Wànníng zhègū chá

Wànníng Zhègū Chá (Wànníng zhègū chá, 万宁鹧鸪茶) ndi “tii wa nkhwali” wa chigawo cha mzinda wa Wànníng kugombe lakum’mawa kwa Hǎinán. Uwu si masamba a chomera cha tii Camellia sinensis: zopangira zimachokera ku masamba akale a chitsamba cha mtundu wa mallotus (野桐属) wa banja la mphukira, omwe amakulungidwa kukhala mipira ndi kuwomberedwa pa ulusi, ngati zingwe za pemphero. Chakumwa chotere chimatchedwa choloweza mmalo mwa tii (代用茶, dàiyòng chá); kuyambira 2025 ndi chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Si tii m’lingaliro la botanical ndiponso si gulu lirilonse mwa magulu asanu ndi limodzi a tii waku China; ndi mankhwala ochokera ku masamba a chomera china.
Gulu: Chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (地理标志产品): chilengezo cha State Intellectual Property Office No. 632 cha pa 9 June 2025 (chosindikizidwa 27 June), malo 222 mwa 224. Wopempha ndi Wànníng Partridge Tea Industry Association (万宁市鹧鸪茶产业协会).
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hǎinán (海南, Hǎinán), chigawo cha mzinda wa Wànníng (万宁, Wànníng).
Malo otetezedwa: Wànníng yense, matauni a Lónggǔn, Shāngēn, Hélè, Hòuān, Běidà, Dàmào, Wànchéng, Dōng’ào, Lǐjì, Chángfēng, Nánqiáo, Sāngēnluò ndi famu ya Xīnglóng (兴隆华侨农场): magawo 13 ndi midzi yoyang’anira 217.
Mizere ya geographical: Malinga ndi chikalata, 110°00′18″–110°34′36″ E ndi 18°35′13″–19°06′00″ N.
Mayina ena: “Dōngshānlǐng partridge tea” (东山岭鹧鸪茶); dzina lachi China la chomera ndi 山苦茶 (shān kǔchá).

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- M’badwo wa Qīng. Dēngtǎ Foundation imatchula zolemba za dokotala Zhào Qíguāng (赵其光) kuchokera m’buku la “Běncǎo qiúyuán” (《本草求原》), pomwe chomeracho chimanenedwa kukhala chokoma ndi chokometsera komanso chotentha m’chilengedwe. Mawu oyamba sanatsimikizidwe.
- 2019–2022. Malinga ndi lipoti la Ministry of Commerce (June 2022), Wànníng adatumiza mapemphero a zizindikiro za geographical, kuphatikiza “万宁鹧鸪茶”; panthawiyo derali linali ndi zinthu ziwiri zotetezedwa ndi geographical indication, Xīnglóng khofi ndi Hélè nkhanu. Sinogi reference imatchula nambala ya chizindikiro 37200895.
- 2021. Malinga ndi Dēngtǎ Foundation, pa 4 June 2021 Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs idalembetsa “万宁鹧鸪茶” m’kaundula wa agricultural geographical indications. Zolemba za chigamulocho sizinapezeke pakufufuza uku.
- 2023. Mu lipoti la Zhejiang University pa mbiri ya malonda a zaulimi okhala ndi geographical indications, Wànníng Zhègū Chá anali ndi chiwonetsero chapamwamba kwambiri cha kukopa kwa brand ku Hǎinán, 910.12.
- 2025. State Intellectual Property Office idavomereza kuti ndi chinthu chokhala ndi geographical indication ndipo idakhazikitsa zofunikira zake.
Dzina: 鹧鸪 (zhègū) ndi nkhwali. Nthano imati nkhwali yoweta ya munthu wa ku Wànníng inadwala, mwiniwake anamumwetsa madzi a masamba akutchire a kuphiri la Dōngshānlǐng, ndipo mbalameyo inachira ndikukhala ndi moyo wautali. Nthano ina imagwirizanitsa chakumwachi ndi monk Jiànzhēn, yemwe mvula yamkuntho idamuthamangitsa ku Hǎinán.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Wolemba sewero Tián Hàn (田汉), malinga ndi “Dēngtǎ”, adasiya mzere pa Dōngshānlǐng: “羊肥爱芝草，茶好伴名泉” — “mbuzi zonenepa zimakonda udzu wozizwitsa, tii wabwino amayenerana ndi kasupe wodziwika.” Malinga ndi zikhulupiriro za komweko, nyama ya mbuzi za Dōngshān (东山羊) ilibe fungo chifukwa mbuzi zimadya masamba achichepere a chomerachi.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira

Chomera: Malinga ndi zofunikira za chinthucho, ndi mtengo wa 鹧鸪茶树 wa mtundu wa mallotus wa banja la mphukira, ndipo m’chikalatacho mtunduwo walembedwa ngati Mallotus obolongifolius (Miq.) Muell.-Arg. Kalembedwe kofala ndi Mallotus oblongifolius (Miq.) Müll.Arg.; zolemba zina zamakono zimauona ngati synonym ya Mallotus peltatus.
Tsamba: Malinga ndi “Dēngtǎ”, ndi lozungulira-ovate, lalitali 5–15 cm, lokhala ndi nsonga yosongoka ndi m’mphepete mwa mafunde ndi mano; mitsempha ya pinnate imawoneka bwino kuchokera kumbuyo.
Kutalika: Magwero amasiyana: “Dēngtǎ” imalemba “mpaka 10 m”, buku lina limalemba 1–3 m. M’minda, malinga ndi zofunikira za chinthucho, zitsamba zazaka zoposa zitatu zazitali kuposa 180 cm zimadulidwa mpaka 20–30 cm kuchokera pansi, kusiya tsinde lalikulu.
Kufalitsa: Ndi cuttings.
Zopangira: Malinga ndi zofunikira, masamba akulu athunthu, obiriwira atsopano, osalala, okalamba (老叶) otoleredwa pamanja. Masamba ang’onoang’ono ndi mphukira zazing’ono, zomwe zimakonda kugwiritsidwa ntchito pa tii, sizifunika pano.

4. Terroir ndi Mbali za Kulima

Chomera chakutchire: Chimalimbana ndi chilala, chimamera m’malo opanda kanthu ndi m’ming’alu ya miyala, makamaka pa phiri la Dōngshānlǐng (东山岭) ku Wànníng ndi Tónggǔlǐng (铜鼓岭) ku Wénchāng yoyandikana. “Dēngtǎ” imatchulanso Qióngzhōng, Lèdōng ndi Bǎotíng, koma imati zopangira zabwino kwambiri ndi za Dōngshānlǐng ndi Tónggǔlǐng.
Malo malinga ndi zofunikira: Malo athyathyathya kapena otsetsereka pang’ono, mbali ya mthunzi, dothi lamapiri la loamy kapena sandy loam losachepera 30 cm, lokhala ndi acidity pang’ono.
Chisamaliro: Kuthirira ndi sprinkler kawiri kapena katatu pa sabata, feteleza mmodzi mu September–October, makamaka ndi organic; polimbana ndi tizilombo, njira za agrotechnical, chemical, biological ndi physical ndizololedwa.
Kutalika ndi nyengo: Palibe deta.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga

Zofunikira za 2025 zimafotokoza processing ya makina m’masitepe asanu ndi limodzi:

Kutsuka: Madzi 38–45 °C, kuchotsa zonyansa.
Kufalitsa (摊晾, tānliàng): Wosanjikiza wa 5–10 cm, maola 6–8, kusakaniza mopepuka maola awiri aliwonse.
Fixation (杀青, shāqīng): 250–300 °C, mphindi 2–4.
Kuumba (造形, zàoxíng): Kupota ndi kukanikiza kwa makina kukhala granules.
Kuyanika (烘干, hōnggān): 100 °C, maola 2.
Kutulutsa fungo (提香, tíxiāng): 120 °C, maola 10.

Kufotokozera kotchuka (“Dēngtǎ”) kumawonetsa chithunzi cha kunyumba: masamba amakulungidwa kukhala timipira ndi kuyanikidwa padzuwa, popanda kuwotcha; mipira imawomberedwa m’magulu pafupifupi 20, pafupifupi 40 g, ndikumangidwa ndi tsamba la kanjedza wa kokonati. Nkhani yomweyo imafotokozanso zofunikira ndi fixation; gwero silifotokoza kusiyana.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Malinga ndi zofunikira za chinthu cha 2025:

Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Granules zamtundu wa imvi-zobiriwira, zofanana kukula, zopindika molimba, zoyera, zopanda zonyansa.
Fungo la tsamba louma: M’zofunikira silinafotokozedwe padera. Sinogi reference imati tsamba louma limanunkhira kwambiri komanso lonunkhira, ndi fungo lapadera la “línglíngxiāng” (零陵香, línglíngxiāng); “Dēngtǎ” imatchulanso fungo lomwelo mu infusion.
Fungo la infusion: Fungo lomveka bwino la “mankhwala” (药香).
Kukoma: Kolemera, kotsekemera ndi “kotentha”, ndi kachenjedwe kakang’ono ka fodya wokazinga.
Mtundu wa infusion: Amber wakuda, wowonekera bwino komanso wofanana. Sinogi imafotokoza mosiyana: kuponyera koyamba kumatulutsa mtundu wobiriwira wotumbululuka, kachiwiri kumatulutsa mtundu wa lalanje wotumbululuka, pamwamba pake pali kansalu kakang’ono ka mafuta a masamba.
Masamba otsala: Masamba amadzitambasula okha ndikukhalabe athunthu.

7. Kapangidwe ka Chemical

Zofunikira za physicochemical za 2025:

Chizindikiro	Muyezo
Chinyezi	5.5–7.5 %
Phulusa lonse	”9.5–1.8 %” — monga zilili m’chikalatacho; malire apansi ndi apamwamba kuposa apamwamba, uku ndi kulakwitsa koonekeratu
Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi	29–33 %
Crude fiber	21–23 %

Kafukufuku mu magazini ya Foods (2021) adayerekezera zitsanzo 24 za tsamba latsopano la tii wa nkhwali, zisanu ndi chimodzi zochokera ku Wénchāng, Wànníng, Bǎotíng ndi Sānyà. Zolemba za chiyambi zidakhala isotopu za carbon, hydrogen ndi oxygen ndi ma polyphenols anayi, luteolin, protocatechuic acid, astragalin ndi naringenin; pa zitsanzo zazing’onozi, mitundu idasiyanitsa madera popanda zolakwika pakuwunika kwa cross-validation.

8. Ubwino wa Zaumoyo

Palibe deta yotsimikizika pa zotsatira za chinthu ichi chenicheni. Buku la Qīng ndi zolemba zamakono zotsatsa zimalemeretsa ubwino wamankhwala; pano sizinabwerezedwe.

9. Brewing

Njira za gulu la infusions za zitsamba; zofunikira sizipereka njira.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 95–100 °C.
Kuchuluka: Mpira umodzi kapena iwiri (pafupifupi 2 g aliyense) pa 200–300 ml.
Njira: Ketulo yagalasi kapena gàiwǎn; kuponyera koyamba mphindi 3–5, mpaka tsamba litambasuke, kenako kuponyera kangapo ndikuwonjezera nthawi.

Buku lina limalangiza kuti muziphika ndi madzi a kasupe wa Liúdǐng (流鼎泉) pa Dōngshānlǐng.

10. Kusunga

Njira za gulu. M’matumba olimba, pamalo ouma ndi amdima, kutali ndi fungo.

11. Mtengo ndi Zonamizira

Palibe deta yamitengo m’magwero omwe apezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zonamizira:
- Funani chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication ndi wopanga wochokera ku Wànníng: ufulu wa chizindikirochi umaperekedwa ndi State Intellectual Property Office pambuyo pofufuza ku Wànníng ndi Hǎinán.
- Malangizo malinga ndi zofunikira: granules zobiriwira-imvi zolimba, infusion ya amber wakuda, fungo la “mankhwala”, tsamba lathunthu pansi.
- Osasokoneza ndi tii wa Hǎinán wochokera ku Camellia sinensis, popeza tii wa nkhwali ndi chomera china.

12. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Zopangira ndi masamba akale, osati masamba ang’onoang’ono, ndipo mipira imagulitsidwa m’magulu ofanana ndi zingwe za pemphero za Buddhist.
Malinga ndi chiwonetsero cha kukopa kwa brand mu lipoti la 2023, Wànníng Zhègū Chá ali m’gulu limodzi ndi Tàipíng Hóukuí ndi Jīngshān Chá, pamwamba pa 900 points.

13. Kuyerekeza ndi infusions ndi tii zina

Láifèng Téngchá (来凤藤茶): Nayenso chinthu chokhala ndi geographical indication osati cha chomera cha tii, koma cha mpesa.
Kǔguā Chá (苦瓜茶): Choloweza mmalo mwa tii chochokera ku nkhaka yowawa.
Wǔzhǐshān Hóng Chá (五指山红茶): Tii wofiira weniweni wa Hǎinán wochokera ku chomera cha tii.
Báishā Hóng Chá (白沙红茶): Tii wofiira wa chigawo cha Báishā, kumene anthu a Lí amaphikanso tii wa nkhwali pakati pa “tii” zina za zitsamba.

Pomaliza:

Wànníng Zhègū Chá si tii, koma mwambo wa ku Hǎinán wophika masamba a mallotus: mipira yobiriwira-imvi, infusion ya amber wakuda yokhala ndi fungo la “mankhwala” ndi kukoma kwa fodya wokazinga. Zofunikira za 2025 zimafotokoza ukadaulo wamakina, ndipo nthano za nkhwali zimasunga kukumbukira chitsamba chakutchire cha phiri la Dōngshānlǐng.