Tiānhuá gǔjiān

I-Tianhua Gujian (Tiānhuá gǔjiān, 天华谷尖) itiye eliluhlaza lase-Taihu County (太湖县) e-Anqing City eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Anhui Province, emathambekeni aseningizimu ye-Dabie Mountains. Iqabunga elomile lifana nohlamvu lwerayisi (形似稻谷), ukumnika kulo kuluhlaza okotshani okucwebezelayo. Itiye ladalwa ngo-April 1986 ngaphansi kokuqondisa kukaProfesa Chen Chuan (陈椽): kwasuselwa etiyeni lomlando lendawo i-Nanyang Gujian (南阳谷尖) futhi lanikezwa igama elisha. Ngo-December 2015, i-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine yalivikela njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; igama elivikelwe libhalwa ngendlela ekabili «天华谷尖（南阳谷尖）». Alihlobene ne-Taihu Lake e-Jiangsu.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá): ukuvuthwa, ukuqedwa, ukomiswa. Ihhovisi lezamasiko nezokuvakasha lesifunda (2023) libiza itiye eliluhlaza lohlobo lwe-hongqing (烘青), okungukuthi lomiswe ngomoya oshisayo.
Isigaba: Itiye elidumile lase-Anhui elidalwe kabusha (1986); umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo oluvikelwe (2015).
Imvelaphi: I-China, i-Anhui Province (安徽, Ānhuī), i-Anqing City (安庆, Ānqìng), i-Taihu County (太湖, Tàihú). Igama lesibili yi-Nanyang Gujian (南阳谷尖, Nányáng gǔjiān).
Indawo evikelwe: Izindawo eziyishumi zase-Taihu County: Tianhua (天华镇), Liufan (刘畈乡), Mituo (弥陀镇), Beizhong (北中镇), Baili (百里乡), Niuzhen (牛镇镇), Tangquan (汤泉乡), Siqian (寺前镇), Jinxi (晋熙镇) kanye ne-Chengxi (城西乡) ngokwesihloko somkhiqizo.
Izixhumanisi zendawo: I-Taihu County cishe i-30.4° N kanye no-116.3° E.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

Umlando:
- Ngaphambi kuka-1986. Imithombo yesifunda ibhala ukuthi phakathi kwe-Ming ne-Qing, «itiye lamahlumela» lendawo (芽茶) lalihanjiswa njengentela eMnyangweni Wezezimali (户部贡品), futhi eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Anhui i-Nanyang Gujian yayaziwa; ayicaphuni imibhalo yomlando.
- 1986. Ngokwezincazelo zesifunda, ngo-April 1986 ngaphansi kokuqondisa kwesazi setiye esidumile uProfesa Chen Chuan «bamba» i-Nanyang Gujian yomlando, benza itiye «ngendlela ekhethekile» futhi baliqamba kabusha ngokuthi i-Tianhua Gujian. Ukukhishwa, ngokwemininingwane yesifunda, kwaqalwa kabusha ngo-1987.
- December 1986. Abaholi besifunda baletha e-Beijing ama-jin amabili etiye elisha ku-Zhao Puchu (赵朴初), owazalelwa e-Taihu, owayephile amashumi eminyaka ekude nezwe lakubo. Waphendula ngenkondlo ethi «咏天华谷尖茶» (isigaba 12).
- Imiklomelo. Ngokwemininingwane yesifunda: ngo-1987 nango-1988 i-Anhui Provincial Tea Society yaliqaphela njenge tiye elidumile lesifundazwe; ngo-1989 uMnyango Wezolimo waliqamba ngokuthi «itiye elidumile elihle kakhulu» (部优名茶); ngo-March 2002 itiye lathola isitifiketi sokudla okuluhlaza, futhi ekupheleni kuka-2002 laziwa njengophawu lwe-Anhui.
- Izinga lendawo. Izinga lesifundazwe elithi «地理标志产品天华谷尖茶» DB34/T 426-2015 lishicilelwe ngomhla ka-30 December 2015, lasebenza kusukela ngomhla ka-30 January 2016 futhi lathatha indawo yenguqulo ye-DB34/T 426-2004.
- December 2015 ukuvikelwa. I-General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine yagunyaza i-Tianhua Gujian njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo oluvikelwe.
- December 2025. Igama livela kusimemezelo № 660 se-China National Intellectual Property Administration sokuvunyelwa kwezinkampani ukusebenzisa uphawu olukhethekile.
Igama: Isango lesifunda lichaza kanje: «tian» (天) ukuphakama kwezintaba, «hua» (华) okungcono kakhulu entweni, «gu» (谷) isimo setiye esifana nohlamvu, futhi ngesikhathi esifanayo isikhathi sonyaka se-Guyu (谷雨, «izimvula zokusanhlamvu»). «Jian» (尖) lisho «isiqongo»; isango alichazi lolu phawu. Igama lihambelana negama lesifunda kanye nesiqongo se-Tianhua.
Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Isifunda sakha ohlelweni lwamagama etiye «okuluhlaza okubili nokubomvu okukodwa» (两绿一红): i-Tianhua Gujian, i-Tianhua Yunwu eluhlaza (天华云雾, phambilini elalibizwa nge-«二祖禅茶») kanye ne-Tianhua Hong ebomvu (天华红). Engxoxweni nePhini Lenhloko Yesifunda, isiko letiye lihlobene nenganekwane yomfundisi wesibili we-Chan Huike (慧可), okuthiwa wahlala lapha iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu futhi watshala itiye nezindela. Ngokombiko ka-2023, i-Tianhua Gujian ifakwe ohlwini lwamagugu angaphatheki ezingeni lesifunda.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo Kanye Nezinto Ezingavuthiwe

Izinhlobo / Imbewu: Emithonjeni etholakele azikho izinhlobo zesihlahla setiye ezishiwo. Izinga lendawo lihlukanisa itiye ngamazinga ekhwalithi (分级), kodwa umbhalo walo awutholakali.
Ukuvuna: Ngokombiko wehhovisi lezamasiko nezokuvakasha lesifunda (2023), itiye livunwa futhi lenziwa ngesikhathi se-Qingming (清明); incazelo yegama ihlobanisa nesikhathi se-Guyu (谷雨). Azikho izinsuku eziqondile emithonjeni etholakele.
Izinga lokuvuna: Alikho idatha emithonjeni etholakele.
Izidingo zezinto ezingavuthiwe: Alikho idatha emithonjeni etholakele.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

Isifunda: Amagquma nezintaba eziphansi eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-Anhui; ngokwesihloko, enyakatho-ntshonalanga yesikhungo sesifunda kunamamagquma e-Dabie Mountains aneziqongo ezingaphezu kuka-800 m.
Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical monsoon yasenyakatho enezikhathi ezine ezihlukile. Isihloko sibika izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lika-16.4 °C, cishe amahora elanga angu-1937.7 ngonyaka, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa sezinsuku ezingama-249 kanye nemvula engu-1368.4 mm.
Ukuphakama kokutshala: Umbhalo wobuntatheli ngezinkondlo zika-Zhao Puchu ubiza ikhaya letiye ngesiqongo se-Tianhua (天华峰) emathambekeni aseningizimu e-Dabie Mountains «cishe amamitha ayinkulungwane» ukuphakama, nehlathi eliminyene, umehluko omkhulu wokushisa phakathi kosuku nobusuku kanye nenkungu unyaka wonke. Alikho izinga elisemthethweni lokuphakama.
Inhlabathi: Alikho idatha emithonjeni etholakele.
Ubukhulu bezivande: Isihloko sibika ama-mu angu-103,000 ezivande zesifunda ekupheleni kuka-2017; iphini lenhloko yesifunda engxoxweni libika ama-mu angu-136,000 kanye namathani angu-6030 etiye elomile ngo-2024. Lezi yizinombolo zetiye lonke lesifunda, hhayi ze-Tianhua Gujian kuphela.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Isihloko sisho izidingo zobuchwepheshe zokuvikela. Isigaba lapho iqabunga lithola khona isimo sohlamvu lwerayisi asichazwanga emibhalweni etholakele.

Ukuvuthwa kweqabunga elisha (摊放, tānfàng): Endaweni epholile enomoya amahora angu-4-6, kuze kube umswakama weqabunga wehlela cishe ku-70%.
Ukuqedwa (杀青, shāqīng): Ku-120-140 °C, kuze kube yilapho iqabunga elicindezelwe esandleni liqala ukuhlangana libe yinqwaba futhi lihlakazeke, futhi umbala ube mnyama; imiphetho akumele ishe.
Ukomiswa (烘焙, hōngbèi) kabili: Ukomiswa kokuqala ku-100-120 °C, ukomiswa kokugcina ku-80-100 °C. Etiyeni eliqediwe kuhlala cishe u-5% womswakama.

6. Izici Zokuzwa Ngezitho Zomzimba

Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Lifana nohlamvu lwerayisi (形似稻谷), umbala oluhlaza okotshani ocwebezelayo (色泽翠绿).
Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
Iphunga lokumnika: Kuhlanzekile (香清) ngokusho kuka-Zhao Puchu enkondlweni; ezinye izincazelo ziphakeme futhi zihlala isikhathi eside.
Ukunambitheka: Okusha, okuvuselelayo nokugcwele (滋味鲜爽、醇厚). Isango lesifunda liyaphawula ukuthi itiye likwazi ukumelana nokuphindwa kaningi.
Umbala wokumnika: Uluhlaza okotshani ocwebezelayo (汤色碧绿).
Izindebe zetiye (iqabunga elibilisiwe): Zilingana futhi zikhanyayo (叶底匀整明亮).

Ngokombhalo wobuntatheli ngezinkondlo zika-Zhao Puchu, engilazini amaqabunga ayasukuma futhi anyakaze, njengotshani.

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Izidingo zokuvikela zibika inkomba eyodwa ye-physicochemical: izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini (水浸出物) okungenani zingama-38%. Alikho elinye idatha emithonjeni etholakele.

8. Ukuphisa

Umkhuba wekilasi wetiye eliluhlaza: emithonjeni etholakele azikho izindlela ze-Tianhua Gujian ngokwayo.

Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80-85 °C.
Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
Isitsha: Ingilazi yeglasi.
Inqubo:
1. Fudumeza ingilazi, faka itiye, thela amanzi ngasodongeni.
2. Ukuphisa kokuqala kungemva kwemizuzwana engama-40-60; phuza ushiya ingxenye yokumnika.
3. Thela amanzi futhi; ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcinwa

Umkhuba wekilasi. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0-5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Kungcono ukuphuzwa phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo Kanye Nokukhwabanisa

Alikho idatha ngentengo emithonjeni etholakele.

Ungakugwema kanjani ukukhwabanisa:
- Funa uphawu olukhethekile lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; igama eliphindwe kabili elithi «天华谷尖（南阳谷尖）」 yigama elisemthethweni lomkhiqizo ovikelwe.
- Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela ezindaweni eziyishumi zase-Taihu County e-Anqing.
- Iqabunga lisesimweni sohlamvu lwerayisi, luhlaza okotshani; ukumnika kuluhlaza okotshani ocwebezelayo.
- Imibhalo ebeka itiye e-Luan, elihlobanisa ne-Anhua e-Hunan noma elibiza nge-«elinye lamatiye ayishumi adumile» ayisekelwa yimithombo yesifunda.

11. Amaqiniso Athakazelisayo

U-Zhao Puchu enkondlweni ethi «咏天华谷尖茶» ubalula itiye lase-Ceylon ne-Uji yase-Japan futhi unikeza ubukhulu kwelakubo: «清芬独赏我天华». Esithasiselweni senkondlo (跋) uchaze itiye ngamagama amathathu: umbala uluhlaza okotshani, iphunga lihlanzekile, ukunambitheka kuhlala isikhathi eside (色碧、香清而味永).
Izinga lendawo laleli tiye lalikhona kakade ngo-2004 iminyaka eyishumi nanye ngaphambi kokuvikelwa kombuso kwegama.

12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye ase-Anhui

I-Tianzhu Jian Hao (天柱剑毫): Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Tianzhu Mountain e-Qianshan eseduze; iqabunga liyisicaba, «linjengenkemba», kanti i-Tianhua Gujian inesimo sohlamvu.
I-Yuexi Cui Lan (岳西翠兰): Itiye eliluhlaza lase-Yuexi County enhliziyweni ye-Dabie Mountains, futhi itiye elisha elidumile lama-1980s.
I-Luan Guapian (六安瓜片): Itiye eliluhlaza elidumile lase-Luan City eseduze; kweminye imibhalo i-Tianhua Gujian ibekwa ngephutha e-Luan.

Ekuphetheni:

I-Tianhua Gujian itiye eliluhlaza lase-Taihu County, elidalwe kabusha ngo-1986 lisuselwa ku-Nanyang Gujian yomlando: iqabunga lisesimweni sohlamvu lwerayisi, ukumnika okuluhlaza okotshani ocwebezelayo, ukunambitheka okusha nokugcwele. Emva kwalo kunezinga lesifundazwe kusukela ngo-2004, ukuvikelwa kombuso kusukela ngo-2015 kanye nezinkondlo zika-Zhao Puchu, owamnika ubukhulu ngaphezu kwamatiye ase-Ceylon nase-Uji.