Wànníng zhègū chá

Wànníng Zhègū Chá (Wànníng zhègū chá, 万宁鹧鸪茶) — «itiye lezintende» lasesifundeni sikaMasipala waseWànníng ogwini olusempumalanga yeHǎinán. Lokhu akulona iqabunga lesihlahla setiye Camellia sinensis: izinto zokusetshenziswa zivela emaqabungeni amadala esihlahla sohlobo lwe-mallotus (野桐属) emndenini we-Euphorbiaceae, agoqwa abe amabhola futhi ahlonywe ngentambo, njengamachoker. Lesi sidakwa sibizwa ngokuthi indawo esikhundleni setiye (代用茶, dàiyòng chá); kusukela ngo-2025 singumkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Akulona itiye ngokwesayensi yezitshalo nanoma yiliphi emakilasini ayisithupha etiye laseShayina; umhluzo wamaqabunga esitshalo esihlukile.
Isigaba: Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (地理标志产品): isimemezelo se-State Intellectual Property Office No. 632 sangoJuni 9, 2025 (sashicilelwa ngoJuni 27), indawo 222 kwezingu-224. Umfakisicelo — i-Wànníng Zhègū Chá Industry Association (万宁市鹧鸪茶产业协会).
Imvelaphi: IShayina, isifundazwe saseHǎinán (海南, Hǎinán), isifunda sikaMasipala waseWànníng (万宁, Wànníng).
Indawo evikelekile: Yonke iWànníng — amadolobhana iLónggǔn, Shāngēn, Hélè, Hòuān, Běidà, Dàmào, Wànchéng, Dōng’ào, Lǐjì, Chángfēng, Nánqiáo, Sāngēnluò kanye nepulazi i-Xīnglóng (兴隆华侨农场): amayunithi ayi-13 kanye nezindawo zokuphatha ezingama-217.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: Ngokombhalo — 110°00′18″–110°34′36″ E no-18°35′13″–19°06′00″ N.
Amanye amagama: «Itiye lezintende lase-Dōngshānlǐng» (东山岭鹧鸪茶); igama lesitshalo lesiShayina — 山苦茶 (shān kǔchá).

2. Umlando Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Inkathi yeQing. Isikhwama iDēngtǎ sikhomba irekhodi likadokotela uZhào Qíguāng (赵其光) encwadini ethi «Běncǎo qiúyuán» (《本草求原》), lapho isitshalo sibizwa ngokuthi simnandi-nokubaba futhi sifudumele ngokwemvelo. Ukucaphuna akukaqinisekiswa ngombhalo wokuqala.
- 2019–2022. Ngokombiko we-Ministry of Commerce portal (Juni 2022), iWànníng yathumela izicelo zezimpawu zokuqinisekisa indawo, phakathi kwazo «万宁鹧鸪茶»; imikhiqizo emibili kuphela yesifunda eyayinokuvikelwa kwendawo ngaleso sikhathi — ikhofi i-Xīnglóng kanye ne-Hélè crab. I-Sinogi ibhala uphawu No. 37200895.
- 2021. Ngokwesikhwama iDēngtǎ, ngoJuni 4, 2021 uMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya wafaka «万宁鹧鸪茶» kurejista yezinkomba zendawo zezolimo. Umbhalo wesinqumo awutholakalanga kulolu hlolo.
- 2023. Embikweni we-Zhejiang University ngodumo lwemikhiqizo yezolimo enezinkomba zendawo, iWànníng Zhègū Chá inesilinganiso esiphakeme kakhulu sokukhanga komkhiqizo e-Hǎinán — 910.12.
- 2025. I-State Intellectual Property Office yakubona njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo futhi yavuma izidingo zawo.
Igama: 鹧鸪 (zhègū) — intende. Inganekwane ithi intende eyayifuywe umhlali waseWànníng yagula, umnikazi wayo wayipha umhluzo wamaqabunga asendle entabeni i-Dōngshānlǐng, inyoni yalulama futhi yaphila isikhathi eside. Enye inganekwane ixhumanisa isiphuzo nomonki u-Jiànzhēn, okuthiwa waphonswa yisiphepho e-Hǎinán.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Umbhali wemidlalo u-Tián Hàn (田汉), ngokusho kweDēngtǎ, washiya umugqa e-Dōngshānlǐng othi «羊肥爱芝草，茶好伴名泉» — «izimbuzi zikhuluphele zithanda utshani obumangalisayo, itiye elihle lifanelwe umthombo odumile». Ngokwenkolelo yendawo, inyama yezimbuzi zase-Dōngshān (东山羊) ayinuki ngoba izimbuzi zidla amaqabunga amancane alesi sitshalo.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo

Isitshalo: Ngokwezidingo zomkhiqizo — isihlahla sezintende sohlobo lwe-mallotus emndenini we-Euphorbiaceae, kumbhalo uhlobo lubhalwe ngokuthi Mallotus obolongifolius (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. Isipelingi esivamile — Mallotus oblongifolius (Miq.) Müll.Arg.; ezinye izincwadi zanamuhla zikubheka njengegama elifanayo le-Mallotus peltatus.
Iqabunga: NgokweDēngtǎ — liyindilinga-elisanda, ubude 5–15 cm, linendawo ecijile kanye nonqenqema olunamazinyo aguquguqukayo; imithambo ye-pinnate ibonakala kahle ngemuva.
Ubude: Imithombo iyahluka: iDēngtǎ ithi «kufika ku-10 m», enye ireferensi — 1–3 m. Ezingadini, ngokwezidingo zomkhiqizo, izihlahla ezingaphezu kweminyaka emithathu eziphakeme kuno-180 cm ziyagawulwa zibe ngu-20–30 cm ukusuka phansi, kusale isiqu esikhulu.
Ukusabalalisa: Ngezihlokwana.
Izinto ezisetshenziswayo: Ngokwezidingo — amaqabunga amadala aphelele, amasha aluhlaza, alinganayo aqoqwe ngesandla (老叶). Imiqumbe namahlumela amancane, ajwayelekile etiyeni, awadingeki lapha.

4. I-Terroir Nezici Zokutshala

Isitshalo sasendle: Siyakwazi ukubekezelela isomiso, sikhula ezindaweni ezingenamuntu nasemifantwini yamadwala — ikakhulukazi entabeni i-Dōngshānlǐng (东山岭) eWànníng nase-Tónggǔlǐng (铜鼓岭) e-Wénchāng eseduze. IDēngtǎ iphinde ikhulume ngaso e-Qióngzhōng, Lèdōng nase-Bǎotíng, kodwa ithi okungcono kakhulu yizinto ezisetshenziswayo zase-Dōngshānlǐng nase-Tónggǔlǐng.
Indawo ngokwezidingo: Indawo ephansi noma umthambeka ophansi, uhlangothi olunomthunzi, inhlabathi yasezintabeni ene-loam noma enesihlabathi ungqimba olungaphansi kuka-30 cm, i-acidic kancane.
Ukunakekelwa: Ukunisela ngamafuphu kabili noma kathathu ngesonto, ukufaka umquba kanye ngoSeptemba — Okthoba, ikakhulukazi ngezinto eziphilayo; ngokumelene nezinambuzane kuvunyelwe izindlela zezolimo, zamakhemikhali, zebhayoloji kanye nezomzimba.
Ubude nesimo sezulu: Ayikho imininingwane.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Izidingo zika-2025 zichaza ukucubungula ngomshini ngezinyathelo eziyisithupha:

Ukugeza: Amanzi 38–45 °C, ukususa ukungcola.
Ukwandlala (摊晾, tānliàng): Ungqimba 5–10 cm, amahora 6–8, ukuphendula kancane njalo emahoreni amabili.
Ukulungisa (杀青, shāqīng): 250–300 °C, imizuzu 2–4.
Ukubumba (造形, zàoxíng): Ukusonga ngomshini nokucindezela kube yimicwecwe.
Ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān): 100 °C, amahora 2.
Ukuveza iphunga (提香, tíxiāng): 120 °C, amahora 10.

Incazelo edumile (iDēngtǎ) idweba isithombe sasekhaya: amaqabunga agoqwa abe izigaxa futhi omiswe elangeni, ngaphandle kokugazinga; amabhola ahlonywa ngezihlanganisi cishe ezingama-20, cishe ama-40 g, futhi aboshwe ngeqabunga lesundu likakhukhunathi. Le ndatshana iphinde ilandise ngezidingo ezinokulungisa; ukungafani akuchazwanga umthombo.

6. Izici Zezitho Zomzimba

Ngokwezidingo zomkhiqizo zika-2025:

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Imicwecwe enombala ompunga-oluhlaza, elinganayo ngosayizi, egoqwe ngokuqinile, ehlanzekile, engenakho ukungcola.
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Alichazwanga ngokuhlukile ezidingweni. I-Sinogi ithi iqabunga elomisiweyo linuka kamnandi futhi linephunga elikhethekile elithi «línglíngxiāng» (零陵香, línglíngxiāng); ngephunga elifanayo emhluzweni kubhala neDēngtǎ.
Iphunga lomhluzo: Iphunga elicacile elimnandi «eliyimithi» (药香).
Ukunambitheka: Okugcwele, okumnandi-nokubaba futhi «okufudumele», ngento encane kagwayi othosiwe.
Umbala womhluzo: Usawolintshi omnyama, osobala futhi olinganayo. I-Sinogi ichaza ngokuhlukile: ukuphalaza kokuqala kuluhlaza okotshani, okwesibili kuwolintshi ngokukhanyayo, phezulu kunefilimu encane yamafutha emifino.
Izinsalela zetiye (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Amaqabunga ayazivula futhi ahlale ephelele.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zomzimba nezamakhemikhali zika-2025:

Isilinganiso	Izinga
Umswakama	5.5–7.5 %
Umlotha ophelele	«9.5–1.8 %» — kanjalo embhalweni; umkhawulo ophansi mkhulu kunophezulu, lokhu kuyiphutha lokubhala elicacile
Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini	29–33 %
Ifayibha engahlanzekile	21–23 %

Ucwaningo lwe-Foods (2021) lwaqhathanisa amasampuli angama-24 amaqabunga amasha etiye lezintende, ayisithupha e-Wénchāng, i-Wànníng, i-Bǎotíng ne-Sānyà. Izimpawu zemvelaphi kwaba ama-isotopes ekhabhoni, i-hydrogen ne-oxygen kanye nama-polyphenols amane — i-luteolin, i-protocatechuic acid, i-astragalin ne-naringenin; kule sampuli encane amamodeli ahlukanisa izifunda ngaphandle kwamaphutha ekuhlolweni okuphambanayo.

8. Izakhiwo Eziwusizo

Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngomphumela walo mkhiqizo ngqo. Incwadi yeQing kanye nemibhalo yokukhangisa yesimanje ikunikeza izakhiwo zokwelapha; aziphindwanga lapha.

9. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye

Umkhuba wekilasi lemihluzo yemifino; izidingo aziwunikezi izindlela.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
Inani: Ibhola elilodwa noma amabili (cishe ngu-2 g ngalinye) ku-200–300 ml.
Inqubo: Iketela lezingilazi noma i-gaiwan; ukucwiliswa kokuqala imizuzu 3–5, kuze kube iqabunga liyavuleka, bese kuba nokuphalazwa okuningana ngokwandisa isikhathi.

Ireferensi eyodwa yeluleka ukwenza ngamanzi omthombo i-Liúdǐng (流鼎泉) e-Dōngshānlǐng.

10. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wekilasi. Emaphaketheni aqinile, endaweni eyomile emnyama, kude namaphunga.

11. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi

Ayikho imininingwane ngentengo emithonjeni etholiwe.

Ukwazi ukugwema imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Bheka uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo kanye nomkhiqizi wase-Wànníng: ilungelo lophawu lunikezwa yi-State Intellectual Property Office ngemuva kokuhlolwa e-Wànníng nase-Hǎinán.
- Izinkombandlela ngokwezidingo: imicwecwe eqinile empunga-oluhlaza, umhluzo osawolintshi omnyama, iphunga «eliyimithi», iqabunga eliphelele ngaphansi.
- Ungadidanisi netiye lase-Hǎinán elivela ku-Camellia sinensis — itiye lezintende lisebenzisa isitshalo esihlukile.

12. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

Izinto ezisetshenziswayo ngamaqabunga amadala, hhayi imiqumbe, futhi amabhola athengiswa ngezihlanganisi, afana namachoker obuBhuda.
Ngokwesilinganiso sokukhanga komkhiqizo embikweni ka-2023, iWànníng Zhègū Chá ime eceleni kwe-Tàipíng Hóukuí ne-Jīngshān Chá — ngaphezu kuka-900 amaphuzu.

13. Ukuqhathaniswa Neminye Imihluzo Namatiye

Láifèng Téngchá (来凤藤茶): Nakho kungumkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo ongaveli esihlahleni setiye — uvela emvinini.
Kǔguā Chá (苦瓜茶): Indawo esikhundleni setiye esivela emthonjeni obabayo.
Wǔzhǐshān Hóng Chá (五指山红茶): Itiye elibomvu langempela lase-Hǎinán elivela esihlahleni setiye.
Báishā Hóng Chá (白沙红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda sase-Báishā, lapho abantu be-Li benza khona itiye lezintende phakathi kweminye imihluzo yemifino «yamatiye».

Ekuphetheni:

I-Wànníng Zhègū Chá akulona itiye, kodwa isiko lase-Hǎinán lokwenza umhluzo wamaqabunga e-mallotus: amabhola ampunga-oluhlaza, umhluzo osawolintshi omnyama onephunga «eliyimithi» kanye nomsindo kagwayi othosiwe. Izidingo zika-2025 zichaza ubuchwepheshe bomshini, kuyilapho izinganekwane zentende zigcina inkumbulo yesihlahla sasendle sentaba i-Dōngshānlǐng.