Ikhaya · Itiye eliluhlaza · I-Pingshan Chaoqing Cha
Píngshān chǎoqīng chá
Píngshān chǎoqīng chá · 屏山炒青茶
I-Pingshan Chaoqing Cha (Píngshān chǎoqīng chá, 屏山炒青茶) itiye eliluhlaza elithosiwe lesifunda sase-Pingshan (屏山县) emkhakheni wedolobha i-Yibin eningizimu yesifundazwe sase-Sichuan. Igama lichaza indlela: 炒青 (chǎoqīng) itiye eliluhlaza eligxilisiwe futhi lomiswa ebhodweni. Isikole sendawo sidume “ngomlilo” (火功): izinga lokushisa eliphansi nokuthosa isikhathi eside, okunikeza uphawu oluphambili lwetiye iphunga lezinhlanzana ezinjengama-chestnut (栗香). Kusukela ngo-2009 igama elithi “Pingshan Chaoqing” (屏山炒青) lingumkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo, futhi kusukela ngomhla ka-26 Disemba 2011 i-Pingshan Chaoqing Cha ivikelwe futhi njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá) eligxiliswe ebhodweni. Izidingo zobuchwepheshe zophawu zichaza izinhlobo ezimbili itiye elisontiwe (条形茶) kanye nelisicaba (扁形茶).
- Isigaba: Umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo (2011); kusukela ngo-2009 futhi uphawu lwezolimo. Kukhona nophawu lokuthengisa oluqinisekisiwe: imithetho yokusetshenziswa kwalo yashicilelwa mhla ziyi-13 kuJuni 2017, izinsuku zokubhaliswa azitholakalanga emithonjeni etholakele.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Sichuan (四川, Sìchuān), umkhakha wedolobha i-Yibin (宜宾, Yíbīn), isifunda sase-Pingshan (屏山, Píngshān).
- Indawo evikelwe: Izimo zobuchwepheshe zophawu lwezolimo (2009) zibiza izigodi namadolobhana angu-16 esifunda i-Jinping, i-Dacheng, i-Longhua, i-Zhongdu, i-Xinshi, i-Xin’an, i-Fuyan, i-Furong, i-Xiashi, i-Pingbian, i-Qingping, i-Xinfa, i-Taiping, i-Longxi, i-Loudong ne-Yachi kanye nemizana engokwemvelo engu-186 kuzo. Indlela indawo echazwe ngayo esazisweni sika-2011 ayikwazanga ukuqhathaniswa.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Cishe u-28.7° enyakatho kanye no-104.2° empumalanga.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Endulo. Incazelo eyinkomba edumile ecaphuna i-“Huayang Guozhi” (华阳国志) ithi kakade ngo-134 abantu bendawo babesebenzisa itiye lasendle, futhi ngenkathi ye-Three Kingdoms i-Pingshan yayikhiqiza itiye. Indlela yezinto zabezindaba zango-2026 ithi “ukuqala enkathini yangaphambi kwe-Qin, ukukhula nge-Song”.
- I-Ming ne-Qing. Izimo zobuchwepheshe zophawu lwezolimo zicaphuna i-“Annals of Mǎhú Prefecture” (《马湖府志》) yenkathi ye-Jiajing: “isifunda sase-Pingyi sikhiqiza itiye” (i-Pingyi ne-Mahu amagama amadala e-Pingshan). Incazelo eyinkomba yengeza ukuthi nge-Ming inqubo ye-chaoqing yayisimisiwe futhi e-Sichuan kwakhulunywa “ngetiye lezintaba ezintathu” i-Emei, i-Mengding ne-Pingshan, futhi nge-Daoguang isikhulu u-Long Ruitu (龙瑞图) sathumela itiye enkantolo futhi laba itiye lasebukhosini. Imithombo yokuqala yalezi zindaba ezimbili ayikaze icashunwe encazelweni lokhu kuyisiko lendawo.
- Ikhulu lama-20. Ngokwezimo zobuchwepheshe zophawu, “itiye lase-Pingshan” liphawulwe njengodumo lwendawo kuhlelo lokuqala lwesichazamazwi i-“Cihai” (辞海), futhi kusukela ngo-1984 itiye lahlinzeka ngokulandelana izikhathi eziyishumi nambili ngendondo yetiye eliluhlaza lekhwalithi yesifundazwe. Incazelo eyinkomba yengeza ukuthi ngawo-1960 ukukhiqizwa ngobuningi kwadluliselwa emishinini, kanti izinhlobo eziphezulu zazisenziwa ngezandla.
- 2009. Ngomhla ziyi-14 kuJulayi uMnyango Wezolimo ngesaziso esingu-No. 1236 (sibikwe kanjalo ngembobo yemboni) wabhalisa i-“Pingshan Chaoqing” njengomkhiqizo wezolimo onophawu lwendawo.
- 2011. Ngomhla ka-26 Disemba i-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine ngesaziso esingu-No. 196 yavikela itiye njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo.
- 2021. Ngomhla ziyi-19 kuNovemba ubuchwepheshe be-“屏山炒青” bafakwa ohlwini lwesithupha lwamagugu angabonakali omkhakha wedolobha i-Yibin. Umthombo owodwa ububiza ngokuthi amagugu esifundazwe; lokhu akukwazanga ukuqinisekiswa.
- 2024. Umkhakha wedolobha i-Yibin wakhipha izinga lendawo elithi DB5115/T 60—2024 “Izidingo zekhwalithi yomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo: i-Pingshan Chaoqing Cha”, elisebenza kusukela ngomhla ziyi-12 ku-Ephreli 2024.
- Ibhrendi: Ohlwini lwenani lamabhrendi ezifunda anophawu lwendawo indawo yama-93 ngo-2022; ngo-2026 igama lafakwa ohlwini lwamabhrendi angu-136 anenani eliqala ku-3 wezigidigidi zamayuan.
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe
- Izinhlobo / Ama-cultivar: Izidingo zobuchwepheshe zophawu (2011) zivumela inani lendawo kanye nezinhlobo ezifanele leli tiye. Izimo zobuchwepheshe zophawu lwezolimo (2009) zibiza izinhlobo eziveziwe ezinoboya (多毫型) “i-Zaobaijian No. 5” (早白尖五号) kanye ne-“Fuxuan No. 9” (福选九号) njengeziyinhloko.
- Ukutshala (ngokwezidingo zophawu): ukusikwa ekwindla, kungabi ngaphezu kwezihlahla ezingu-45,000 ngehektha, umquba ophilayo ungebe ngaphansi kwama-2.5 t ngehektha ngonyaka.
- Indinganiso yokukha: Kwetiye elisontiwe kusukela ebudlotshaneni obubodwa kuya ebudlotshaneni obunamaqabunga amabili; kwelisicaba kusukela ebudlotshaneni obubodwa kuya ebudlotshaneni obuneqabunga elilodwa elisavuleka kuphela.
- Isikhathi sokukha: Kusukela ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-Ephreli ngokwezidingo zophawu. Izimo zobuchwepheshe zango-2009 kanye nencazelo yesiko lezandla (2024) zibiza ukukha okungcono kakhulu ngaphambi kwe-Guyu (21 Ephreli) kanye nempahla “ebudlotshaneni obunamaqabunga amabili kuya kwamathathu”; isifunda siyengeza ukuthi ikhiwa “ngesandla esiphakamisayo” (提手采).
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Iningizimu ye-Sichuan, amagquma e-Xiaoliangshan anezintaba i-Wuzhishan (1350 m) ne-Laojunshan (2009 m) “isiqongo sokuqala senkabazwe ye-Sichuan”.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: Ngokwezidingo zophawu izintaba ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-500 m. Izincazelo ziyehluka: indawo yetiye ingama-600 1000 m, amasimu angama-800 1050 m, itiye kuso sonke isifunda kusuka ku-300 kuya ku-1500 m.
- Isimo sezulu: Isimo sezulu esishisayo nesomswakama esinomthelela wemonsoon; izincazelo zikhuluma “ngesimo sezulu esime mpo”: ubusika obufudumele, ihlobo elipholile, inkungu, ilanga elincane kanye nomehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwezidingo zophawu inhlabathi ephuzi (黄壤) ene-pH engu-4.5 6.5, izinto eziphilayo ezingekho ngaphansi kuka-2 %, ungqimba olungekho ngaphansi kuka-50 cm. Izinto zabezindaba ziphindaphinda ifomula “ngenhlabathi yasezintabeni eziphakeme ecebile nge-selenium ngaphezu kwama-800 m”; abezindaba bezamabhizinisi (2023) babhala ngama-240 km² omhlaba ocebile nge-selenium, nama-700 km² anele nge-selenium. Ayikho imibiko yokuhlaziywa kwetiye ngokwalo nge-selenium emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ubungako bamasimu: Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngobungako obuphelele emithonjeni etholakele. Abezindaba bezamabhizinisi (2023) babiza ama-120,500 mu amasimu etiye aqinisekiswe njengesisekelo sempahla yomkhiqizo “oluhlaza”, kanye nezimboni zetiye ezingu-15 ezinamandla okukhiqiza kusukela ku-300 t.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Izidingo zobuchwepheshe zophawu (2011) zibeka izikimu ezimbili.
- Itiye elisontiwe: iqabunga elisha → ukupholisa → ukugxilisa (杀青, shāqīng) → ukupholisa → ukusonta (揉捻, róuniǎn) → ukwehlukanisa izigaxa → ukomisa kokuqala (毛火, máohuǒ) → ukupholisa → ukomisa okuphelele (足火, zúhuǒ) → ukupholisa → ukuqeda ebhodweni (辉锅, huīguō) → ukupholisa.
- Itiye elisicaba: iqabunga elisha → ukupholisa → ukugxilisa → ukupholisa → ukubumba kokuqala → ukupholisa → ukubumba kwesibili → ukupholisa → ukuqeda ebhodweni → ukupholisa.
| Umsebenzi | Amapharamitha ngokwezidingo zophawu |
|---|---|
| Ukugxilisa | Ibhodwe 240 260 °C, imizuzu emi-4 5; elisontiwe kuze kube iqabunga eliluhlaza okotshani elimnyama, isiqu siyagoba kodwa asiphuki, iqabunga linamathela kancane |
| Ukusonta | Imizuzu eyi-15 20, kuze kube imisonto yokuqala, eshelelayo lapho ithintwa |
| Ukomisa kokuqala | 120 150 °C, kuze kube imisonto iba luhlaza okotshani okumnyama futhi ihlabayo |
| Ukomisa okuphelele | 90 110 °C, imizuzu engama-50 60 |
| Ukuqeda, okusontiwe | Ibhodwe 80 90 °C, imizuzu engama-50 60, kuze kube ukucwebezela okumpunga okuluhlaza okotshani okunamafutha, umswakama ongaphansi kuka-6 % |
| Ukuqeda, okusicaba | Ibhodwe 100 120 °C, imizuzu engama-20 25, umswakama ongaphansi kuka-6 % |
| Ukubumba okusicaba | 140 160 °C, imizuzu eyi-10 15; ngemuva kokuqala amaqabunga asicaba angabi ngaphansi kuka-70 %, ngemuva kwesibili angabi ngaphansi kuka-98 % |
Isiko lezandla, njengoba lichazwa isifunda (2024), linemisebenzi eyi-14: ukugxilisa kathathu ngokunciphisa ukushisa (okokuqala cishe ngo-300 °C), ukusonta kathathu, ukomisa ngezikhathi zokuphumula amahora ambalwa kanye nokuqeda ku-60 70 °C imizuzu engama-90 120, futhi ekugcineni imizuzu emihlanu yomlilo onamandla “ukuze kuphume iphunga”. Amasu alungiswa ngokwempahla “buka itiye, yenza itiye” (看茶做茶).
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Ngokwezidingo zophawu lwetiye elisontiwe:
- Isimo seqabunga elomile: Imisonto eminyene enezihloko ezibonakalayo (显锋苗), eluhlaza okotshani ecwebezelayo (绿润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho incazelo ehlukile; ukomisa okuphelele, ngokwezidingo, kuqhubeka kuze kube “nephunga letiye elicacile”.
- Iphunga lomgubo: Iphunga lezinhlanzana ezinjengama-chestnut elihlala njalo (栗香持久).
- Ukunambitheka: Ithambile futhi imnandi (醇爽). Ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe okucashunwe ezincazelweni eziyinkomba, “kumnandi, kuthambile, kunobumnandi obubuyayo, kuhlala uketshezwa okuningi”.
- Umbala womgubo: Uhlanzekile futhi ukhanyayo (清澈明亮); ukuhlolwa kochwepheshe kuphuzi okuluhlaza okotshani futhi kukhanyayo.
- Iqabunga elingaphansi (iqabunga eliselitsheni): Ithambile, ilinganayo, ivuleka “njengembali”, iluhlaza okotshani futhi ikhanyayo (嫩匀成朵，绿亮).
Itiye elisicaba lisicaba futhi liqondile, liluhlaza okotshani licwebezelayo, linephunga elifanayo lezinhlanzana ezinjengama-chestnut elihlala njalo; iqabunga eliphekiwe lalo liphuzi ngokuthambile futhi likhanyayo (嫩黄明亮).
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Izidingo zophawu:
| Inkomba | Indinganiso |
|---|---|
| I-cellulose eluhlaza | kungabi ngaphezu kuka-16 % |
| Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini | kungabi ngaphansi kuka-36 % |
| Umswakama ngemuva kokuqeda | ngaphansi kuka-6 % |
Izimo zobuchwepheshe zophawu lwezolimo (2009) ziletha ngetiye ngokwalo: ama-polyphenol etiye 25.0 31.5 %, ama-amino acid 2.7 3.4 %, izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini 40.5 47.1 % “ngaphezu kuka-41 %, kanti kwe-chaoqing evamile cishe u-30 %”. Lesi isici esivela encazelweni yophawu, ngaphandle kwendlela nesampula.
8. Ukwenza Itiye
Umkhuba wekilasi wezinga letiye eliluhlaza; ayikho imingcele yalo ngokwalo yaleli tiye emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 85 90 °C ngetiye elisontiwe le-chaoqing; 80 85 °C ngetiye elisicaba elithambile.
- Ubuningi betiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Isitsha: I-gaiwan noma ingilazi yengilazi.
- Inqubo: Ukufudumeza isitsha, ukuketula kokuqala ngemuva kwemizuzwana engama-40 60, phuza, ushiya ingxenye yomgubo, bese ungeza kathathu noma kane.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wekilasi. Emphaketheni ovalekile, esiqandisini ku-0 5 °C noma endaweni epholile eyomile, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuza phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye Nokukokotela
Ayikho imininingwane eqinisekisiwe ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ugwema kanjani ukukokotela:
- Funa uphawu lwendawo kanye nomkhiqizi ovela esifundeni sase-Pingshan; ngokombiko wokuqala kuka-2021, ilungelo lokusebenzisa uphawu lwalusetshenziswa amabhizinisi ayi-10.
- Itiye elisontiwe kufanele libe mpunga oluhlaza okotshani nocwebezela okunamafutha umkhondo wokuqeda okude ebhodweni.
- Uphawu oluphambili lomgubo iphunga lezinhlanzana ezinjengama-chestnut elihlala njalo.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Isisho sase-Sichuan “ngetiye lezintaba ezintathu” sibeka i-Pingshan eceleni kwe-Emei ne-Mengding kusho isiko lendawo.
- Ukuqeda kwetiye elisontiwe ebhodweni kwenzeka ku-80 90 °C cishe ihora; izincazelo zendawo zixhumanisa iphunga lezinhlanzana ezinjengama-chestnut “nomlilo ophansi nokuthosa isikhathi eside”.
- Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda yango-2020, amabhizinisi anelungelo lophawu akhiqiza imikhiqizo enophawu ngamayuan ayizigidi ezingu-85.6.
12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye ase-Sichuan
- I-Yibin Zaocha (宜宾早茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lasekuqaleni lomkhakha ofanayo i-Yibin; kugxile esikhathini sokukha, hhayi emlilweni.
- I-Emei Zhuyeqing (峨眉竹叶青): Itiye elisicaba lentaba i-Emei enye “yezintaba ezintathu” zesisho.
- I-Mengding Ganlu (蒙顶甘露): Itiye elisontiwe lentaba i-Mengdingshan elesithathu “lezintaba ezintathu”.
- I-Junlian Hongcha (筠连红茶): Itiye elibomvu lesifunda i-Junlian lomkhakha ofanayo i-Yibin.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Pingshan Chaoqing Cha yisenzakalo esingavamile lapho okuvikelwa khona akusiyona indawo kangako, kodwa umlilo: izidingo zophawu zichaza ibhodwe ngezinga lokushisa ngemizuzu, kusukela ekugxiliseni okushisayo kuya ekuqedeni cishe kwehora. Umphumela itiye eliminyene elimpunga oluhlaza okotshani elinephunga lezinhlanzana ezinjengama-chestnut, ukunambitheka okuthambile kanye nokuhlala isikhathi eside eketshezweni.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo