Xiùshān cháyè

Xiùshān cháyè (Xiùshān cháyè, 秀山茶叶) — ndiye “tii ya Xiushan”, tiyi wobiriwira wopindidwa wa Xiushan-Tujia-Miao Autonomous County (秀山土家族苗族自治县) kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Chongqing, m’mapiri a Wulingshan (武陵山). Pansi pa dzina limeneli, State Intellectual Property Office ya China mwa chilengezo No. 640 (chosainidwa pa 16 July 2025, chofalitsidwa pa 13 August 2025) idavomereza kuti ndi mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo. Zofunikira za chitetezo zimalongosola zopindika zowonda zolimba zokhala ndi nsonga zakuthwa ndi kuwala kobiriwira chikasu, fungo loyera lokhalitsa ndi kukoma kwatsopano kolimbikitsa. Ndi dzina loyandikana nalo lotetezedwa la m’chigawo chomwecho — Xiushan Maojian (秀山毛尖, 2018) — siliyenera kusokonezedwa: awa ndi ma registe a mitundu yosiyana ndi zofunikira zosiyana.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Gululi likuchokera kuukadaulo mu zofunikira za chitetezo: kukhazikika, kupindika ndi kuyanika, popanda oxidation ndi kutenthetsa. Kufotokozera kwa nthawi ya chizindikiro chaulimi kumatchulanso kuti tiyi wa Xiushan ndi wosankhidwa pakati pa tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶中的精品).
• Dzina: 秀山 (Xiùshān) — dzina la chigawo, 茶叶 (cháyè) — “tsamba la tiyi”, kutanthauza “tiyi” chabe. Dzinali silitchula gululo.
• Gulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wopindidwa; mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (2025).
• Chiyambi: China, mzinda wapakati wa Chongqing (重庆, Chóngqìng), Xiushan-Tujia-Miao Autonomous County (秀山, Xiùshān).
• Dera lotetezedwa: Matauni 11 ndi m’midzi ya m’chigawo, momwe muli midzi yoyang’anira 109. Matauni ndi 钟灵镇, 隘口镇, 洪安镇, 峨溶镇, 清溪场镇, 雅江镇, 溪口镇 ndi 涌洞镇; m’midzi ndi 孝溪乡, 中平乡 ndi 海洋乡.
• Ma coordinates a malo: 108°43′6″–109°18′58″ E ndi 28°9′43″–28°53′5″ N — malire a dera malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo.
• Wopempha: Agricultural technical service center ya chigawo (秀山土家族苗族自治县农业技术服务中心).

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • Zolemba zakale za dera. Boma la chigawo limayika Xiushan ku dera la “巴山峡川”, lomwe limatchulidwa mu “Tea Classic” (《茶经》) la Lu Yu, ndipo m’zaka za Jian’an za Eastern Han — kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa chigawo cha Fuling (涪陵郡); za icho “Huayang Guo Zhi” (《华阳国志》) ikulemba kuti chigawochi chinkapereka tiyi, cinnabar, lacquer, uchi ndi sera. Iyi ndi mbiri ya dera, osati ya dzinalo.
  • Ming ndi Qing. Malinga ndi boma la chigawo, kuyambira kumapeto kwa Ming — koyambirira kwa Qing, tiyi adakhala chinthu chofunikira chogulitsira cha Xiushan ndi dziko lakunja, ndipo mu Qing mochedwa — msonkho kwa nyumba yachifumu. Palibe chikalata chokhudza msonkho mu magwero opezeka.
  • Miyambo yapakamwa. Kufotokozera kwa nthawi ya chizindikiro chaulimi kukufotokozanso nkhani za alimi okalamba: tiyi wa midzi itatu — “猛洞茶”, “平邑茶” ndi “尖山茶” — kumapeto kwa Qing ndi Republic akuti amatengedwa ngati msonkho, ndipo panali mwambi “斗米换斤茶” (mlingo wa mpunga pa jin ya tiyi). Iyi ndi nkhani yochokera kwa okalamba, osati chikalata.
  • Chizindikiro chaulimi. Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwachiwiri kumeneko, kale dzinali lidalembetsedwa ngati chizindikiro chaulimi cha malo (农产品地理标志). Chaka cha kulembetsa kumeneku sichinatsimikizidwe m’magwero opezeka.
  • 2025. Chilengezo No. 640 cha State Intellectual Property Office chidavomereza mayina 1409 ngati mankhwala okhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo. Xiushan Chaye ndi malo 1203: zambiri za izo zili mu appendix yoyamba, zofunikira za chitetezo — mu yachiwiri.
• Dzina loyandikana nalo: Malinga ndi ofesi ya intellectual property ya Chongqing, Xiushan Maojian adakhala chizindikiro cha malo pa 28 December 2018 — uku ndi kulembetsa kosiyana (gawo 13).
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Boma la chigawo limalongosola dongosolo limene tiyi amakula pamodzi ndi nkhalango (林-茶复合农业生态系统): pamwamba pa minda pali nkhalango, pansipa minda, mitsinje ndi midzi. Kulima ndi kupanga kwa Xiushan Maojian woyandikana naye, malinga ndi tsamba la chigawo, ndi chinthu cha cholowa chosagwirika cha mlingo wa mzinda; madera ake akulu ndi matauni a Hong’an ndi Zhongling ndi mudzi wa Haiyang — onse ali mu dera la Xiushan Chaye.

3. Kufotokozera kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira

• Mitundu / Cultivars: Zofunikira za chitetezo zimatulutsa mitundu iwiri — 福鼎大毫 (Fúdǐng dàháo) ndi 蜀永1号 (Shǔyǒng 1 hào). Kwa Xiushan Maojian wachikhalidwe, boma la chigawo limatchula kuti zopangira zabwino kwambiri ndi tchire lazaka 100 la mtundu wa Sichuan wamasamba ang’onoang’ono (川小叶种, chuān xiǎoyè zhǒng); izi sizikugwirizana ndi zofunikira za Xiushan Chaye.
• Zopangira: Osachepera 70% ya zopangira ndi mphukira za masika za “bud ndi masamba awiri”; pa “bud ndi tsamba” ndi “bud ndi masamba atatu” kuli pansi pa 30%.
• Kututa: Pamanja, m’magulu.
• Nthawi yotuta: Masika; palibe masiku enieni mu zofunikira.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

• Dera: Mapiri a Wulingshan kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Chongqing. Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa nthawi ya chizindikiro chaulimi, derali limapangidwa ndi magawo anayi ndipo limadutsa ndi chigawo cha Huayuan (花垣) cha Hunan Province, zigawo za Songtao (松桃) ndi Youyang (酉阳).
• Kutalika kwa kulima: Kuyambira 700 m — malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo. Boma la chigawo limayika minda yachikhalidwe pa 500–800 m, kufotokozera kwa nthawi ya chizindikiro chaulimi — pamwamba pa 800 m.
• Dothi: Lachikasu ndi lofiira, lochepa kwa acid — malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo.
• Nyengo: Malinga ndi kufotokozera kwa nthawi ya chizindikiro chaulimi, m’nyengo yozizira ndi masika kumakhala chifunga, m’chilimwe ndi m’dzinja kumakhala mitambo (冬春多雾，夏秋多云).
• Malo ndi zokolola: Kufotokozera kwa nthawi ya chizindikiro chaulimi kumatulutsa 6666,7 ha ya malo otetezedwa ndi 6000 t ya tsamba latsopano pachaka. Ziwerengerozi sizinatsimikizidwe ndi zofunikira za 2025.

5. Ukadaulo Wopanga

Kutsatizana malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo:

1. Kufalitsa tsamba latsopano (摊青, tānqīng): Tsamba limayalidwa wosanjikiza wa 3–10 cm ndipo limagwedezeka pakatha mphindi 30 zilizonse.
2. Kukhazikika (杀青, shāqīng): Kutentha kumayimitsa oxidation. Palibe manambala enieni mu zofunikira.
3. Kupindika (揉捻, róuniǎn): Gawo la tsamba lopindidwa ndi 90%, zidutswa zazing’ono zosachepera 2%.
4. Kuyanika mu chowumitsira (烘干, hōnggān): Kawiri: kuyanika koyamba — mpaka chinyezi 35–40%, kubwereza — mpaka 15–20%. Chinyezi chomaliza cha tiyi womalizidwa sichinatchulidwe mu zofunikira.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Kufotokozera pansipa ndi malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo; kufotokozera komweko kumaperekanso malemba a nthawi ya chizindikiro chaulimi.

• Maonekedwe a tsamba louma: Zopindika zowonda zolimba zokhala ndi nsonga zakuthwa (条索紧细、有锋苗), zobiriwira-zachikasu, zonyezimira (色泽黄绿润).
• Fungo la tsamba louma: Palibe kufotokozera kosiyana mu magwero opezeka.
• Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Loyera ndi lokhalitsa (清香持久).
• Kukoma: Kwatsopano ndi kolimbikitsa (滋味鲜爽).
• Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wobiriwira-zachikasu, wowala (汤色黄绿明亮).
• Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lopangidwa): Lobiriwira-zachikasu, lonyezimira, lofewa ndi lofanana (叶底黄绿亮、嫩匀).

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Mipaka ya physicochemical malinga ndi zofunikira za chitetezo:

Chizindikiro	Mtengo
Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi zochotsera	38,0–50,0 %
Mafuta a tiyi polyphenols	13,0–24,0 %
Amino acids	1,8–4,5 %
Caffeine	1,8–4,0 %

Mipaka yomweyi ilinso mu kufotokozera kwa nthawi ya chizindikiro chaulimi. Izi ndi zoyenera kwa mankhwala, osati zoyezera za gulu linalake.

8. Kupanga Tiyi

Mchitidwe wa gulu la tiyi wobiriwira.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
• Zombo: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
• Ndondomeko:
  1. Tenthetsa chombo.
  2. Ikani tiyi ndi kuthira madzi m’mbali.
  3. Kupanga koyamba — pakatha masekondi 40–60.
  4. Imwani, kusiya gawo la madzi a tiyi.
  5. Onjezerani madzi.
  6. Kubwereza kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa gulu. M’mapaketi otsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Ndibwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonama

Palibe deta ya mitengo mu magwero opezeka.

• Momwe mungapewere zonama:
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha malo. Kufunsira ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito kumadutsa mu ofesi ya intellectual property ya chigawo, imawunikiridwa ndi ofesi ya Chongqing, ndipo imavomerezedwa ndi State Intellectual Property Office; mindandanda ya opanga ovomerezeka sinawunikiridwe.
  • Onetsetsani kuti tiyi wapangidwa mu umodzi mwa matauni 11 ndi m’midzi ya dera.
  • Tsamba — zopindika zowonda zokhala ndi nsonga zakuthwa ndi kuwala kobiriwira-chikasu, madzi a tiyi — obiriwira-zachikasu ndi owala.
  • Musasokoneze “秀山茶叶” ndi “秀山毛尖”: awa ndi mayina osiyana otetezedwa, ndipo chizindikiro cha chimodzi sichisintha china.

11. Zochititsa Chidwi

• Mu chigawo chimodzi muli mayina awiri otetezedwa a tiyi: Xiushan Maojian (2018) ndi Xiushan Chaye (2025). Malinga ndi mtundu, kutalika ndi zopangira, mafotokozedwe awo amasiyana.
• Gawo limodzi la dera limatchulidwa mosiyana: mu kufotokozera kwa nthawi ya chizindikiro chaulimi — ngati mudzi (涌洞乡), mu zofunikira za 2025 — ngati tawuni (涌洞镇).

12. Kuyerekeza ndi Tiyi Ina

• Xiushan Maojian (秀山毛尖): Dzina loyandikana nalo lotetezedwa la m’chigawo chomwecho (2018): kukazinga m’mphika, mtundu wa Sichuan wamasamba ang’onoang’ono, fungo la chestnut yachichepere. Xiushan Chaye ali ndi mitundu iwiri yamakono ndi kuyanika mu chowumitsira.
• Guzhang Maojian (古丈毛尖): Tiyi wobiriwira wa chigawo cha Guzhang mu Xiangxi-Tujia-Miao Autonomous Prefecture ya Hunan — nayenso wochokera kumapiri a Wulingshan, kumbali ina ya malire a zigawo.
• Nanchuan Lücha (南川绿茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wa chigawo cha Nanchuan cha Chongqing chomwecho.
• Yongchuan Xiuya (永川秀芽): Tiyi wina wodziwika wobiriwira wa Chongqing.

Pomaliza:

Xiushan Chaye ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa kum’mwera chakum’mawa kwa Chongqing, yemwe dzina losavuta “tiyi wa Xiushan” linaperekedwa pamodzi ndi zofunikira zatsatanetsatane: matauni 11 ndi m’midzi, mitundu iwiri, minda kuyambira 700 m, mphukira za masika za “bud ndi masamba awiri”, zopindika zowonda zobiriwira-zachikasu ndi fungo loyera lokhalitsa. Monga mankhwala otetezedwa, dzinali lidawonekera mu 2025 ndipo limakhala pafupi ndi chizindikiro cha Xiushan Maojian, chomwe chimasokonezedwa mosavuta.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №640

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero