Wǔfēng Hóngchá (Wǔfēng hóngchá, 五峰红茶) itiye elibomvu lase-Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County (五峰土家族自治县) esifundeni sedolobha sase-Yichang entshonalanga yesifundazwe sase-Hubei. Isifunda singesinye sezindawo ezisemqoka zokutshala itiye esifundazweni, kanti idolobhana laso i-Yuyangguan (渔洋关) kusukela ngekhulu le-19 laliyisizinda sokuhweba nge-Yihong, itiye elibomvu lase-Yichang, ngaleso sikhathi seRiphabhuliki elalibekwa ezingeni elifanayo neletiye lase-Qimen kanye nelase-Yunnan. Kusukela ngo-2017 igama elithi “五峰红茶” livikelwe yizimpawu ezimbili zokuqinisekisa indawo zomlando zenhlangano yetiye yesifunda. Itiye elibomvu lesifunda livikelwe futhi ngaphansi kwegama lesibili, i-五峰宜红茶: ngokwesaziso se-CNIPA № 640 (2025) umfakisicelo walo uyinhlangano efanayo, kanti indawo evikelwe ihlanganisa zonke izigodi namadolobhana ayisishiyagalombili esifunda. Ukubukeka nezindinganiso ezingezansi kuthathwe ezidingweni ze-CNIPA ze-五峰宜红茶; imithetho yokusetshenziswa kophawu ngokwalo lwe-”五峰红茶” angizange ngiyibone.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye elibomvu (红茶, hóngchá), eline-oxidation ephelele. Isigaba sivezwe egameni ngokwalo futhi sihambisana nephrofayili yesifunda.
- Isigaba: Itiye elibomvu lesifunda; uphawu lokuqinisekisa indawo zomlando (2017). Ngaphansi kwegama elithi 五峰宜红茶 itiye elifanayo liyindawo yezolimo evela emlandweni kanye nomkhiqizo onezindawo zomlando ze-CNIPA (2025).
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Hubei (湖北, Húběi), isifunda sedolobha sase-Yichang (宜昌, Yíchāng), i-Wufeng Tujia Autonomous County (五峰, Wǔfēng).
- Indawo: Ngophawu lwe-”五峰红茶” uhlu lwe-Hubei Intellectual Property Office (2020) lukhomba isifunda sase-Wufeng kuphela njengendawo yomnikazi (ikholomu ethi 注册人行政区划); imingcele yendawo evikelwe yalolu phawu angizange ngiyibone. Egameni le-五峰宜红茶 izidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025 zisho izigodi namadolobhana ayisishiyagalombili esifunda emingceleni yawo yamanje: Caihua, Wufeng, Yuyangguan, Changleping, Renheping, Wantan, Fujiayan kanye no-Niuzhuang.
- Ukuhlobana ne-五峰宜红茶: Ngokwemithombo yokuqala, leli yigama lesibili elivikelwe letiye elibomvu elifanayo lesifunda. Umnikazi wezimpawu ze-”五峰红茶” ngokohlu lwase-Hubei lwango-2020 yi-Wufeng Tea Industry Association (五峰茶业协会); yiyona futhi umfakisicelo we-五峰宜红茶 esazisweni se-CNIPA № 640. Ngaphansi kwegama elithi 五峰宜红茶 ezinhleni zabasebenzisi bophawu olukhethekile lwendawo yomlando, ezishicilelwa yi-Hubei Intellectual Property Office (2023 no-2025), kubhalwe nezimpawu zabo zokuqinisekisa: № 26667468 no-№ 26667469, nesikhathi sokusetshenziswa kuze kube nguMashi 2031; phakathi kwabasebenzisi kunezinkampani zetiye zesifunda. Ikhathalogi ehlanganisiwe yezindawo zomlando igcina zonke lezi zibhaliso njengento eyodwa. Ngokomthetho lezi zibhaliso zehlukene, futhi ngaphandle kwemithetho yokusetshenziswa kophawu lwe-”五峰红茶” ukufana kwezidingo ngaphansi kwamagama amabili akufakazelwanga ngombhalo.
- Izixhumanisi zendawo: Ngokwezidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025 ze-五峰宜红茶: 110°15′–111°25′ E, 29°56′–30°25′ N.
2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- 1824 — ukuqala kwetiye elibomvu e-Yuyangguan. Ngokwencwadi ye-Hubei Ethnic and Religious Affairs Commission, ngalo nyaka umthengisi wetiye wase-Canton “钧大福” waletha e-Yuyangguan izingcweti ezivela e-Jiangxi futhi wafundisa abantu bendawo ukuvuna nokwenza itiye elibomvu. I-”经济日报” (2024) ibhala ukuthi i-Yihong yasuka e-Yuyangguan yaya emakethe yomhlaba “kusukela ngekhulu le-18”; umehluko angizange ngiwuxazulule.
- Ukuphela kwekhulu le-19 — ukuqala kwekhulu le-20 — izindlu zakwamanye amazwe. Kuleyo ncwadi kuthiwa ngeminyaka ye-Guangxu nasekuqaleni kweRiphabhuliki e-Yuyangguan kwakusebenza izindlu zetiye i-Yuan Tai ne-Xin Tai, ezavulwa yizindlu zokuhweba zase-Hankou ezazivela e-Russia, kanye nendlu yabathengisi baseBrithani i-Bao Shun He, sezizonke cishe izindlu zetiye ezingamashumi amathathu. Le ncwadi iphinde ikhulume ngesimemezelo se-Hubei likin office (厘金局) sokuqoqwa kwentela, esashicilelwa ku-”万国公报” ngomhla ka-1 Julayi 1876.
- 1924. Ngesicelo sokumelwa kwamaShayina kwe-Centrosoyuz yase-USSR, inkampani yase-Hankou i-Zhongxinchang yavula indawo yayo yokugcina itiye e-Yuyangguan.
- 1937–1938. I-Hubei Tea Improvement Institute yathuthela e-Yuyangguan isuka e-Yangloudong futhi yaba yi-Yuyangguan Tea Improvement Station; ngo-1938 i-China Tea Company yavula lapha i-Wufeng Tea Refining Factory (五峰精制茶厂).
- Isikhathi seRiphabhuliki. I-Yihong, eyayilungiswa e-Yuyangguan, yayibekwa ezingeni elifanayo namatiye abomvu ase-Qimen nase-Yunnan: “amatiye amathathu amakhulu abomvu ase-China.”
- 2017. Ngo-28 Juni kwabhaliswa izimpawu ezimbili zokuqinisekisa indawo zomlando ze-”五峰红茶”: № 17790712 no-№ 17790713 (isigaba 30, umkhiqizo itiye); umnikazi yi-Wufeng Tea Industry Association (五峰茶业协会), isikhathi sokusebenza kuze kube ngu-27 Juni 2027. Ngosuku olufanayo inhlangano efanayo yathola izimpawu ezimbili ze-”五峰毛尖”.
- 2018. I-Yuyangguan yathola isiqu se-”world tea tourism ancient town” kwi-International Tea Committee.
- 2025. Ngesaziso se-CNIPA № 640 somhla ka-16 Julayi igama elithi 五峰宜红茶 laqashelwa njengomkhiqizo onendawo yomlando (umugqa 755 wephakeji lemikhiqizo eyi-1409); umfakisicelo yi-Wufeng Tea Industry Association efanayo.
- Igama: “Wufeng” (五峰) lisho “iziqongo ezinhlanu”, igama lesifunda; “hóngchá” (红茶) lisho itiye elibomvu.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Uhulumeni wase-Hubei ubeka i-Wufeng phakathi kwezifunda ezinhlanu ezinkulu zokukhiqiza itiye esifundazweni, kanye ne-Hefeng, i-Zhuxi, i-Dawu ne-Yingshan. I-Yuyangguan ibizwa ngesinye sezizinda ze-Great Tea Road (万里茶道).
3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Ezisetshenziswayo
- Izinhlobo / Ama-Cultivar: Izidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025 ze-五峰宜红茶 zisho izinhlobo ezithi 鄂茶7号, 五峰212, 五峰310 kanye nendawo yendawo (五峰群体种).
- Izinto ezisetshenziswayo nokuvuna: Ngokwezidingo ezifanayo, isivande sivulwa lapho amaphesenti angu-5 amahlumela amasha esefikelela kumazinga okuvuna; kuvunwa ngesikhathi futhi ngezigaba eziningana, akuthathwa amaqabunga anezinsalela ze-pesticide nawonakaliswe yizilokazane. Ngophawu ngokwalo lwe-”五峰红茶” azikho izidingo emithonjeni etholakele.
4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala
- Isifunda: Isifunda esinezintaba entshonalanga ye-Hubei, esifundeni sedolobha sase-Yichang.
- Ukuphakama: Ngokwencwadi ye-”经济日报” (2024), esifundeni ngaphansi kuka-1000 m ikakhulukazi kutshalwa itiye, kanti ngenhla kunezitshalo zokwelapha.
- Isimo sezulu kanye nomhlabathi: Incazelo yendawo yezolimo evela emlandweni ye-五峰宜红茶 (2013) njengoba idluliselwa ezincwadini eziyisithenjwa: isimo sezulu se-subtropical monsoon, cishe amahora elanga angu-1554 ngonyaka, izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo lonyaka lingu-13.1 °C, imvula ingu-1588 mm, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa cishe izinsuku ezingama-250; umhlabathi, ikakhulukazi ubumba oluphuzi lwasezintabeni, pH ngokuvamile ingu-4.5–6.0. Umhlabathi ne-pH kuyaphindwa futhi ezidingweni ze-CNIPA zika-2025: ikakhulukazi ubumba oluphuzi lwasezintabeni, olunongqimba olujulile oluxekethile. Ayikho incazelo ehlukile yophawu lwe-”五峰红茶”.
- Isilinganiso: Ngokwencwadi efanayo ka-2024, izivande zetiye zesifunda zithatha ama-mu angu-220,000, kuthi angu-73,000 mu alawo ase-Caihua township; isigodi sivuna amathani angu-60,000 amaqabunga amasha futhi sikhiqize amathani angu-15,000 etiye elomile ngonyaka: ingxenye yomkhiqizo wesifunda. Ukuthi kungakanani kulokhu okuyitiye elibomvu akushiwongo.
5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza
Ubunzulu bobuchwepheshe abukho ngaphansi kwanoma yiliphi igama emithonjeni etholakele. Uhlelo olujwayelekile lwetiye elibomvu lumi kanje:
- Ukubuna (萎凋, wěidiāo): Iqabunga lilahlekelwa ingxenye yomswakama futhi libe lithambile.
- Ukusonga (揉捻, róuniǎn): Amaseli eqabunga ayaphuka, ijusi liphumele phezulu.
- I-Oxidation (发酵, fājiào): Iqabunga liba bomvu, kuvele iphunga kanye nokunambitheka.
- Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
Lolu uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba. Incazelo yendawo yezolimo evela emlandweni ye-五峰宜红茶 ezincwadini eziyisithenjwa ikhuluma ngezigaba ezifanayo futhi yengeza ukuhlukaniswa (精选, jīngxuǎn). Izidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025 zokulungisa zikhuluma kuphela ngokulethwa kweqabunga: ngokushesha, ngezimoto ezikhethekile, ngaphandle kokucindezelwa, ukushisa, ilanga nemvula.
6. Izici Ze-Organoleptic
Ngezansi kuyincazelo evela ezidingweni ze-CNIPA zika-2025 ze-五峰宜红茶, igama lesibili elivikelwe letiye elifanayo; amazwi afanayo ashiwo ezincwadini eziyisithenjwa avela embhalweni wendawo yezolimo ka-2013. Ayikho incazelo ehlukile yophawu lwe-”五峰红茶” emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Kwi-五峰宜红茶: eligoqwe ngokuqinile nangokucolekile, elinamathiphu egolide, umbala omnyama, onamafutha (条索紧细有金毫，色泽乌润).
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lomuthi ophuzwayo: Kwi-五峰宜红茶: limnandi, lihlanzekile, liphakeme futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (香气甜纯高长).
- Ukunambitheka: Kwi-五峰宜红茶: okugcwele, okuthambile futhi okusha (滋味醇厚鲜爽).
- Umbala womuthi ophuzwayo: Kwi-五峰宜红茶: obomvu, okhanyayo (汤色红亮).
- Izimpande zetiye (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Kwi-五峰宜红茶: elibomvu, elikhanyayo, elithambile (叶底红亮柔软).
Ngokwencazelo efanayo, umuthi ophuzwayo opholayo uveza “ukungaqondakali okubandayo” (冷后浑, lěng hòu hún), ukufiphala okunjengobisi. Imithombo yezindaba yendawo ichaza amaqoqo angcono kakhulu e-五峰宜红茶 ngamanye amazwi: umbala obomvu ojulile osobala, ukunambitheka okugcwele okusha, iphunga eliphakeme elinamandla (汤色红浓透明，滋味浓厚鲜爽，香气高爽持久).
7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali
Ukuhlaziywa ngaphansi kwegama elithi “五峰红茶” akukho emithonjeni etholakele. Ngokombiko we-Yichang Agricultural Bureau (2021), ngesikhathi i-五峰宜红茶 ifakwa ohlwini lukazwelonke lwemikhiqizo yezolimo eyaziwayo, ekhethekile futhi emisha (全国名特优新农产品), ukuhlolwa kwathola ukuthi izinto ezikhishwayo, ama-phenoli etiye, i-zinc kanye ne-gamma-aminobutyric acid kuyona ziphakeme kunamanani wesithenjwa; kodwa leyo nhlangano ayizisho izinombolo ngokwazo.
Izidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025 ze-五峰宜红茶 zibeka umswakama ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.5 %, umlotha ungabi ngaphezu kuka-6.5 %, futhi izinto ezikhishwayo zingabi ngaphansi kuka-32 % nge-100 g yetiye elomile. Lena indinganiso yomkhiqizo ngaphansi kwaleli gama; izinga lophawu ngokwalo lwe-”五峰红茶” angizange ngilibone.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wesigaba wetiye elibomvu.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 90–95 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3–5 g nge-150 ml.
- Imbiza: I-gaiwan noma i-teapot ye-porcelain.
- Inqubo:
- Ukushisisa imbiza.
- Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi.
- Ukuphisa kokuqala: ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-30–60.
- Okulandelayo: ngokunwetshwa kancane kancane.
- Ukuphisa okuphindwe kahlanu noma kuyisithupha.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wesigaba. Emaphaketheni aqinile, endaweni eyomile emnyama, kude nephunga.
10. Intengo Kanye Nemikhiqizo Yomgunyathi
Imininingwane ngezintengo ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
- Bheka uphawu lokuqinisekisa indawo zomlando lwe-”五峰红茶” (№ 17790712 noma № 17790713).
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela e-Wufeng County futhi uvunyelwe inhlangano yesifunda.
- Khumbula ukuthi itiye elifanayo lingaphuma futhi ngaphansi kwegama elithi 五峰宜红茶, nophawu lwalo lokuqinisekisa noma uphawu olukhethekile lwendawo yomlando. Ilungelo lophawu olukhethekile, ngokwezidingo ze-CNIPA zika-2025, umkhiqizi osendaweni ulithola ngehhovisi lesifunda lempahla yobuhlakani, ngemva kokuhlolwa yi-Hubei Intellectual Property Office kanye nokugunyazwa yi-CNIPA (bheka isigaba 1).
- Ungadidanisi ne-Yichang Yihong yesifunda (宜昌宜红): lokhu kuyibhaliso elihlukile elinendawo ebanzi.
11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo
- Ohlwini lwesifundazwe lwango-2020, inhlangano eyodwa yesifunda inezimpawu zetiye ezinhlanu: “五峰绿茶” (2012), ezimbili ze-”五峰红茶” kanye nezimbili ze-”五峰毛尖” (zombili zango-2017).
- I-Wufeng akufanele ididaniswe nentaba i-Wufengshan (五峰山) emaphethelweni edolobha lase-Enshi: lokhu kuyingxenye yendawo ye-Enshi Yulu eluhlaza, itiye elihluke ngokuphelele kanye nesifunda esihlukile.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye ase-Hubei
- Yíhóng Gōngfū (宜红工夫): Itiye elibomvu le-gongfu lesifunda sase-Yichang ne-Enshi; i-Wufeng ingesinye sezifunda zalo zomlando, i-Yuyangguan iyisizinda sokuhweba kwalo.
- Wǔfēng Máo Jiān (五峰毛尖): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda esifanayo; izimpawu zatholwa yinhlangano efanayo ngosuku olufanayo.
- Cǎihuā Máo Jiān (采花毛尖): Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Caihua township e-Wufeng County.
- Lìchuān Hóng (利川红): Itiye elibomvu lase-Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture elingumakhelwane.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Wufeng Hongcha yigama lesifunda letiye elibomvu elinomlando ojulile wendawo: ngokwencwadi yesifundazwe, kusukela ngo-1824 i-Yuyangguan yafunda ukwenza itiye elibomvu, yahweba ngalo nezindlu zaseRussia nezaseBrithani, futhi ngeminyaka yawo-1930 yamukela isikhungo setiye sesifundazwe. Uphawu ngokwalo lusha ngo-2017, kanti ukubukeka kwetiye kuchazwa ngaphansi kwegama lalo lesibili elivikelwe, i-五峰宜红茶: iqabunga eligoqwe ngokuqinile nangokucolekile elinamathiphu egolide kanye nomuthi ophuzwayo obomvu okhanyayo, oba nokufiphala lapho uphola.
Imithombo
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo