阳银猴): Itiye elidumile lesifunda esifanayo — elisontwe, eliqinile, lonke linoboya obusiliva. I-Xiangcha ukusonteka okuqondile netiye elisetshenziswa nsuku zonke.
- I-Xihu Longjing (西湖龙井): Itiye eliyisicaba laseHangzhou, elilokuqala ohlwini lwamatiye adumile aseChina. I-xiangcha inesimo esihlukile — ukusonteka okuqondile — kanye nendima ehlukile.
- I-Pingshui Zhucha (平水珠茶): Itiye eliluhlaza laseZhejiang, eligoqwe laba amabhola, elaziwa emhlabeni njenge-«gunpowder». Nalo itiye elisetshenziswa kakhulu, kodwa linesimo esihlukile.
- I-Meicha (眉茶): Itiye eliluhlaza eliqondile «le-s eyebrow» lokugxishwa ngokuthoswa, itiye eliluhlaza elihamba phambili lokuthumela kwamanye amazwe eChina. Isihlobo esiseduze kakhulu se-xiangcha ngesimo.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Songyang Xiangcha itiye eliluhlaza elisebenzayo lesifunda esikhulu setiye: ukusonteka okuqondile okuqinile, iphunga elimnandi eliphakeme, ukunambitheka okugcwele. Isifunda siyixhumanisa nesiko le-tang letiye elithosiwe, sinephawu layo kusukela ngo-2015 futhi iyithengisa ezweni lonke ngemakethe yayo — ngokwamazwi abezindaba, imakethe enkulu kunazo zonke yetiye eliluhlaza eChina.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo