Yúyáo pùbù xiānmíng

Yúyáo Pùbù Xiānmíng (Yúyáo pùbù xiānmíng, 余姚瀑布仙茗) — “itiye labangcwele elisuka emgqeni wempophoma waseYúyáo”, itiye eliluhlaza ledolobha laseYúyáo (余姚市) esifundeni saseNíngbō, esifundazweni saseZhèjiāng, lisuka ezintabeni zaseSìmíngshān (四明山). Igama lithathwe ku “Canon Yetiye” (茶经) kaLù Yǔ. Ubuchwepheshe obudala, ngokwezincwadi zezithenjwa, balahleka ngemva kweMíng, itiye lamanje labuyiselwa ngo-1979. Igama livikelwe kusukela ngo-2010, futhi kusukela ngo-2025 — njengomkhiqizo onesikhombisi sendawo, onezigaba ezine, kusukela kokumise okwenaliti kuye kokusontekile okuvela ezinhlotsheni zamahlamvu akhanyayo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Izidingo zokuvikela zihlukanisa umkhiqizo ngetiye lamahlamvu aluhlaza (绿叶茶), itiye lamahlamvu amhlophe kanye netiye lamahlamvu aphuzi; zonke izinhlelo zokucubungula kuzo ziqala ngokulungisa (杀青, shāqīng) ngokushesha ngemva kokuhlukaniswa kweqabunga, ukubila (闷黄, mènhuáng) akukho kuzo.
• Isicupho segama: “Itiye lamahlamvu amhlophe” kanye “netiye lamahlamvu aphuzi” (白叶茶, 黄叶茶) — yizinhlobo zamahlamvu akhanyayo (白化茶, báihuàchá) ekucutshungulweni ngendlela eluhlaza.
• Isigaba: Itiye elidumile lomlando, elibuyiselwe ngekhulu lama-XX; izincwadi zezithenjwa zilibeka phakathi kwamatiye ayisishiyagalombili adumile aseNíngbō.
• Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe saseZhèjiāng (浙江, Zhèjiāng), isifunda saseNíngbō (宁波, Níngbō), idolobha lesifunda iYúyáo (余姚, Yúyáo).
• Indawo evikelwe: Ngokwezidingo zokuvikela zika-2025 — izigodi ezingama-21, amadolobhana kanye nezindawo zedolobha zaseYúyáo, imizana engama-268; 120°52′–121°25′ E, 29°40′–30°23′ N. Umfakisicelo — Inhlangano yaseYúyáo Pùbù Xiānmíng (余姚市余姚瀑布仙茗协会). Incazelo yencwadi yezithenjwa yendawo yangaphambili yayibiza izigodi eziyi-17 kanye namakomidi asemgwaqweni kanye nomngcele osempumalanga ongu-121°54′ E.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe 29,7–30,4° N kanye 120,9–121,4° E.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Inganekwane kaYú Hóng. Esahlukweni sesikhombisa se “Canon Yetiye” uLù Yǔ ucashuna indaba evela “Emibhalweni Yobunkulunkulu Nokungajwayelekile” (神异记): indoda yaseYúyáo uYú Hóng (虞洪) waya ezintabeni eyofuna itiye futhi wahlangana nomfundisi wamaTao nezinkunzi ezintathu ezimnyama. Umfundisi wazibiza ngoDānqiūzǐ (丹丘子), wamholela eNtabeni Yempophoma (瀑布山), wamkhombisa “itiye elikhulu” (大茗) futhi wacela izinsalela ezivela ezitsheni njengembuyiselo. Esahlukweni ngezitsha lesi sigameko sibhekiswa eminyakeni yaseYǒngjiā (永嘉中) — ekuqaleni kwekhulu lesi-IV. Lena inganekwane, hhayi umlando.
  • Umugqa wecanon. Isahluko sesishiyagalombili: «浙东，以越州上，余姚县生瀑布泉岭曰仙茗，大者殊异，小者与襄州同» — empumalanga yeZhèjiāng itiye elingcono kakhulu liseYuèzhōu; esifundeni saseYúyáo emgqeni woMthombo Wempophoma kukhula “xiānmíng”, iqabunga elikhulu kulo alijwayelekile, elincane — lifana netiye laseXiāngzhōu.
  • ISong — IQing. Ngokwencwadi yezithenjwa, umlando weSòng “Jiātài Guìjī zhì” (嘉泰会稽志) ubeka itiye lempophoma laseYúyáo ngokushesha ngemva kwamatiye okuqala esifunda, kanti isazi soku cabanga uHuáng Zōngxī (黄宗羲) wabhala inkondlo “Yúyáo Waterfall Tea” (余姚瀑布茶). Kuyo itiye liyaphuthunyiswa emakethe ngaphambi kweGǔyǔ (出市都争谷雨前), futhi iphetha ngemigqa «炒青已到更阑后，犹试新分瀑布泉»: ukugazinga kwaqedwa sekusezinzulwini zobusuku, futhi itiye elisha selivele linambitha emanzini omthombo wempophoma.
  • 1979–1980. Ngokwezincazelo zezincwadi zezithenjwa, ngemva kweMíng itiye layekwa ukwenziwa; ngo-1979 labuyiselwa, ngo-1980 lathola isiqu setiye elidumile lezinga lokuqala lesifundazwe. Ngokwencazelo yomkhiqizo, ngeminyaka yawo-1990 ukukhiqizwa kwenziwa ngemishini.
  • 1998. Ngokwengxoxo yabezindaba bendawo yango-2024, ngaphambilini iYúyáo yayenza ikakhulukazi itiye “eliyiparele” (珠茶), futhi kusukela ngo-1998 idolobha lithuthukisa itiye lalo ngaphansi kwegama elilodwa iYúyáo Pùbù Xiānmíng.
  • Cishe ngo-2010. Ngokombiko wephephandaba i “Zhōnghuá hézuò shíbào” wangomhla ziyi-19 kuMasingana 2010, ngaphambi nje kwalokho i-China International Tea Culture Research Society (中国国际茶文化研究会) yanikeza iYúyáo uhlaka lokuqala “lwekhaya lamasiko etiye laseShayina” (中国茶文化之乡), futhi iYúyáo Pùbù Xiānmíng yalinikeza isiqu “setiye elidumile lamasiko aseShayina” (中国文化名茶).
  • 2010. Isikhombisi sendawo sezolimo soMnyango Wezolimo; incwadi yezithenjwa ibiza usuku lwangomhla zingama-24 kuZibandlela.
  • 2018. Ngokwencwadi yezithenjwa, umklomelo wegolide we-Second China International Tea Expo; ukuthi unikezwe yimuphi umkhiqizi, incwadi ayicacisi.
  • 2025. Ngokwesimemezelo se-State Intellectual Property Office No. 640 (esayinwe mhla ziyi-16 kuJulayi, sashicilelwa mhla ziyi-13 kuNcwaba) imikhiqizo eyi-1409 enezikhombisi zendawo yamukelwa; iYúyáo Pùbù Xiānmíng — umugqa wama-404, unezidingo zokuvikela ezihlukene.
• Igama: “Yúyáo” (余姚) — idolobha; “pùbù” (瀑布) — impophoma, ngokomgqa uPùbùlǐng (瀑布岭); “xiānmíng” (仙茗) — “itiye labangcwele”, lapho u-茗 eyigama elidala lezincwadi leliye. Izincwadi zezithenjwa ziwazi namanye amagama: 余姚瀑布茶, 余姚仙茗 kanye no-香茗. “Abangcwele” libhekisa kumfundisi wamaTao wasenganekwaneni, hhayi ekucutshungulweni.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Inganekwane kaDānqiūzǐ ixoxwa nasezintabeni zaseTiāntāi, kodwa embhalweni wecanon uYú Hóng ubizwa ngokusobala njengendoda yaseYúyáo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Nempahla Eluhlaza

• Izinhlobo: Izidingo zokuvikela zivumela izinhlobo ezinhle ezijwayelekile kanye nezinhlobo zamahlamvu akhanyayo zochungechunge olumhlophe nolophuzi, ngaphandle kokuzibiza. Oludume kakhulu kwezinhlobonhlobo zamahlamvu akhanyayo, ngokwengxoxo yabezindaba bendawo yango-2024, — iHuángjīnyá (黄金芽); ngokwephephandaba i “Níngbō rìbào” (2025), amahlumela awo aphuzi atholakala ngo-1998 eduze kwendawo yaseTiánluóshān (田螺山遗址) ngaphansi kweYúyáo. Uhlu oluphelele lwezinhlobo alukho emithonjeni etholakele.
• Ukuvuna: Ezingadini ezinosaphethe oluyisicaba kuqalwa lapho indinganiso ihlangabezana namahlumela ayi-10–15 ngesikwele semitha. Ihlumela elineqabunga ligotshwa ngeminwe emibili ukuze lihlukane lodwa.
• Indinganiso yokuvuna: Ayikho indinganiso ehlukile, inqunywa uchungechunge: ku “hlumela elilodwa” (单芽精品) isisekelo setiye — amahlumela wonke, ezingeni eliphezulu — amahlumela aphelele anamahlamvu.
• Izikhathi zokuvuna: Azikho izikhathi eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isifunda: Izintaba zaseSìmíngshān empumalanga yeZhèjiāng. Ikhaya lomlando leli tiye izincwadi zezithenjwa zibiza ngentaba iDàoshìshān (道士山) emthambekeni womgqa uPùbùlǐng, nezingadi phakathi kwehlathi, uqalo kanye nemifudlana.
• Ukuphakama kokukhula: IDàoshìshān — ngaphezu kwamamitha angama-400, ngokwezincwadi zezithenjwa. Izidingo zokuvikela azikubekeli umkhawulo ukuphakama.
• Indawo: Umthambeka ongaphansi kuka-25°, ungqimba lwenhlabathi olujule ngaphezu kwamasentimitha angama-80, pH 4,5–6,5, izinto eziphilayo ezingaphezu kuka-1,5 %, amanzi angaphansi komhlaba ajule ngaphezu kwamasentimitha ayi-100 — ngokwezidingo zokuvikela.
• Isimo sezulu: Ezincazelweni — amafu nenkungu ingxenye enkulu yonyaka; azikho izinombolo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Umkhiqizo: Azikho izindawo zezingadi emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokwephephandaba lika-2010, ngo-2009 umkhiqizo wawungamathani angama-655; ngokwengxoxo yabezindaba bendawo yango-2024 — ngaphezu kwamathani angama-800 amatiye aqokiwe ngonyaka.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izidingo zokuvikela zinikeza imigqa emibili ngaphandle kwamazinga okushisa nesikhathi. Indinganiso yendawo esebenzayo yaseNíngbō — i-DB3302/T 075-2018 ngobuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza (余姚瀑布仙茗生产技术规程), yaqala ukusebenza mhla zingama-21 kuJuni 2018; umbhalo wayo awukho emithonjeni etholakele.

• Itiye elinjengenaliti (针形茶): ihlumela elilodwa, ihlumela lakuqala kanye nezinga eliphezulu kudlula ekuhlakazweni (摊青, tānqīng), ukulungiswa (杀青, shāqīng), ukuphola, ukuqondanisa (理条, lǐtiáo), ukuphumula (回潮, huícháo), ukubunjwa (整形, zhěngxíng), ukufudumala ukuze kuthole iphunga (提香, tíxiāng) kanye nokuhlunga ngezisefo. Emazingeni okuqala nawesibili ngemva kokulungiswa kwengezwa ukuphumula, ukusonteka (揉捻, róuniǎn) kanye nokomisa kokuqala, bese kuba ukuphola, ukuqondanisa kanye nezinyathelo ezifanayo zokuphothula.

• Itiye elisontekile (蟠曲茶): impahla yamahlamvu amhlophe nephuzi ngemva kokulungiswa nokuphola idlula “ekuboniseni umbala” (催色, cuīsè) — ukuthi yikuphi lokhu okusebenzayo, umbhalo awuchazi, — bese kuba ukuphumula, ukusonteka, ukomisa kokuqala, ukubumba (做形, zuòxíng), ukufudumala ukuze kuthole iphunga (焙香, bèixiāng) kanye nokuhlunga. Itiye elisontekile lamahlamvu aluhlaza lwezinga lokuqala nelesibili ngemva kokulungiswa liyaphumula futhi lisonteke, bese liphethwa ebhodweni elincane naselikhulu (小锅, 大锅) futhi lifudunyezwe ukuze kuthole iphunga.

6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic

Ngezansi — ngokochungechunge lwezidingo zokuvikela; intuthu, ukusha, iphunga elibi, iziqu ezibomvu kanye noketshezi olunokuduma akuvunyelwe.

• Isimo seqabunga elomile: “Inaliti likaphayini” (松针, sōngzhēn) — iqabunga eliminyene eliqondile, njengenaliti. Uchungechunge “lwegolide” (金韵, jīnyùn) — ukusonteka “komnenke”, okuluhlaza okunegolide noma okugolide. “Iqhwa” (雪韵, xuěyùn) — ukusonteka “ngehhuku” ngenani elihlukile leqabunga elisagolide. “Ubuhlalu bukadrako” (龙珠, lóngzhū) — ukusonteka okuminyene okusongekile.
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Akukho ncazelo ehlukile emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga loketshezi: Ku “naliti likaphayini” — elintekenteke noma eliphezulu, eliqinile; ku “golide” — eliphezulu nelijiyile; ku “qhwa” — elijiyile nelisha.
• Ukunambitheka: Ku “naliti likaphayini” — okusha, okuthambile, okuvuselelayo (鲜醇爽口); ku “golide” naku “qhwa” — okusha nokuthambile, emazingeni aphezulu kunokubuya okumnandi (回甘).
• Umbala woketshezi: Ku “naliti likaphayini” — oluhlaza okotshani obuntekenteke, ogqamile; ku “golide” — ophuzi, othambile; ku “qhwa” — oluhlaza okwesimaragidu.
• Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elidaliwe): Ku “golide” — “ophuzi okwejeyidi” (玉黄), uvuleka njengembali; ku “qhwa” lwezinga lama-700 — “omhlophe okwejeyidi” (玉白) onemithambo emincane engavamile; kuhlumela elilodwa — amahlumela wonke.

Incazelo yencwadi yezithenjwa yetiye elibuyiselwe: iqabunga liminyene, amahlumela abukekayo, acishe abe yisicaba (外形紧密，苗秀略扁), aluhlaza ngokucwebezelayo (色泽绿润); iphunga lisha futhi lihlanzekile (香气清鲜), ukunambitheka kusha futhi kuthambile (滋味鲜醇), isisekelo setiye sintengentenge, silingana, sivuleka njengembali (叶底嫩匀成朵).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zokuvikela etiyeni eliqediwe:

Isinkomba	Indinganiso
Umswakama	akukho ngaphezu kuka-6,5 %
Izicucu ezincane	akukho ngaphezu kuka-5,5 %
Umlotha ophelele	akukho ngaphezu kuka-6,0 %
I-cellulose eluhlaza	akukho ngaphezu kwe-14,0 %
Izinto ezikhiphekayo	akukho ngaphansi kwe-36,0 %

Lezi yizinkomba zekhwalithi, hhayi iphrofayili yamakhemikhali. Akukho datha ngama-polyphenols, ama-amino acid kanye ne-caffeine yaleli tiye ngqo emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wekilasi letiye eliluhlaza: imithombo ayinikezi izincomo zayo.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
• Inani letiye: amagremu ama-3 ngamamililitha ayi-150.
• Isitsha: Ingilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
• Inqubo:
  1. Fudumeza isitsha.
  2. Beka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
  3. Uketshezi lokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
  4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye yoketshezi, bese uthela amanzi.
  5. Ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wekilasi. Emaphaketheni avaliwe, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama kanye namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo Kanye Nomgunyathi

Akukho datha ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.

• Ukwazi ukugwema imigunyathi:
  • Bheka uphawu lomkhiqizo onesikhombisi sendawo kanye nomkhiqizi waseYúyáo.
  • Ungahluleli ngokuma: zombili izinaliti nokusonteka zisemthethweni.
  • Ukubhekisela enganekwaneni kaYú Hóng akufakazeli imvelaphi: ixoxwa nakwezinye izindawo.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

• Igama leli tiye lithathwe esahlukweni sesishiyagalombili se “Canon Yetiye”.
• Isigameko sikaYú Hóng uLù Yǔ usicaphuna kabili: phakathi kwezindaba ngetiye kanye esahlukweni ngezitsha, eduze kwesikhepho.
• UHuáng Zōngxī wanikela izinkondlo kuleli tiye: itiye elisha kuzo linambithwa emanzini omthombo wempophoma.
• Uchungechunge “lwegolide” luhlukaniswa ngamazinga angu-24K no-18K, “iqhwa” — ngama-700, 500 no-300.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aseZhèjiāng

• Wànghǎi Chá (望海茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni lesifunda saseNínghǎi esifundeni esifanayo, elenziwa ngo-1980.
• Tiāntáishān Yúnwùchá (天台山云雾茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni laseTiāntāi, lapho kuxoxwa khona inganekwane efanayo ngoDānqiūzǐ.
• Ānjí Báichá (安吉白茶): Itiye eliluhlaza elivela ezinhlotsheni zamahlamvu amhlophe — umlingani wochungechunge “lweqhwa”.
• Jìnyún Huángchá (缙云黄茶): Itiye eliluhlaza elivela ezinhlotsheni zamahlamvu aphuzi — umlingani wochungechunge “lwegolide”.

Ekuphetheni:

IYúyáo Pùbù Xiānmíng — itiye eliqanjwe nguLù Yǔ. Itiye lamanje — ukubuyiselwa kuka-1979, elikhule laba izigaba ezine, kusukela ku “naliti likaphayini” elinjengenaliti kuye kokusontekile “kwegolide” kanye “kweqhwa” okuvela ezinhlotsheni zamahlamvu akhanyayo. Zonke ziluhlaza, futhi ukuvikelwa kuqinisekisa igama kuYúyáo.

Imithombo

Amazinga

• DB3302/T 075-2018

Inkomba yendawo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №640

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo