IMenghai Pasha Cha (Měnghǎi Pàshā chá, 勐海帕沙茶) wuphawu lwendawo lwetiye lePhasha Mountain kanye nekomidi lasemakhaya lasePhasha (帕沙) esigodini saseGelanhe esifundeni saseMenghai, eSishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture, esifundazweni saseYunnan. IPasha iphakathi kweNannuoshan neBuangshan, futhi imibhalo yetiye ichaza itiye layo njengendawo ephakathi kwalezi zimbili: amandla eBanzhang, athanjiswe ubumnandi. Imibhalo yophawu ayilisho ibanga lomkhiqizo; izincazelo zikhuluma ngephuer, kodwa ingxenye yamaqabunga iyiswa nase red tea.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Akunqunyelwe: umbhalo wophawu awulisho ibanga. Imibhalo yetiye ichaza itiye lasePhasha ngokuyinhloko njenge sheng puer (生普, shēngpǔ). Ngokwesinye sezincazelo, amaqabunga ezihlahla “ezimnandi” abalimi bendawo bawasebenzisela ukwenza itiye elibomvu lomiswa elangeni (晒红, shàihóng), kanti elibabayo bawasebenzisela i puer maocha (晒青, shàiqīng).
- Isigaba: Itiye lezingadi ezindala zaseMenghai; uphawu lwendawo. Uhlu alulucacisi uhlobo lwalo, kanti abezindaba babiza izimpawu zesifunda njengezokuqinisekisa (证明商标).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseYunnan (云南, Yúnnán), iSishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture (西双版纳, Xīshuāngbǎnnà), isifunda saseMenghai (勐海县, Měnghǎi Xiàn), isigodi saseGelanhe (格朗和哈尼族乡, Gélǎnghé), ikomidi lasemakhaya lasePhasha — ngokwezincazelo, eningizimu-ntshonalanga yesigodi, ngamakhilomitha angu-6 ukusuka esikhungweni sesigodi.
- Omakhelwane: Ngokwezincazelo, empumalanga — ikomidi lasemakhaya lasePazhen (帕真). Kuya eNannuoshan, nakuba isesigodini esifanayo, ibanga lingaphezu kwamakhilomitha angu-30.
- Indawo yokuvikela: Uhlu lubonisa isifunda saseMenghai njengendawo yokuphatha yomnikazi wophawu; umngcele wezomthetho wendawo angiuzihlolanga.
- Izixhumanisi zokuma: Azikho izixhumanisi eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele. Isifunda saseMenghai siphakathi kuka-21°28′ no-22°28′ N no-99°56′ no-100°41′ E.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Amadolobhana amaHani. Imibhalo yetiye ibiza amadolobhana amahlanu abantu bakwaHani: iPasha Laozhai (帕沙老寨, “indala”), iXinzhai (“entsha”), iZhongzhai (“ephakathi”), iNangan (南干) neLaoduan (老端). Ngokwesiko lendawo, uma idolobhana linezindlu ezingaphezu kwekhulu, eminye imindeni isungula elinye; amanye amadolobhana izincazelo ziwathatha eLaozhai (iLaoduan — ngeXinzhai). Iminyaka yobudala beLaozhai ezinye izincazelo zilinganisela okungenani emakhulwini amahlanu eminyaka, ezinye — emakhulwini ayisithupha kuya kwayisikhombisa.
- Inganekwane ngeBanzhang. Kuthiwa eminyakeni eyikhulu namashumi amathathu edlule abantu basePhasha basungula idolobhana lamanje laseLao Banzhang, ngakho-ke itiye lasePhasha libizwa ngokuthi “omunye wemigqa yokuqala” yasebanzhang. Abukho ubufakazi obubhalwe phansi.
- Ubudala bezingadi. Izincazelo zilinganisela iminyaka yezihlahla ezindala ku-200–500. Isimangalo sokuthi izingadi zisukela enkathini yeTang, emithonjeni etholakele asisekelwe ngalutho.
- Izimpawu zaseMenghai. Uphawu oluyisambulela “勐海茶” lwafakwa ngo-2012 yisikhungo setiye sesifunda, lwabhaliswa ngo-2014 futhi lwaqala ukusetshenziswa ngo-2016. Ohlwini lwezimpawu ze-GI zaseYunnan ngasekupheleni kuka-2019, emva kwalo kunezimpawu eziyishumi nanhlanu zezintaba namadolobhana, phakathi kwazo “勐海帕沙茶”. Abezindaba bango-2022 bakhuluma ngezimpawu eziyishumi nesithupha zesifunda — izimpawu zetiye ezilinganayo zaseMenghai ohlwini, uma kuhlanganiswa nesambulela.
- Igama: Incazelo yegama izincazelo ziyihumusha ngezindlela ezahlukene. Enye incwadi ithi “iPhasha” isho “isiteshi seposi”: lapha kwakuphumula abathengisi endleleni phakathi kwezinkomba zaseMenghun naseDamenglong. Enye — ukuthi ngolimi lwamaHani kusho “ihlathi lezintaba ezondlekile”.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Ngokwezincazelo, amaHani asePhasha agcina isiko lawo: izindlu zokhuni ezisezinsikeni, izingubo zesizwe, ulimi lwaso. Amadolobhana nezingadi kuhlangene: “edolobhaneni kukhona itiye, etiyeni kukhona idolobhana” (寨中有茶，茶中有寨).
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa
- Uhlobo / Cultivar: Itiye lendawo elinamaqabunga amakhulu lezingadi ezindala; uhlobo alukabizwa emithonjeni etholakele. Iqabunga elisha lichazwa njengelide futhi linenyama, linoboya obumhlophe obubonakalayo (叶长肥硕，白毫显著).
- Isihlahla esidala: Enye yezincazelo iveza “isihlahla № 1” sasePhasha: ukuphakama 7.1 m, umjikelezo phansi 197 cm. Enye ithi isihlahla senkosi saseLaozhai, esabizwa yiYunnan Tea Institute ngokuthi “iPhasha № 1”, umjikelezo waso ufinyelela ku-2.1 m; umehluko angiwuxazululanga.
- Ukuvuna: Izikhathi azikabhalwa emithonjeni etholakele. Izincazelo zikhuluma ngokuqala kwasekuqaleni kokuhluma nesizini yokuvuna ende.
- Indinganiso yokuvuna: Ayikavezwa emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izidingo zezinto zokusetshenziswa: Angizibonanga izidingo zophawu.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokulima
- Isifunda: Uhlelo lwezintaba eningizimu-ntshonalanga yesigodi saseGelanhe, phakathi kweNannuoshan neBuangshan.
- Ukuphakama kokutshalwa: Ngokwezincazelo, 1500–1800 m; indawo ephakeme kakhulu yentaba — 1850 m, ukuphakama okuphakathi — cishe 1700 m. Kukhona nezinye izibalo: indawo ephakeme kakhulu 1950 m, ububanzi 1200–2000 m.
- Indawo: Izilinganiso zezingadi ezindala ziyahluka: “okungenani 2000 mu”, cishe 2900 mu, ngaphezu kwe-3000 mu.
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokwezincazelo — unyaka wonke kunenkungu nemvula eningi, izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi ngu-22 °C, imvula icishe ibe ngu-1500 mm ngonyaka.
- Umhlabathi: Uchazwa njengovundile futhi oxekethile, ucebe ngomquba wehlathi; uhlobo lomhlabathi alukabizwa emithonjeni etholakele.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Ubuchwepheshe betiye elingaphansi kophawu abukachazwa emithonjeni etholakele. Ku sheng puer yezihlahla ezindala ukulandelana okuvamile kunjena:
- Ukuvuna (采摘, cǎizhāi).
- Ukupholisa iqabunga (摊晾, tānliàng).
- Ukuqinisa ebhodweni (杀青, shāqīng).
- Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Ukomisa elangeni (晒干, shàigān): Kutholakala i maocha evulekile (晒青毛茶, shàiqīng máochá).
- Ukucindezela (紧压, jǐnyā): Akudingekile.
Lena indlela ejwayelekile yekilasi, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe beMenghai Pasha Cha.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Izincazelo ezingezansi imibhalo yetiye nabathengisi bazinikeza ku sheng puer yezihlahla ezindala zasePhasha. Akekho ozibophezele ngokusemthethweni emkhiqizweni ongaphansi kophawu.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Encazelweni yetiye elicindezelwe lomkhiqizi oyedwa — likhulu, lisongwe ngokuqinile, linamahlumela anenyama anoboya (条索粗壮紧结，芽头肥壮显毫).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lomhluzo: Lijulile futhi licebile (香沉而浓郁) noma liphezulu (香气高扬); abathengisi babiza iPhasha ngokuthi “iphunga lokuqala laseMenghai” (勐海第一香).
- Ukunambitheka: Isici esiyinhloko — ubumnandi obumsulwa (清甜). Ubumuncu buyabonakala, ubukhali buncane, umhluzo uthambile futhi uminyene; ubumuncu busheshe buguquke babe ukubuya okumnandi, ukukhiqizwa kwamathe kubonakala (回甘生津); izincazelo zibiza itiye ngokuthi “elinenyama namathambo” (有肉有骨). Ifomula yabathengisi ejwayelekile — “izingxenye eziyisikhombisa zamandla eBanzhang, izingxenye ezintathu zobumnandi beBingdao” (七分班章气，三分冰岛甜).
- Umbala womhluzo: Uyahluka ezincazelweni: ku maocha encane — uluhlaza (青绿色), etiyeni elicindezelwe — luphuzi, lukhanya futhi lucacile (黄亮透亮).
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga eliphisiwe): Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Ayikho imininingwane ye-physicochemical emithonjeni etholakele.
8. Ukwenziwa Kwetiye
Umkhuba wekilasi. Uphawu alulisho ibanga; izinkomba ezingezansi — ze sheng puer, okuyilo itiye lasePhasha elichazwe emibhalweni yetiye.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 95–100 °C.
- Inani letiye: 5–8 g ku-110–150 ml.
- Izitsha: Igaiwan noma i teapot yobumba.
- Inqubo:
- Shisisa isitsha.
- Faka itiye; elicindezelwe — lehlukanise ngokucophelela, ungalicoboki iqabunga.
- Geza iqabunga kafushane ngamanzi abilayo bese uwachitha.
- Imihluzo yokuqala — imizuzwana engu-10–15.
- Thela konke.
- Yandisa isikhathi ngokuphinda uthele; enye yezincazelo ilandelela ukunambitheka kuze kube semhluzweni wamashumi amabili.
9. Ukugcinwa
Umkhuba wekilasi. I sheng puer igcinwa endaweni eyomile, ehlanzekile, enomoya omuhle ngaphandle kokukhanya namaphunga angaphandle, ekupakisheni okuphefumulayo. Abathengisi babiza itiye lasePhasha njengelifanele ukuguga.
10. Intengo kanye Nomgunyathi
Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo emithonjeni etholakele. Abathengisi babhala ukuthi iPhasha ayaziwa kangako njengeBanzhang noma iBingdao, futhi ngentengo inenzuzo kunezinye izingadi ezindala zaseMenghai. Omunye umbhali ucacisa ukuthi ngaphambi kuka-2010 iPhasha yayibiza kancane kuneNannuoshan, futhi manje ihamba phambili ngezintengo zesigodi saseGelanhe.
- Ugwema kanjani umgunyathi:
- Funani uphawu “勐海帕沙茶” futhi nihlole ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda saseMenghai.
- Khumbulani ngomakhelwane: ngokwamazwi encwadi yetiye, ngaphansi kwegama lePhasha kuvame ukuthengiswa itiye lasePazhen elingomakhelwane, lapho izingadi ziphansi.
- Ningadidanisi iPhasha neNannuoshan: enye yezincazelo ibhala ukuthi iPhasha yayikade ibalwa njengeNannuoshan.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Ngokwenganekwane, idolobhana laseLao Banzhang lasungulwa abantu basePhasha.
- Igama lentaba lihunyushwa njenge “isiteshi seposi” nanjenge “ihlathi lezintaba ezondlekile”.
- Encwadini yezinkomba yamadolobhana adumile, umgogodla wethu we-encyclopedia ubheka kuyo, iPhasha ibekwa emgqeni othambile onephunga leMenghai: “ithambile-imnandi, inothi lezimbali” (柔甜花香).
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namatiye angomakhelwane
- INannuoshan (南糯山): Intaba engumakhelwane yesigodi esifanayo, ithambile futhi inephunga elimnandi; izincazelo zibeka iPhasha eduze kwayo.
- ILao Banzhang (老班章): Itiye laseBuangshan elinamandla; ngokwenganekwane, idolobhana lalo lasungulwa abantu basePhasha.
- ILao Mane (老曼峨): Itiye laseBuangshan elibabayo; izincazelo zigcizelela ukuthi ubumuncu bePhasha abufinyeleli kulo.
- IBingdao (冰岛): Itiye elimnandi laseLincang, iPhasha eqhathaniswa nalo yisisho sabathengisi.
Ekuphetheni:
IMenghai Pasha Cha — uphawu lwentaba phakathi kwezindawo ezimbili eziphambili zaseMenghai, okuthi, ngokwezincazelo, ithatha kuzo zombili: amandla amatiye aseBuangshan nobumnandi bamatiye aseNannuoshan. Amadolobhana amahlanu amaHani phakathi kwezingadi, ukuphakama okucishe kube ngu-1700 m nenganekwane yokuhlobana neBanzhang — yilokho okwaziwayo ngayo. Imibhalo ngophawu ngokwalo, ngaphandle komugqa wohlu lwesifundazwe, angiyitholanga.