ILawumudeng Cha (Lǎomǔdēng chá, 老姆登茶) itiye eliluhlaza elenziwe ngezinhlobo zamacembe amakhulu aseYunnan, elitshalwa emhosheni womfula iNujiang, esifundeni esizimele saseNujiang-Lisu enyakatho-ntshonalanga yeYunnan. Igama linikezwe idolobhana lesizwe samaNu esifundeni saseFugong; ngokolimi lwesiNu, ngokuhunyushwa komnyango wezolimo wesifundazwe, elithi “laomudeng” lisho “indawo abantu abathanda ukuya kuyo”. Imibhalo yendawo ibiza amasimu etiye akule ndawo ngokuthi “izingadi zetiye ezineqhwa”: ebusika agcwala iqhwa neqhwa elincane. Leli gama livikelwe njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo kusukela ngo-2020 nangesimemezelo seNational Intellectual Property Administration No. 646 (2025).
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) elenziwe ngezinhlobo zamacembe amakhulu. Izidingo zokuvikela zibiza ukuphuculwa kwetiye eliluhlaza futhi zinikeza izindlela ezintathu zalo; izinkomba zekhwalithi zibhalelwe “itiye eliluhlaza elingahluziwe laseLawumudeng” (老姆登绿茶毛茶). Izincazelo eziyireferensi zibhekisela ekujwayeleni GB/T 14456.2-2018 kwetiye eliluhlaza lamacembe amakhulu.
- Isixwayiso: Ngaphansi kwalolu phawu kuthengiswa namanye amakilasi: esethulweni sango-2023, ochwepheshe banambitha itiye elibomvu, eliluhlaza kanye ne-puer eluhlaza “老姆登茶”. Uphawu oluvikelwe luchaza itiye eliluhlaza kuphela.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lamacembe amakhulu aseYunnan; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), isifunda esizimele saseNujiang-Lisu (怒江傈僳族自治州), isifunda saseFugong (福贡县, Fúgòng), idolobhana lesizwe sasePihe-Nu (匹河怒族乡), idolobhana laseLawumudeng.
- Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwezidingo zango-2025, kungamadolobhana angama-21, amadolobhana namakhampasi amasentimitha ayi-171 ezifundeni zaseFugong (amayunithi ayisikhombisa), eLushui City (ayishumi), eGongshan County (amabili) naseLanping County (amabili). Encazelweni yezikhathi zokubhaliswa kwezolimo, amadolobhana ayi-171 ahlukaniswa ngamayunithi angama-20.
- Izixhumanisi zokuma: 98°09′–99°39′ E, 25°33′–28°23′ N.
2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Idolobhana. Ngokwephephabhuku i-”Minzu Huabao” (2020), eLawumudeng kuhlala amaNu, amaLisu, amaDulong namaBai, amaNu angamaphesenti angama-85 ezakhamuzi. Leli phephabhuku lihumusha leli gama ngendlela ehluke kancane — “indawo efiselekayo”.
- Indlela yetiye. Ngokombiko wango-2023, indlela eseFugong yayiyinxenye yegatsha leYunnan-Tibet leNdlela Yamahhashi Netiye; imibhalo yomnyango wezolimo (2024) ibiza idolobha elidala elingumakhelwane iZhiziluo (知子罗) njengesiteshi esibalulekile nemakethe yale ndlela. Imibhalo yetiye leLawumudeng ngokwalo ngaphambi kokuphela kwekhulu lama-20 ayitholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iminyaka yama-1980. Ngokwephephabhuku, umhlali wendawo waqala ukutshala itiye edolobhaneni ngeminyaka yama-1980: ekuqaleni cishe amamu* ayishumi, kwathi ngo-2020 kwase kungaphezu kwekhulu.
- 2010. NgoNovemba, izakhamuzi eziyishumi nanye zasungula umfelandawonye wetiye lasezintabeni eziphakeme laseLawumudeng; ngo-2020 wawunamakhaya ayi-125.
- 2020. UMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya wabhalisa iLawumudeng Cha njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo; inombolo yesitifiketi — AGI03061.
- 2022. Ngaphansi kokuholwa umnyango wezolimo wesifundazwe, isifunda senza uhlelo lokuvikela uphawu — ukwandiswa kwezinhlobo, ukusungulwa kwezisekelo, ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi, ukumakwa; isifunda sethula ubunikazi besifunda bomkhiqizo.
- 2025. Ngesimemezelo seNational Intellectual Property Administration No. 646 somhla zingama-23 Septhemba 2025, leli tiye lahlonzwa njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo. Umfakisicelo — isikhungo sokwandisa ubuchwepheshe bezolimo besifunda.
- Igama: “ILawumudeng” (老姆登) liwukuhunyushwa ngemisindo kwegama lesiNu; izinhlamvu azinayo incazelo.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Umnyango wezolimo (2022) ubiza itiye ngesipho sezokuvakasha sesifunda; ngohlelo losizo lwaseShanghai, embonini yetiye yedolobhana bahlela ezokuvakasha kwezolimo.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Izinhlobo ngokwezidingo zokuvikela: Izinhlobo nemigqa eye yadlula ekuhlolweni kukahulumeni noma kwesifundazwe, ngokwesibonelo 勐库大叶种 (Měngkù dàyèzhǒng), 凤庆大叶种 (Fèngqìng dàyèzhǒng) nochungechunge lwe-云抗 (Yúnkàng); esethulweni sango-2023, isifunda sabiza nochungechunge olusha lwe-佛香 (Fóxiāng). Azikho izinhlobo zendawo ezidingweni.
- Izikhathi zokukha: Intwasahlobo — Mashi–Meyi, ihlobo — Juni–Agasti, ikwindla — Septhemba–Oktoba.
- Imigomo yokukha: Ukukha okuthambile — ihlumela elilodwa noma ihlumela elineqabunga elilodwa; okumaphakathi — ihlumela elinamacembe amabili amathathu; okuvuthiwe — ihlumela elinamacembe amahlanu ayisithupha kanye namacembe amabili angahlangene ngaphandle kwehlumela (对夹叶).
- Isici sokunambitheka: Isifunda (2023) sithi izinhlobo ezilethwayo zanikeza lapha ukunambitheka “okunephunga elimnandi futhi okuthambile” kunetiye elijwayelekile lamacembe amakhulu — lokhu kuwukuhlola kohlangothi oluthuthukisayo.
4. Indawo kanye nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Umhosha waseNujiang phakathi kwezintaba zeBiluo Snow neGaoligong, endaweni eyinhloko yendawo eyigugu lomhlaba i-”Three Parallel Rivers” (三江并流).
- Ubude: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — 1100–2300 m. Esethulweni sango-2023 kubizwa ibhande elingaba ngu-1100–2500 m ezinhlangothini zombili zomfula iNujiang, umnyombo cishe ngu-1800 m, iziqongo ngaphezu kuka-2400 m.
- Inhlabathi: Ebomvu nephuzi, evulekile, ejulile (okungenani amasentimitha angama-60), ecebile ngezinto eziphilayo; imithambeka engu-15–35°. Ezincazelweni eziyireferensi — pH 4.5–6.5.
- Isimo sezulu ngokwezidingo: Izinga lokushisa lonyaka elimaphakathi — 13.3–18.4 °C; isikhathi esingenasithwathwa — izinsuku ezingama-230–278; amahora elanga — 1239–2200 ngonyaka; imvula — 700–2845 mm; umswakama womoya — 75–90 %. Izincazelo eziyireferensi ziveza kakade: 13.8–15.8 °C kanye nemvula engaba ngu-1360 mm.
- Ukunakekelwa ngokwezidingo: Amasimu asezingeni ngokuvundlile, umthunzi ovela emthini we-alder, i-cherry kanye nezitshalo zokuvikela; umquba wasekwindla — 1000–2000 kg womquba ngamu*; isihlahla esikhulile — cishe amasentimitha angama-90.
- Isilinganiso: Ngokwezincazelo eziyireferensi — amahektha ayi-1800 namathani angama-810 etiye elomile elingahluziwe ngonyaka. Ngokwemininingwane yango-2023, esifundeni saseFugong kukhona cishe izinkulungwane ezingama-50 zama-mu* etiye.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zokuvikela zihlukanisa itiye ngokwendlela yokomisa zibe izinhlobo ezintathu, futhi ngokokuma — zibe uhlobo lwe-maofeng (毛峰型) nohlobo olusontiwe olunoboya (曲毫型). Ukuqala kufana kukho konke: ukwandlaleka (摊青, tānqīng), ukubulala (杀青, shāqīng), ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn), ukuhlukanisa izigaxa. Ngemva kwalokho:
- Ukomisa elangeni (晒青, shàiqīng): esikhundleni sokuhlukanisa izigaxa kuvunyelwe ukulungisa amacembe (理条), bese kuthiwa ukomisa elangeni.
- Ukomisa eziko (烘青, hōngqīng): ukomisa kokuqala ngokulungisa noma ukwakha (毛火), ukuphola, ukomisa kokugcina (足火).
- Ukomisa ebhodweni (炒青, chǎoqīng): ukomisa nokwakha ebhodweni (毛火), ukuphola, ukomisa kokugcina ebhodweni (足火).
Izidingo azizinikezi amazinga okushisa nezikhathi.
6. Izici zokuzwa nokunambitha
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela — lisongwe ngokuqinile, linoboya obuningi, lilingene futhi lihlanzekile, linamacembe acijile; luhlaza okotshani ngokuthambile futhi linokucwebezela okunamafutha (色泽嫩绿匀润，光泽油润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Linothile (芳香浓郁) — ngokwezidingo zokuvikela.
- Iphunga lotshala: Lihlanzekile (清香) — ngokwencazelo yezikhathi zokubhaliswa kwezolimo.
- Ukunambitheka: Ngokwencazelo efanayo — kunothile futhi kuthambile, kunokubuya okumnandi nokukhiqiza amathe, kanye nokuklabha okuqinile (滋味浓醇，回甘生津，收敛性强).
- Umbala wotshala: Uphuzi nohlaza, ucacile futhi ukhanyayo (汤色黄绿清澈明亮).
- Iqabunga elisemva kokwenza (iqabunga elenziwe): Lithambile futhi lilingene (叶底嫩匀).
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zokuvikela zetiye eliluhlaza elingahluziwe laseLawumudeng:
| Isilinganiso | Isidingo |
|---|---|
| Ama-polyphenols etiye | okungenani 18 % |
| Izinto ezikhishwayo | okungenani 46 % |
| I-caffeine | okungenani 1.80 % |
| Ama-amino acid akhululekile | okungenani 1.40 % |
| Umswakama | okungenani 7 % |
8. Ukwenza itiye
Umkhuba wesigaba setiye eliluhlaza. Ngokwencazelo, itiye linokuklabha okuqinile, ngakho amanzi angcono angashisi kakhulu.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: amagremu ama-3 ngamamililitha ayi-150.
- Isitsha: Ingilazi yeglasi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo: Thela amanzi odongeni, itiye lokuqala — emva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60, bese kuthiwa iziphuzo ezimbili noma ezintathu, ushiya ingxenye yotshala.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Ephaketheni elivaliwe, efrijini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye nemikhohlisi
Ngokwephephabhuku i-”Minzu Huabao” (2020), itiye lendawo eliluhlaza lalithengiswa cishe ngama-yuan angama-300 ngejin*, elibomvu — ngama-400. Akukho zintengo zakamuva emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukwazi ukugwema imikhohlisi:
- Bheka uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo kanye nomkhiqizi ovela eFugong, eLushui, eGongshan noma eLanping.
- Ngaphansi kophawu — itiye eliluhlaza; elibomvu ne-puer ngaphansi kophawu olufanayo akuchazwa njengomkhiqizo ovikelwe.
- Iqabunga — lisongwe ngokuqinile, linoboya, luhlaza okotshani ngokuthambile futhi linokucwebezela; umhluzi — uphuzi nohlaza futhi ucacile.
11. Amaqiniso athokozisayo
- Ebusika, iqhwa lihlala emasimini etiye aseLawumudeng — umnyango wezolimo ubabiza ngokuthi ezinye zezingadi zetiye “ezineqhwa” ezimbalwa zaseYunnan.
- Abameleli besifunda bagcizelela ukuthi umnyombo wamasimu etiye usezingeni elingaba ngu-1800 m, kuyilapho itiye elijwayelekile lasezintabeni likhula cishe ku-1000 m.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aseYunnan
- IYunnan Lvcha (云南绿茶): Igama elijwayelekile letiye eliluhlaza laseYunnan elenziwe ngezinto zamacembe amakhulu; iLawumudeng iyinguqulo yalo yezintaba eziphakeme emhosheni waseNujiang.
- ITengchong Lvcha (腾冲绿茶): Itiye eliluhlaza ledolobha laseTengchong entshonalanga yeYunnan, nalo linophawu lwendawo.
- IMengku Dayezhong Cha (勐库大叶种茶): Igama lezinto zokusetshenziswa — izinhlobo zaseMengku, owokuqala ohlwini lwezinhlobo ezivunyelwe zeLawumudeng.
Ekuphetheni:
ILawumudeng Cha itiye eliluhlaza lamacembe amakhulu lomhosha waseNujiang, elikhule lisuka ekutshalweni kwedolobhana ngeminyaka yama-1980 laba yigama elivikelwe elinendawo ezifundeni ezine. Izidingo zokuvikela zilichaza ngokunembile: izindlela ezintathu zokukhiqiza, iqabunga eliluhlaza elinoboya, umhluzi ophuzi nohlaza kanye nemikhawulo eqinile yokwakheka. Okunye — izingadi ezineqhwa ezingeni elingaba ngu-1800 m kanye nedolobhana, lapho, ngegama, abantu bafisa ukuya khona.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo