Wǔfēng hóngchá

Wufeng Hongcha (Wǔfēng hóngchá, 五峰红茶) ndi tiyi wofiira wa Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County (五峰土家族自治县) m’boma la Yichang kumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Hubei. Chigawochi ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zazikulu za tiyi m’chigawochi, ndipo tawuni yake ya Yuyangguan (渔洋关) kuyambira m’zaka za zana la 19 inali likulu la malonda a Yihong, tiyi wofiira wa Yichang, yemwe m’nthawi ya Republican ankamuika pamodzi ndi Qimen ndi Yunnan. Kuyambira 2017, dzina la “五峰红茶” limatetezedwa ndi zizindikiro ziwiri za geographical certification za bungwe la tiyi la chigawo. Tiyi wofiira wa chigawochi amatetezedwanso pansi pa dzina lachiwiri, 五峰宜红茶: malinga ndi chidziwitso cha CNIPA № 640 (2025), wopemphayo ndi bungwe lomwelo, ndipo dera lake limakhudza maboma onse asanu ndi atatu ndi matauni a chigawocho. Maonekedwe ndi miyezo yomwe ili pansipa yachokera ku zofunikira za CNIPA za 五峰宜红茶; malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito chizindikiro chenicheni cha “五峰红茶” sindinawaone.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

• Mtundu: Tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá), wokwanira oxidized. Gulu limatchulidwa mu dzina lenilenilo ndipo likugwirizana ndi mbiri ya chigawocho.
• Gulu: Tiyi wofiira wa chigawo; chizindikiro cha geographical certification (2017). Pansi pa dzina la 五峰宜红茶 tiyi yemweyo ndi agricultural geographical indication ndi chinthu chokhala ndi geographical indication cha CNIPA (2025).
• Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Hubei (湖北, Húběi), boma la Yichang (宜昌, Yíchāng), Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County (五峰, Wǔfēng).
• Dera: Kwa chizindikiro cha “五峰红茶” mndandanda wa Hubei Intellectual Property Office (2020) umatchula chigawo cha Wufeng monga malo okha a mwiniwake (gawo la 注册人行政区划); malire a dera lotetezedwa la chizindikiro ichi sindinawaone. Kwa dzina la 五峰宜红茶, zofunikira za CNIPA za 2025 zimatchula maboma asanu ndi atatu ndi matauni a chigawocho m’malire awo amakono, Caihua, Wufeng, Yuyangguan, Changleping, Renheping, Wantan, Fujiayan ndi Niuzhuang.
• Ubale ndi 五峰宜红茶: Malinga ndi magwero oyambirira, ili ndi dzina lachiwiri lotetezedwa la tiyi wofiira wa chigawo chomwecho. Mwini zizindikiro za “五峰红茶” malinga ndi mndandanda wa Hubei wa 2020 ndi Wufeng Tea Industry Association (五峰茶业协会); yemweyonso ndi wopempha 五峰宜红茶 mu chidziwitso cha CNIPA № 640. Pansi pa dzina la 五峰宜红茶, m’mndandanda wa ogwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication, chomwe chimasindikizidwa ndi Hubei Intellectual Property Office (2023 ndi 2025), pali zizindikiro zawo za certification, № 26667468 ndi № 26667469, ndi nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito mpaka Marichi 2031; pakati pa ogwiritsa ntchito pali makampani a tiyi a chigawo. Kalozera wophatikiza wa geographical indications umasunga zolembetsa zonsezi ngati chinthu chimodzi. Mwalamulo, zolembetsa ndi zosiyana, ndipo popanda malamulo ogwiritsira ntchito chizindikiro cha “五峰红茶”, kufanana kwa zofunikira pansi pa mayina awiriwa sikunatsimikizidwe ndi chikalata.
• Coordinate za geographical: Malinga ndi zofunikira za CNIPA 2025 za 五峰宜红茶, 110°15′–111°25′ E, 29°56′–30°25′ N.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

• Mbiri:
  • 1824, chiyambi cha tiyi wofiira ku Yuyangguan. Malinga ndi zolemba za Hubei Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission, m’chaka chino wamalonda wa tiyi wa ku Canton “钧大福” anabweretsa ku Yuyangguan amisiri ochokera ku Jiangxi ndipo anaphunzitsa anthu am’deralo kusonkhanitsa ndi kupanga tiyi wofiira. “Jingji Ribao” (2024) imanena kuti Yihong ankachoka ku Yuyangguan kupita kumsika wapadziko lonse “kalekale m’zaka za zana la 18”; kusiyana kumeneku sindinathe kukonza.
  • Kumapeto kwa zaka za 19, kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 20, nyumba zakunja. Pomwepo akuti m’zaka za Guangxu ndi kumayambiriro kwa Republic ku Yuyangguan ankagwira ntchito nyumba za tiyi 源泰 ndi 新泰, zomwe zinatsegulidwa ndi nyumba zamalonda za Hankou zochokera ku Russia, nyumba ya amalonda a ku Britain 宝顺合, pafupifupi nyumba makumi atatu za tiyi. Zolembazo zimatchulanso chidziwitso cha Hubei likin bureau (厘金局) chokhudza misonkho, chosindikizidwa mu “Wanguo Gongbao” (万国公报) pa 1 July 1876.
  • 1924. M’malo mwa nthumwi ya China ya Centrosoyuz ya USSR, kampani ya Hankou 忠信昌 inatsegula ku Yuyangguan malo ake osungira tiyi.
  • 1937–1938. Hubei Tea Improvement Institute anasamukira ku Yuyangguan kuchokera ku Yangloudong ndipo anakhala Yuyangguan Tea Improvement Station; mu 1938 China Tea Company inatsegula kuno Wufeng Tea Refining Factory (五峰精制茶厂).
  • Nthawi ya Republican. Yihong, yokonzedwa bwino ku Yuyangguan, inkaikidwa pamodzi ndi tiyi wofiira wa Qimen ndi Yunnan, “tiyi atatu akuluakulu ofiira a China”.
  • 2017. Pa 28 June palembetsedwa zizindikiro ziwiri za geographical certification za “五峰红茶”, № 17790712 ndi № 17790713 (kalasi 30, katundu, tiyi); mwiniwake ndi Wufeng Tea Industry Association (五峰茶业协会), nthawi yogwira ntchito mpaka 27 June 2027. Tsiku lomwelo bungwe lomwelo linalandira zizindikiro ziwiri za “五峰毛尖”.
  • 2018. Yuyangguan analandira kuchokera ku International Tea Committee udindo wa “tauni yakale yapadziko lonse ya tiyi ndi zokopa alendo”.
  • 2025. Mwa chidziwitso cha CNIPA № 640 cha 16 July, dzina la 五峰宜红茶 linazindikiridwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi geographical indication (mzere 755 wa phukusi la zinthu 1409); wopemphayo ndi Wufeng Tea Industry Association yemweyo.
• Dzina: “Wufeng” (五峰) ndi “nsonga zisanu”, dzina la chigawo; “hongcha” (红茶) ndi tiyi wofiira.
• Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Boma la Hubei limayika Wufeng pakati pa zigawo zisanu zazikulu zopanga tiyi za chigawocho, pamodzi ndi Hefeng, Zhuxi, Dawu ndi Yingshan. Yuyangguan amatchulidwa kuti ndi imodzi mwa malo a Great Tea Road (万里茶道).

3. Kufotokozera kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira

• Mitundu / Cultivar: Zofunikira za CNIPA 2025 za 五峰宜红茶 zimatchula mitundu 鄂茶7号, 五峰212, 五峰310 ndi mtundu wamba wa m’deralo (五峰群体种).
• Zopangira ndi kusonkhanitsa: Malinga ndi zofunikira zomwezo, munda umatsegulidwa pamene 5% ya mphukira zatsopano zikukwaniritsa muyezo wosonkhanitsa; amasonkhanitsa nthawi yake komanso m’maulendo angapo, masamba okhala ndi zotsalira za mankhwala ndi owonongeka ndi tizilombo satengedwa. Kwa chizindikiro chenicheni cha “五峰红茶” palibe zofunikira zomwe zinapezeka m’magwero.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

• Dera: Chigawo chamapiri kumadzulo kwa Hubei, m’boma la Yichang.
• Kutalika: Malinga ndi “Jingji Ribao” (2024), m’chigawochi pansi pa 1000 m makamaka amabzala tiyi, pamwamba pake amabzala zitsamba zamankhwala.
• Nyengo ndi dothi: Kufotokozera kwa agricultural geographical indication ya 五峰宜红茶 (2013) m’mabuku ofotokozera: nyengo ya subtropical monsoon, pafupifupi maola 1554 a dzuwa pachaka, kutentha kwapachaka 13.1 °C, mvula 1588 mm, nthawi yopanda chisanu pafupifupi masiku 250; dothi makamaka mountain yellow-brown, pH kawirikawiri 4.5–6.0. Dothi ndi pH zimabwerezedwanso ndi zofunikira za CNIPA 2025: makamaka mountain yellow-brown, ndi wosanjikiza wozama wosalala. Palibe kufotokozera kwapadera kwa chizindikiro cha “五峰红茶”.
• Kukula: Malinga ndi zolemba zomwezo za 2024, minda ya tiyi ya chigawochi imakhala ndi 220,000 mu, pomwe 73,000 mu ali ku Caihua Township; tawuniyi imasonkhanitsa matani 60,000 a masamba atsopano ndipo imatulutsa matani 15,000 a tiyi wouma pachaka, theka la zokolola za chigawocho. Zingati mwa izi ndi tiyi wofiira sizinanenedwe.

5. Tekinoloje ya Kupanga

Palibe tekinoloje yatsatanetsatane pansi pa dzina lililonse la mayina awiriwa m’magwero opezeka. Ndondomeko yodziwika bwino ya tiyi wofiira ndi iyi:

1. Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo): Masamba amataya chinyezi china ndikukhala ofewa.
2. Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Maselo a masamba amawonongeka, madzi amatuluka pamwamba.
3. Oxidation (发酵, fājiào): Masamba amafiira, fungo ndi kukoma zimapangidwa.
4. Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào): Kutentha kumayimitsa oxidation.

Iyi ndi ndondomeko yodziwika bwino ya kalasi. Kufotokozera kwa agricultural geographical indication ya 五峰宜红茶 m’mabuku ofotokozera kumatchula magawo omwewo ndikuwonjezera kusankha (精选, jīngxuǎn). Zofunikira za CNIPA 2025 pakukonza zimanena zokha za kubweretsa masamba: mwachangu, ndi galimoto yapadera, popanda kupanikizana, kutentha, dzuwa ndi mvula.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Pansipa pali kufotokozera kuchokera ku zofunikira za CNIPA 2025 za 五峰宜红茶, dzina lachiwiri lotetezedwa la tiyi yemweyo; mawu omwewo mabuku ofotokozera amawatchula kuchokera ku chikalata cha agricultural indication cha 2013. Palibe kufotokozera kwapadera kwa chizindikiro cha “五峰红茶” m’magwero opezeka.

• Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Kwa 五峰宜红茶, opotozedwa molimba komanso mopyapyala, ndi nsonga zagolide, mtundu wakuda, wonyezimira ngati mafuta (条索紧细有金毫，色泽乌润).
• Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe kufotokozera m’magwero opezeka.
• Fungo la infusions: Kwa 五峰宜红茶, kotsekemera, koyera, kwakukulu komanso kwautali (香气甜纯高长).
• Kukoma: Kwa 五峰宜红茶, kodziwika bwino, kofewa komanso kwatsopano (滋味醇厚鲜爽).
• Mtundu wa infusions: Kwa 五峰宜红茶, wofiira, wowala (汤色红亮).
• Pansi pa tiyi (masamba opangidwa): Kwa 五峰宜红茶, ofiira, owala, ofewa (叶底红亮柔软).

Malinga ndi kufotokozera komweko, infusion ikazizira imakhala ndi “cold turbidity” (冷后浑, lěng hòu hún), mtambo wamkaka. Manyuzipepala am’deralo amafotokoza magulu abwino kwambiri a 五峰宜红茶 ndi mawu ena: infusion yofiira kwambiri yowonekera, kukoma kodziwika bwino kwatsopano, fungo lalitali losangalatsa (汤色红浓透明，滋味浓厚鲜爽，香气高爽持久).

7. Kapangidwe ka Chemical

Palibe kafukufuku pansi pa dzina la “五峰红茶” m’magwero opezeka. Malinga ndi lipoti la Yichang Agricultural Bureau (2021), pamene 五峰宜红茶 adalowetsedwa mu mndandanda wadziko lonse wa zinthu zodziwika bwino, zapadera komanso zatsopano zaulimi (全国名特优新农产品), kafukufuku adapeza kuti zinthu zochotsedwa, tea polyphenols, zinki ndi gamma-aminobutyric acid zake ndi zapamwamba kuposa zikhalidwe za reference; manambala enieniwo lipoti silikutchula.

Zofunikira za CNIPA 2025 za 五峰宜红茶 zimayika chinyezi osapitirira 6.5%, phulusa osapitirira 6.5% ndi zinthu zochotsedwa osachepera 32% pa 100 g ya tiyi wouma. Uwu ndi muyezo wa chinthu pansi pa dzina ili; miyezo ya chizindikiro chenicheni cha “五峰红茶” sindinawaone.

8. Kupanga

Mchitidwe wa kalasi wa tiyi wofiira.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–95 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3–5 g pa 150 ml.
• Zida: Gaiwan kapena teapot ya porcelain.
• Ndondomeko:
  1. Tenthetsani ziwiya.
  2. Ikani tiyi ndikutsanulira madzi.
  3. Kudzaza koyamba pakatha masekondi 30–60.
  4. Otsatira ndi kuwonjezera nthawi pang’onopang’ono.
  5. Kudzaza kasanu kapena kasanu ndi chimodzi.

9. Kusunga

Mchitidwe wa kalasi. Mu phukusi lolimba, pamalo owuma amdima, kutali ndi fungo.

10. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga

Palibe deta ya mitengo m’magwero opezeka.

• Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro cha geographical certification cha “五峰红茶” (№ 17790712 kapena № 17790713).
  • Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa chigawo cha Wufeng ndipo wololedwa ndi chigawo cha bungwe la tiyi.
  • Kumbukirani kuti tiyi yemweyo akhoza kutulukanso pansi pa dzina la 五峰宜红茶, ndi chizindikiro chake cha certification kapena chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication. Ufulu wa chizindikiro chapadera, malinga ndi zofunikira za CNIPA 2025, wopanga wochokera m’derali amalandira kudzera ku bungwe la chigawo la intellectual property, pambuyo poyang’aniridwa ndi Hubei Intellectual Property Office ndikuvomerezedwa ndi CNIPA (onani gawo 1).
  • Osasokoneza ndi Yichang Yihong (宜昌宜红): uku ndi kulembetsa kwapadera kokhala ndi dera lalikulu.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

• Mu mndandanda wa chigawo cha 2020, bungwe limodzi la tiyi la chigawo lili ndi zizindikiro zisanu za tiyi: “五峰绿茶” (2012), ziwiri za “五峰红茶” ndi ziwiri za “五峰毛尖” (zonse, 2017).
• Wufeng sayenera kusokonezedwa ndi phiri la Wufengshan (五峰山) m’mphepete mwa mzinda wa Enshi, lomwe ndi gawo la dera la green Enshi Yulu, tiyi wosiyana kotheratu komanso chigawo china.

12. Kufanizira ndi tiyi wina wa ku Hubei

• Yihong Gongfu (宜红工夫): Red gongfu wa dera la Yichang ndi Enshi; Wufeng ndi imodzi mwa zigawo zake zakale, Yuyangguan ndi likulu la malonda ake.
• Wufeng Maojian (五峰毛尖): Tiyi wobiriwira wa chigawo chomwecho; zizindikiro zinalandiridwa ndi bungwe lomwelo tsiku lomwelo.
• Caihua Maojian (采花毛尖): Tiyi wobiriwira wa Caihua Township m’chigawo cha Wufeng.
• Lichuan Hong (利川红): Tiyi wofiira wa Enshi Tujia ndi Miao Autonomous Prefecture yoyandikana nayo.

Pomaliza:

Wufeng Hongcha ndi dzina la chigawo la tiyi wofiira wokhala ndi mbiri yakuzama ya malowa: malinga ndi zolemba za chigawo, kuyambira 1824 Yuyangguan adaphunzira kupanga tiyi wofiira, adagulitsa ndi nyumba za Russia ndi Britain ndipo m’zaka za m’ma 1930 adalandira bungwe la tiyi la chigawo. Chizindikiro chenichenicho ndi chachinyamata, 2017, ndipo maonekedwe a tiyi amafotokozedwa pansi pa dzina lake lachiwiri lotetezedwa, 五峰宜红茶: masamba opotozedwa molimba komanso mopyapyala okhala ndi nsonga zagolide komanso infusion yofiira yowala, yomwe imakhala yodetsedwa ikazizira.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

• 湖北省知识产权局地理标志证明/集体商标名录 №17790712

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero