Měnghǎi Zhāngjiā chá

Měnghǎi Zhāngjiā Chá (Měnghǎi Zhāngjiā chá, 勐海章家茶) — uphawu lwendawo lwetiye laseZhangjia (章家) — elinye lamadolobhana ayisikhombisa okuphatha esifundeni saseBulangshan esifundeni saseMenghai (勐海县) eSifundazweni SaseYunnan, eSifundeni Esizimele SaseXishuangbanna Dai. Idolobhana elidala laseZhangjia lime ngasemngceleni wesifunda, eningizimu yalo kuneMyanmar; womabili amadolobhana ekomidi achazwe ngabantu baseBulang. Elidume kakhulu kuwo kwezohwebo lwetiye, iZhangjia Sandui, libizwa ngegama elithi “iBan Zhang encane”, nakuba ikakhulukazi okukhula lapho akusona isihlahla esidala, kodwa itiye elisemagqumeni. Ukuthi uphawu luhlanganisa yiluphi uhlobo lwetiye, akushiwongo emibhalweni etholakele.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Umbhalo wophawu alubhalanga. Izingadi ezindala zaseMenghai ziwumthombo wamahlamvu amakhulu ikakhulukazi e-pu’er, kodwa ngehlamvu elifanayo kwenziwa netiye elibomvu nelimhlophe; ukuthi yimuphi umkhiqizo ohlanganiswa wuphawu, irejista ayisho. Izincazelo zokunambitheka ezitholakele ziphathelene nokungavuthiwe kwe-pu’er (毛茶, máochá).
• Isigaba: Uphawu lwendawo lwesigodi saseMenghai — uphawu lokuhweba lweqoqo noma lokuqinisekisa.
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), iSifunda Esizimele SaseXishuangbanna Dai, isifunda saseMenghai (勐海县, Měnghǎi Xiàn), idolobhana lesizwe samaBulang iBulangshan (布朗山布朗族乡, Bùlǎngshān Bùlǎngzú Xiāng), idolobhana lokuphatha — ikomidi lasemaphandleni iZhangjia (章家村委会). Ekomidini kukhona, phakathi kokunye, idolobhana elidala iZhangjia (章家老寨), lapho kumi khona ikomidi ngokwalo, kanye nesigodi iZhangjia Sandui (章家三队, “iqembu lesithathu laseZhangjia”).
• Indawo yophawu: Uhlu lwesifundazwe lusho kuphela isifunda nesigodi — lokhu kuwubunikazi bokuphatha bomnikazi wophawu; umngcele womthetho wendawo angiwuhlolanga, futhi umngcele wedolobhana njengendawo yophawu awuqinisekisiwe emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Azikho izixhumanisi eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele. Isikhungo sesifunda saseBulangshan cishe siku-21,59° enyakatho no-100,42° empumalanga.

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Ukufuduka. Ngokwencazelo, iZhangjia Sandui yahlukana nedolobhana elidala laseZhangjia emashumini ambalwa eminyaka adlule. Usuku oluqondile alukho emithonjeni etholakele.
  • 2012–2014. Isikhungo sesifunda sokwesekwa kwezobuchwepheshe embonini yetiye (勐海县茶叶技术服务中心) safaka isicelo sophawu lokuqinisekisa oluyi-umbrella “勐海茶” ngo-2012; lwabhaliswa ngo-2014.
  • Ngaphambi kuka-2019. Uphawu “勐海章家茶” lwabhaliswa: uhlu lwesifundazwe lwezimpawu zokuhweba zendawo lwaseYunnan lwangomhla zingama-28 kuZibandlela 2019 lubala lona emgqeni wama-223, eceleni kophawu lwe-umbrella “勐海茶” nezinye izimpawu eziyishumi nane zezintaba namadolobhana esifunda (umshicileli ngo-2022 wabhala ngeziyishumi nesithupha). Inombolo yokubhalisa, umnikazi, unyaka nesigaba somkhiqizo akubhalwanga emithonjeni etholakele; ukuthi uphawu lusasebenza manje, akuqinisekisiwe.
• Igama: “Menghai” (勐海) — igama lesifunda; “Zhangjia” (章家) — igama ledolobhana nekomidi lasemaphandleni; lichazwa ngezindlela ezahlukene: incwadi yezindawo — njengegama elidlule elisontekile ekuphinyisweni uZhangzhan (章展), incwadi yezohwebo — njengegama lesiDai elisho “abakwaziyo ukwakha amavulandi”; “cha” (茶, chá) — itiye.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isifunda saseBulangshan siyindawo enkulu kunazo zonke e-China yabantu baseBulang (cishe amaphesenti angama-64 abahlali). Kwezohwebo lwetiye iZhangjia yaziwa ngegama lesidlaliso lesigodi saseSandui — “iBan Zhang encane” (小班章): itiye laso liqhathaniswa netiye laseLao Banzhang lesifunda esifanayo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nokungavuthiwe

• Uhlobo / Cultivar: Alubhalwanga emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izinhlobo zezingadi: Ngokwezincazelo zeZhangjia Sandui, okungavuthiwe okuyinhloko lapho — itiye elisemagqumeni (台地茶, táidìchá), okungukuthi izitshalo ezincane eziyizihlahla, kuhlanganisa nezihlahla ezineminyaka engaba ngamashumi amane kanye nezihlahla ezinkulu ezimbalwa (大树茶), ezitshalwe ngesikhathi kusungulwa idolobhana. Ngokohlu olulodwa, izihlahla ezindala (古茶树) azikho edolobhaneni; ngokolunye, ezindala kakhulu azidluli eminyakeni engamashumi amane. Enye incazelo ibala indawo yezitshalo ezincane — ngaphezu kwe-3000 mu (cishe amahektha angama-200).
• Ukuvuna: Izikhathi azibhalwanga emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Alibhalwanga emithonjeni etholakele.
• Izidingo zokungavuthiwe: Ayikho imithetho yophawu emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: Iningizimu yesifunda saseBulangshan, emngceleni kahulumeni. Idolobhana elidala laseZhangjia, ngokwencazelo, lisendaweni ephansi futhi ethe xaxa kuneSandui.
• Ukuphakama kokutshala: IZhangjia Sandui ime esiqongweni sentaba cishe 1100 m; izingadi, ngokohlu olulodwa, ziku-1100–1800 m. Esifundeni sonke — izintaba eziphakathi nendawo 1000–2200 m.
• Isimo sezulu: Esifundeni saseBulangshan kusho izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi kuka-18–21 °C nemvula engaba ngu-1374 mm ngonyaka; incazelo yeSandui ikhuluma ngelanga elide namakhaza amaningi esiqongweni esivulekile.
• Umhlabathi: Incazelo yeSandui ithi umhlabathi uvundile; ayikho eminye imininingwane.
• Abantu: IZhangjia Sandui, ngokwencazelo, — cishe amakhaya angama-130 nabahlali abangama-680, iningi labo lingamaBulang.
• Amabanga: Ngokohlu olulodwa, iSandui iyi-3 km ukusuka ekomidini lasemaphandleni; ngokolunye — iyi-22 km ukusuka edolobhaneni elidala.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubuchwepheshe obuqinisekiswa wuphawu abuchazwanga emithonjeni etholakele. Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba se-pu’er eluhlaza ngokwezinga le-GB/T 22111-2008, hhayi incazelo yetiye laseZhangjia ngokwalo: ihlamvu elisha liyendlalwa (摊放, tānfàng), liqiniswa ngokushisa (杀青, shāqīng), lisongwa (揉捻, róuniǎn), kuhlukaniswa amagada futhi komiswe elangeni (日光干燥, rìguāng gānzào). Kuvela “okungavuthiwe kwelanga” (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá); nge-pu’er eluhlaza kuyahlungwa, kufakwe umusi, kucindezelwe futhi komiswe, ngaphandle kokuvutshelwa kwenqwaba (渥堆, wòduī).

6. Izici Zokunambitheka

Izincazelo zemibhalo yezohwebo ngokungavuthiwe kweZhangjia Sandui — ikakhulukazi okuvela ezingadini ezisemagqumeni; akukho ukuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri ngemuva kwazo.

• Isimo seqabunga elomile: Ukusongwa kuqinile, kukhanya ngamafutha; “iqabunga limnyama, ihlumela limhlophe” (叶黑芽白).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ngokuhlolwa okukodwa kwezohwebo — elisha, elinezimbali futhi elimnandi.
• Iphunga lokumnika: Ngokohlolo olufanayo — linoju oluwugqinsi; okuyizimbali kuhlala ngemuva.
• Ukunambitheka: Ukubaba okunamandla kanye nokumnika okuwugqinsi, okuminyene — “kubaba, kuwugqinsi, kujulile” (苦大稠深). Ubumnandi obubuyayo (回甘, huígān) buyashesha futhi bunamandla, kusala ukuhlwanyela okuncane; ukubaba nobumnandi kuyavumelana. “Amandla etiye” anamandla, kodwa, ngokohlu olufanayo, awabukhali futhi awahlali isikhathi eside njengaseLao Banzhang.
• Umbala wokumnika: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Ayikho imininingwane ye-physical-chemical ngetiye laseZhangjia emithonjeni etholakele. Ukuze uziqondise — inkambiso yesigaba, hhayi isilinganiso: izinga le-GB/T 22111-2008 lidinga ku-pu’er eluhlaza okungenani amaphesenti angama-28,0 e-polyphenol namaphesenti angama-35,0 wezinto ezincibilikayo emanzini lapho umswakama ungeqi kumaphesenti angama-13,0.

8. Ukuphisa

Inkambiso yesigaba — nge-pu’er eluhlaza, okuhlobene nakho izincazelo ezitholakele; itiye elibomvu noma elimhlophe ngehlamvu elifanayo liphiswa ngendlela ehlukile.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
• Inani letiye: 5–7 g nge-100 ml.
• Izitsha: I-gaiwan (盖碗, gàiwǎn) noma itiye-pot yobumba.
• Inqubo:
  1. Fudumeza izitsha bese ufaka itiye.
  2. Geza iqabunga ngamanzi ashisayo imizuzwana emi-5–10 bese uyachitha.
  3. Ukumnika kokuqala — imizuzwana emi-5–10.
  4. Thela nge-strainer.
  5. Ukuphindaphinda ukuthela ngokwengeza isikhathi kancane kancane.

9. Ukugcina

Inkambiso yesigaba. Indawo eyomile, ehlanzekile, enomoya ongenaphunga nokukhanya okuqondile, ukugoqwa kwephepha noma ibhokisi. I-pu’er eluhlaza livumela ukuguga isikhathi eside, ngeminyaka isimo nokunambitheka kwalo kuyashintsha.

10. Intengo Nokukhwabanisa

Intengo ayikho emithonjeni etholakele. Okungavuthiwe okuyinhloko kweSandui, ngokwezincazelo, — itiye elisemagqumeni, “abaningi abangafuni ukulisho”.

• Ugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
  • Hlola uphawu “勐海章家茶” nokuthi umkhiqizi usebenza esifundeni saseMenghai. Uphawu alusho lutho ngohlobo lwetiye noma ngeminyaka yezihlahla.
  • Isidlaliso “iBan Zhang encane” — ukuqhathanisa ukunambitheka, hhayi imvelaphi: itiye laseZhangjia akulona laseBanzhang.
  • Amagama athi “古树” (izihlahla ezindala) lapho imvelaphi ingeZhangjia adinga ukuhlolwa okukhethekile: ngokwezincazelo, izihlahla ezindala azikho eSandui noma zincane kakhulu.
  • Intengo esondelene neyaseBanzhang yokungavuthiwe kwaseZhangjia — isizathu sokubuza umthengisi ukuthi ikhokhelwe ini.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• IZhangjia ingelinye lamadolobhana ayisikhombisa okuphatha esifunda lapho amaBulang enza cishe izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zabahlali.
• Isigodi iSandui siqanjwe ngenombolo yeqembu — “iqembu lesithathu laseZhangjia”.
• Isidlaliso “iBan Zhang encane” ezohwebo asinikezwa idolobhana elilodwa kuphela: ngokufanayo kubizwa, ngokwesibonelo, itiye laseNaka entabeni yaseMengsong.

12. Ukuqhathanisa Namatiye Angomakhelwane

• I-Lao Banzhang (老班章): Idolobhana lesifunda esifanayo saseBulangshan, izinga elibekiwe le-pu’er eluhlaza elinamandla; incazelo yetiye laseZhangjia ililinganisa neLao Banzhang futhi iyavuma ukuthi “amandla” eZhangjia abuthakathaka.
• I-Bulangshan (布朗山): Izintaba nesifunda okuyingxenye yazo iZhangjia.

Ekuphetheni:

IMenghai Zhangjia Cha — uphawu lwetiye ledolobhana lamaBulang elisemngceleni oseningizimu wesifunda saseBulangshan. Isigodi saso iSandui esiqongweni esivulekile cishe ku-1100 m saziwa ngesidlaliso “iBan Zhang encane” nangokungavuthiwe okubabayo, okuminyene nobumnandi obusheshayo. Izincazelo zivuma ngobuqotho ukuthi lokhu ikakhulukazi ihlamvu elisemagqumeni nokuthi alifinyeleli emandleni eLao Banzhang. Uphawu luqinisekisa igama lendawo, kodwa hhayi uhlobo lwetiye noma iminyaka yezihlahla.

Imithombo

Amazinga

• GB/T 22111-2008

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo