Tiānhuá gǔjiān

Tianhua Gujian (Tiānhuá gǔjiān, 天华谷尖) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’chigawo cha Taihu (太湖县) m’boma la Anqing kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Anhui, kumapiri a kum’mwera kwa mapiri a Dabieshan. Masamba owuma amaoneka ngati njere za mpunga (形似稻谷), ndipo madzi ake ndi obiriwira kwambiri ngati emerald. Tiyiyu anapangidwa mu April 1986 motsogozedwa ndi Profesa Chen Chuan (陈椽) potengera tiyi wakale wa m’deralo wa Nanyang Gujian (南阳谷尖) ndipo anamupatsa dzina latsopano. Mu December 2015, General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine inateteza dzina lake monga chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication; dzina lotetezedwa limalembedwa m’njira iwiri “天华谷尖（南阳谷尖）”. Chigawochi sichikugwirizana ndi nyanja ya Taihu ku Jiangsu.

1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi

Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá): kufowoka, kukhazikika, kuyanika. Ofesi ya chigawo yoona za chikhalidwe ndi zokopa alendo (2023) imati ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa mtundu wa hongqing (烘青), kutanthauza kuti anayanika ndi mpweya wotentha.
Gulu: Tiyi wodziwika wa Anhui wopangidwanso (1986); chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha geographical indication (2015).
Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Anhui (安徽, Ānhuī), boma la Anqing (安庆, Ānqìng), chigawo cha Taihu (太湖, Tàihú). Dzina lina ndi Nanyang Gujian (南阳谷尖, Nányáng gǔjiān).
Malo otetezedwa: Matauni khumi ndi midzi ya m’chigawo cha Taihu: Tianhua (天华镇), Liufan (刘畈乡), Mituo (弥陀镇), Beizhong (北中镇), Baili (百里乡), Niuzhen (牛镇镇), Tangquan (汤泉乡), Siqian (寺前镇), Jinxi (晋熙镇) ndi Chengxi (城西乡) — monga zalembedwa m’nkhani ya chinthucho.
Ma coordinates: Chigawo cha Taihu chili pafupifupi 30.4° kumpoto ndi 116.3° kummawa.

2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe

Mbiri:
- Pambuyo pa 1986. Magwero a boma amati pa nthawi ya Ming ndi Qing, “tiyi wa mphukira” wakumaloko (芽茶) ankatumizidwa monga msonkho ku Unduna wa Zachuma (户部贡品), ndipo kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa Anhui Nanyang Gujian anali wodziwika; koma magwerowa satchula mbiri yakale.
- 1986. Malinga ndi zolemba za boma, mu April 1986 motsogozedwa ndi katswiri wodziwika wa tiyi Profesa Chen Chuan “anafukula” Nanyang Gujian wakale, napanga tiyi “mwanjira yapadera” ndipo anamutcha Tianhua Gujian. Kupanga, malinga ndi tsamba la boma, kunayambikanso mu 1987.
- December 1986. Atsogoleri a chigawo anabweretsa ku Beijing ma jin awiri a tiyi watsopano kwa Zhao Puchu (赵朴初) — mbadwa ya Taihu, yemwe anakhala kutali ndi kwawo kwa zaka zambiri. Iye anayankha ndi ndakatulo “咏天华谷尖茶” (gawo 12).
- Mphotho. Malinga ndi tsamba la boma: mu 1987 ndi 1988, Tea Society ya chigawo cha Anhui inavomereza tiyiyu monga tiyi wodziwika wa chigawo; mu 1989, Unduna wa Zaulimi unamupatsa dzina la “tiyi wodziwika wabwino kwambiri” (部优名茶); mu March 2002, tiyiyu analandira satifiketi ya “zakudya zobiriwira”, ndipo kumapeto kwa 2002, dzina la mtundu wodziwika wa Anhui.
- Muyezo wakumaloko. Muyezo wa chigawo “地理标志产品天华谷尖茶” DB34/T 426-2015 unasindikizidwa pa 30 December 2015, unayamba kugwira ntchito pa 30 January 2016 ndipo unalowa m’malo mwa DB34/T 426-2004.
- December 2015 — chitetezo. General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine inavomereza Tianhua Gujian monga chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro chotetezedwa cha geographical indication.
- December 2025. Dzinali likupezeka pa chidziwitso nambala 660 cha State Intellectual Property Office chokhudza kuloleza mabizinesi kugwiritsa ntchito chizindikiro chapadera.
Dzina: Tsamba la boma limatanthauzira motere: “tian” (天) ndiko kutalika kwa mapiri, “hua” (华) ndiko ubwino wapamwamba wa chinthu, “gu” (谷) ndi mawonekedwe a tiyi ofanana ndi njere, komanso nthawi yomweyo nyengo ya Guyu (谷雨, “mvula ya tirigu”). “Jian” (尖) amatanthauza “nsonga”; tsambali silitanthauzira mawu amenewa. Dzinali likugwirizananso ndi dzina la tawuni ndi phiri la Tianhua.
Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Boma likupanga dongosolo la mitundu ya tiyi “obiriwira awiri ndi ofiira mmodzi” (两绿一红): Tianhua Gujian, wobiriwira Tianhua Yunwu (天华云雾, kale “二祖禅茶”) ndi wofiira Tianhua Hong (天华红). Mu kuyankhulana ndi wachiwiri kwa mkulu wa boma, chikhalidwe cha tiyi chimalumikizidwa ndi nthano ya patriarch wachiwiri wa Chan Huike (慧可), amene akuti anakhala kuno zaka zoposa makumi atatu ndipo ankalima tiyi ndi amonke. Malinga ndi nkhani ya 2023, Tianhua Gujian walembedwa pa mndandanda wa cholowa chosagwira cha chigawo.

3. Kufotokoza kwa Botanical ndi Zopangira

Mtundu / Cultivar: M’magwero opezeka, mitundu ya zitsamba za tiyi sinatchulidwe. Muyezo wakumaloko umagawa tiyi m’migulu ya ubwino (分级), koma zolemba zake sizikupezeka.
Kututa: Malinga ndi ofesi ya chigawo yoona za chikhalidwe ndi zokopa alendo (2023), tiyi amatutidwa ndi kupangidwa pafupi ndi chikondwerero cha Qingming (清明); kutanthauzira kwa dzina kumalumikizanso ndi nyengo ya Guyu (谷雨). Masiku enieni sakudziwika m’magwero opezeka.
Muyezo wa kututa: Palibe zomwe zidalembedwa m’magwero opezeka.
Zofunikira pa zopangira: Palibe zomwe zidalembedwa m’magwero opezeka.

4. Terroir ndi Makhalidwe a Kulima

Chigawo: Mapiri ndi mapiri aakulu a kum’mwera chakumadzulo kwa Anhui; malinga ndi nkhani ya chinthucho, kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa likulu la chigawo kuli mapiri a Dabieshan okhala ndi nsonga zoposa 800 m.
Nyengo: Nyengo yamkuntho ya kumpoto kwa subtropical yokhala ndi kusintha kwadongosolo kwa nyengo. Nkhani ya chinthucho imati kutentha kwapakati pachaka ndi 16.4 °C, pafupifupi maola 1937.7 a dzuwa pachaka, nthawi yopanda chisanu masiku 249 ndi mvula ya 1368.4 mm.
Kutalika kwa kulima: Nkhani yokhudza ndakatulo za Zhao Puchu imati kwawo kwa tiyiyu ndi phiri la Tianhua (天华峰) kum’mwera kwa mapiri a Dabieshan lotalika “pafupifupi mita chikwi”, lokhala ndi nkhalango yayikulu, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha pakati pa usana ndi usiku komanso chifunga chaka chonse. Palibe chizindikiro chovomerezeka cha kutalika.
Dothi: Palibe zomwe zidalembedwa m’magwero opezeka.
Kukula kwa minda: Nkhani ya chinthucho imatchula mahekitala 103,000 a minda ya chigawo kumapeto kwa 2017; wachiwiri kwa mkulu wa boma mu kuyankhulana — mahekitala 136,000 ndi matani 6030 a tiyi wouma pa 2024. Izi ndi ziwerengero za tiyi wonse wa chigawo, osati za Tianhua Gujian yekha.

5. Ukadaulo wa Kupanga

Nkhani ya chinthucho imafotokoza mwachidule zofunikira za chitetezo. Gawo limene masamba amapangidwa kukhala ngati njere za mpunga silinafotokozedwe m’zolemba zopezeka.

Kufowoka kwa masamba atsopano (摊放, tānfàng): Pamalo ozizira ndi olowera mphepo kwa maola 4–6, mpaka chinyezi cha masamba chitsike pafupifupi 70 %.
Kukhazikika (杀青, shāqīng): Pa 120–140 °C, mpaka masamba atakulungidwa m’chibakera ayambe kusonkhana ndi kusweka, ndipo mtundu ukhale woderapo; m’mphepete zisapsa.
Kuyanika (烘焙, hōngbèi) kawiri: Kuyanika koyamba — pa 100–120 °C, kuyanika kotsiriza — pa 80–100 °C. Mu tiyi womalizidwa pamatsala pafupifupi 5 % ya chinyezi.

6. Makhalidwe a Organoleptic

Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Amaoneka ngati njere za mpunga (形似稻谷), mtundu wobiriwira ngati emerald (色泽翠绿).
Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe zomwe zidalembedwa m’magwero opezeka.
Fungo la madzi: Loyera (香清) — monga ananenera Zhao Puchu m’mawu omaliza a ndakatulo; zina zimalongosola kuti ndi lapamwamba ndi lalitali.
Kukoma: Kwatsopano, kolimbikitsa komanso kwanthunzi (滋味鲜爽、醇厚). Tsamba la boma limati tiyiyu amatha kuthira madzi kambiri.
Mtundu wa madzi: Wobiriwira ngati emerald (汤色碧绿).
Masamba pansi (masamba othiridwa): Olingana komanso owala (叶底匀整明亮).

Malinga ndi nkhani yokhudza ndakatulo za Zhao Puchu, m’galasi masamba amaimirira ndikugwedezeka ngati udzu.

7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala

Zofunikira za chitetezo zimatulutsa chizindikiro chimodzi cha physicochemical: zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi (水浸出物) — osachepera 38 %. Palibe zina zomwe zidalembedwa m’magwero opezeka.

8. Kuthira Madzi

Njira yokhazikika ya tiyi wobiriwira: njira yeniyeni ya Tianhua Gujian palibe yomwe yalembedwa m’magwero opezeka.

Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
Zinthu: Galasi lagalasi.
Njira:
1. Tenthetsa galasi, ika tiyi, thirira madzi m’mbali mwa galasi.
2. Mowa woyamba — pakadutsa masekondi 40–60; imwa, kusiya madzi pang’ono.
3. Onjezerani madzi; thirani kawiri kapena katatu.

9. Kusunga

Njira yokhazikika. Mu phukusi lotsekedwa bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo. Ndi bwino kumwa mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.

10. Mtengo ndi Zachinyengo

Palibe zomwe zidalembedwa pa mtengo m’magwero opezeka.

Momwe mungapewere zachinyengo:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha geographical indication; dzina lawiri “天华谷尖（南阳谷尖）” ndi dzina lovomerezeka la chinthu chotetezedwa.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wa m’matauni khumi ndi midzi ya chigawo cha Taihu m’boma la Anqing.
- Masamba — opangidwa ngati njere za mpunga, obiriwira ngati emerald; madzi — obiriwira ngati emerald.
- Zolemba zomwe zimati tiyiyu ndi wa Lu’an, kumulinkiza ndi Anhua ku Hunan kapena kumutcha “mmodzi mwa tiyi khumi odziwika” sizitsimikizidwa ndi magwero a boma.

11. Zinthu Zosangalatsa

Zhao Puchu mu ndakatulo “咏天华谷尖茶” amatchula tiyi wa ku Ceylon ndi wa ku Japan wa Uji ndipo amapereka ulemu woyamba kwa wa kwawo: “清芬独赏我天华”. M’mawu omaliza a ndakatulo (跋) iye anafotokoza tiyiyu ndi mawu atatu: mtundu wobiriwira ngati emerald, fungo loyera, kukoma kosatha (色碧、香清而味永).
Muyezo wakumaloko wa tiyiyu unalipo kale mu 2004 — zaka khumi ndi chimodzi chisanachitike chitetezo cha boma.

12. Kufanizira ndi tiyi ena a Anhui

Tianzhu Jian Hao (天柱剑毫): Tiyi wobiriwira wa phiri la Tianzhu ku Qianshan yoyandikana nayo; masamba ndi osalala, “onga lupanga”, pamene a Tianhua Gujian ali ngati njere.
Yuexi Cui Lan (岳西翠兰): Tiyi wobiriwira wa chigawo cha Yuexi mkati mwa Dabieshan, nayenso tiyi wodziwika watsopano wa zaka za m’ma 1980.
Lu’an Gua Pian (六安瓜片): Tiyi wodziwika wobiriwira wa boma loyandikana la Lu’an; m’zolemba zina Tianhua Gujian amalembedwa molakwika ngati wa Lu’an.

Pomaliza:

Tianhua Gujian ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa chigawo cha Taihu, wopangidwanso mu 1986 kuchokera ku Nanyang Gujian wakale: masamba opangidwa ngati njere za mpunga, madzi obiriwira ngati emerald, kukoma kwatsopano komanso kwanthunzi. Kumbuyo kwake kuli muyezo wa chigawo kuyambira 2004, chitetezo cha boma kuyambira 2015, ndi ndakatulo za mbadwa ya komweko Zhao Puchu, yemwe anamupatsa ulemu woyamba kuposa tiyi wa ku Ceylon ndi Uji.