I-Duobei Cha (Duǒbèi chá, 朵贝茶) itiye eliluhlaza lasesifundeni sasePuding (普定县) esifundeni sasedolobheni i-Anshun entshonalanga yesifundazwe saseGuizhou. Imithombo yendawo ibiza leli tiye njengophawu lomlando lwesifunda kanye netiye “lentela”: ngokwezincazelo ezahlukene, lalithunyelwa enkantolo kusukela ekuqaleni noma ekupheleni kobukhosi bakwa-Ming. Indawo yokuzalwa ithathwa njengedolobhana laseDuobei esigodini saseHuachu, kanti amasimu, ngokwencazelo yesifunda, asezindaweni eziphakeme ezingu-1100–1300 m. Kusukela ngo-2013, i-Duobei Cha ingumkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo kanye nophawu lokuqinisekisa, kusukela ngo-2021 ivikelwa naku-European Union.
1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye nemvelaphi
- Uhlobo: Itiye eliluhlaza (绿茶, lǜchá). Akukho mbhalo onikeza ukuhlukaniswa okuqondile; ukuhlukaniswa kuvela encazelweni yekhwalithi embhalweni womkhiqizo onophawu — iqabunga eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, umnqamulajuqu ophuzi ngokuluhlaza. Ngaphansi kophawu “朵贝茶” kuthengiswa netiye elibomvu nelimhlophe kanye netiye lohlobo “黄金芽”; ukuthi ukuvikelwa kuhlanganisa yini lezi zinhlobo akunakutholakala emithonjeni etholakele.
- Isigaba: Itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni laseGuizhou; umkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo kanye nophawu lokuqinisekisa.
- Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe saseGuizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu), isifunda sasedolobheni i-Anshun (安顺, Ānshùn), isifunda sasePuding (普定, Pǔdìng). Umnyombo womlando — idolobhana laseDuobei (朵贝村) esigodini saseHuachu (化处镇) phansi kwentaba iJiangjunshan (将军山), osebeni lomfula iMoxianghe (磨香河).
- Indawo evikelayo: Ngokwemibhalo ekopishiwe, izigodi nezifunda eziyishumi nanye zesifunda sasePuding: Chengguan, Huachu, Maguan, Baiyan, Machang, Longchang, Maodong, Bulang, Pingshan, Jichangpo kanye neHouchang. Uhlu lwaziwa kuphela ngemithombo yesibili futhi aluqinisekiswanga nombhalo womemezelo.
2. Umlando kanye nokubaluleka kwamasiko
- Umlando:
- Intela — izincazelo ezimbili. Iwebhusayithi yesifunda ibhala ukuthi itiye lalithunyelwa enkantolo “kusukela eminyakeni kaHongwu ekuqaleni kweMing, kanti ngesikhathi seQing — nakakhulu.” Umnyango wezokukhangisa wesifunda kanye nombhalo womnyango wezolimo wesifundazwe saseGuizhou bahlobanisa ukwaziwa kwaleli tiye nentela eminyakeni kaChongzhen (1628–1644), ekupheleni kweMing. Umbhalo womkhiqizo onophawu unikeza zombili izincazelo: eyesibili — ngokubhekise ku-”Mlando wesifunda sase-Anshun” (安顺府志), kanti ku-”Mlando wesifunda sasePuding” (普定县志) ucaphuna ngokuqapha “ngokwesiko, ngesikhathi seMing itiye laseDuobei laliyintela.” Imibhalo yomlando uqobo ayikho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Ifomula yendawo. Umbhalo womnyango wezolimo wesifundazwe uqala ngemigqa ethi ngokufika kwebutho leMing kwavela iDingnan (定南), kanti eDingnan — itiye laseDuobei, intela enkantolo, “eyaqala ngesikhathi seTang, yadluliselwa ngesikhathi seSong futhi yachuma manje.” Umbhali nesikhathi semigqa akuchaziwe; ukuqala kweTang neSong kungamazwi efomula, hhayi iqiniso eliqinisekisiwe.
- 1960. Ngokombiko womnyango wezokukhangisa wesifunda, ngoNovemba 1960 uZhou Enlai wayebuya eNdiya edlula eGuiyang, futhi ikomidi lesifunda lanikeza itiye laseDuobei. Lowo mthombo ubuye umbhalise encome ngokuthi “色清味甘，芳香浓郁” — “umbala ohlanzekile, ukunambitheka okumnandi, iphunga elimnandi.”
- 1979. Ngokombhalo womnyango wezolimo wesifundazwe, isichazamazwi “Cihai” (辞海) sohlelo luka-1979 luqukethe irekhodi elithi “普定产朵贝茶” — “ePuding kukhiqizwa itiye laseDuobei.”
- 2007. Ngokwalowo mbhalo, ngemva kwesinqumo sesifundazwe sokuthuthukisa imboni yetiye isifunda saqala ukuyakha ngaphansi kophawu lweDuobei Cha; ngokombiko epulatifomu “Pengpai”, ngaleso sikhathi kwaqala iphrojekthi yokuvuselela “izinkulungwane eziyishumi zama-mu etiye laseDuobei.”
- 2013. NgoFebhuwari 21, iGeneral Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine yagunyaza ukuvikelwa kweDuobei Cha njengomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; kurejista yeMofCom ye-PRC lokhu kungumemezelo No. 26 wango-2013. Kukhona lapho kuphawulwa ukuthi igama libhaliswe futhi njengophawu lokuhweba lokuqinisekisa.
- 2020–2021. NgoJulayi 20, 2020, ngokombhalo womkhiqizo onophawu, iDuobei Cha yangena ohlwini lokuqala lwesivumelwano seChina ne-EU mayelana nezimpawu zendawo. Kurejista yesivumelwano ibhalwe njenge “Duobei Cha”, umfakisicelo — uhulumeni wesifunda sasePuding.
- Igama: 朵贝 (duǒbèi) — igama ledolobhana nendawo.
- Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Umnyango wezokukhangisa wesifunda ubiza iDuobei Cha ngetiye elidumile lomlando laseGuizhou.
3. Incazelo yezitshalo kanye nezinto zokusetshenziswa
- Uhlobo / Cultivar: Uhlobo olukhonjisiwe lomkhiqizo alukho emithonjeni etholakele.
- Izihlahla ezindala: Ngokombiko we “Pengpai” (2020), ucwaningo olwaqala ngo-2017 lwabala esifundeni sasePuding izihlahla zetiye ezindala ezingaphezu kwezi-18 149, ikakhulukazi ezigodini zaseHuachu, eJichangpo naseMachang. Ukusabalalisa okuhleliwe kwezihlahla ezindala ezikhethiwe, ngokwalowo mbiko, kuqhubeka kusukela ngo-2010. Kukhona lapho isihlahla esidala kunazo zonke eJichangpo sithiwa sineminyaka engaphezu kwe-800.
- Izihlahla ezindala zaseHuachu: Ngokombhalo womkhiqizo onophawu, esigodini saseHuachu kunezihlahla zetiye zendawo ezingaba yizinkulungwane ezimbili ezineminyaka engaphezu kwekhulu, ikakhulukazi emadolobhaneni aseBozhen (播仁村), eZhangjiazhai (张家寨村) naseDuobei.
- Izinga lokuqoqa: Izinga lesifundazwe lilawula ukuqoqa, kepha izidingo zalo azikho emithonjeni etholakele.
4. I-Terroir kanye nezici zokutshala
- Isifunda: Ngokwesizindalwazi sesifunda, izintaba zetiye zisentshonalanga neseningizimu yesifunda sasePuding, kumakhilomitha angu-17 ukusuka enkabeni yesifunda.
- Ukuphakama kokutshala: 1100–1300 m — ngokwesizindalwazi sesifunda nombhalo womkhiqizo onophawu. Isizindalwazi sesifunda sicacisa ukuthi itiye likhula “ezintabeni zamalahle” (煤山) endaweni yaseDuobei.
- Isimo sezulu: Ngokombhalo womkhiqizo onophawu, endaweni eyinhloko, isigodi saseHuachu, kunesimo sezulu se-subtropical highland monsoon, esinomswakama. Izinga lokushisa eliphakathi lonyaka ngu-15.1 °C, imvula ecishe ibe ngu-1330 mm ngonyaka.
- Inhlabathi: Ngokwesizindalwazi sesifunda, i-pH isuka ku-4.40 iye ku-6.35; isifunda sibiza lezi zinhlabathi “njengesigaba sokuqala” setiye.
5. Ubuchwepheshe bokukhiqiza
Ubuciko obuningiliziwe abukho emithonjeni etholakele. Isizindalwazi sesifunda sibonisa ukucutshungulwa kuphela ngezithombe ezinamazwibela athi “ukukhiqiza i-cuiya” (翠芽) kanye “nokukhiqiza i-maofeng” (毛峰). Ngetiye eliluhlaza ukulandelana okujwayelekile yilokhu:
- Ukunika indawo nokubuna (摊青, tānqīng).
- Ukuqinisa (杀青, shāqīng): Ukushisa kumisa i-oxidation.
- Ukugoqa noma ukubumba (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Ukomisa (干燥, gānzào).
Lokhu kuyindlela evamile yekilasi, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe beDuobei Cha.
Izinga: DB52/T 1070-2015 — izinga lesifundazwe saseGuizhou lomkhiqizo onophawu. Ngokwesifinyezo, lihlanganisa indawo evikelayo, izimo zemvelo, ukuqoqa nokucubungula, izidingo zekhwalithi, izindlela zokuhlola, ukumaka kanye nokugcina; umbhalo wezinga awutholakali emithonjeni etholakele.
6. Izici ze-Organoleptic
Ngokombhalo womkhiqizo onophawu:
- Ukubukeka kweqabunga elomile: Ukugoqana okuqinile nokulinganayo (条索紧实、匀整). Umbala uchazwa ngamagama amabili angahambisani kahle: “greyish-glossy” (灰润) kanye “nokuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka” (翠绿). Ukuthi lokhu kungahambisani kuxazululwa kanjani yizinga akukwazanga ukuqinisekiswa.
- Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
- Iphunga lomnqamulajuqu: Liphakeme futhi lide (香气高长); umthombo awucacisi ukuthi leli iphunga leqabunga elomile noma lomnqamulajuqu.
- Ukunambitheka: Kugcwele, kuthambile, kusha futhi kuvuselelayo (滋味醇厚鲜爽).
- Umbala womnqamulajuqu: Uphuzi ngokuluhlaza, ugqamile (汤色黄绿明亮).
- Isisekelo setiye (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele.
7. Ukwakheka kwamakhemikhali
Umnyango wezokukhangisa wesifunda unikeza imininingwane yokuhlaziywa kuka-1981:
| Inkomba | Okuqukethwe |
|---|---|
| Izinto ezincibilikayo emanzini | 42.82 % |
| Ama-amino acid | 3.06 % |
| I-tea polyphenols | 25.25 % |
| I-caffeine | 2.77 % |
Ukuthi ubani owenza ukuhlaziywa nokuthi iyiphi indlela, umthombo awusho; lokhu kuyinani lomlando, hhayi inkambiso. Umbhalo womkhiqizo onophawu ubhala ngokwekhwalithi: ama-polyphenols, ama-amino acid, ama-catechin kanye nezinto ezinuka kamnandi ziningi.
8. Ukuphisa
Umkhuba wekilasi wetiye eliluhlaza.
- Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 80–85 °C.
- Inani letiye: 3 g nge-150 ml.
- Izitsha: Ingilazi yengilazi noma i-gaiwan emhlophe.
- Inqubo:
- Fudumeza izitsha, faka itiye bese uthela amanzi odongeni.
- Ukumnika kokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engu-40–60.
- Ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu, ushiya ingxenye yomnqamulajuqu.
9. Ukugcina
Umkhuba wekilasi. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga; ukusha kwetiye eliluhlaza kulondolozeka kangcono phakathi nonyaka.
10. Intengo kanye nemikhiqizo yomgunyathi
Ayikho imininingwane ngezintengo zokuthengisa emithonjeni etholakele. Izibalo zemboni yesifunda ziyahluka ngokweminyaka futhi, ngokwendlela ezibekwe ngayo, zibhekisele kulo lonke itiye lesifunda, hhayi kuphela eDuobei Cha: ngo-2021 umnyango wezokukhangisa wesifunda ubize ama-86.1 izinkulungwane zama-mu amasimu, ama-1300 t etiye kanye nama-390 wezigidi zama-yuan, kanti ngo-2023 umbhalo womnyango wezolimo wesifundazwe — ngaphezu kwama-5000 t ngonyaka kanye nama-800 wezigidi zama-yuan yenani eliphelele.
- Ungagwema kanjani imikhiqizo yomgunyathi:
- Funana uphawu olukhethekile lomkhiqizo onophawu lwendawo; ngokombhalo, umkhiqizi kuphela ophasisile ongalusebenzisa.
- Qinisekisa ukuthi umkhiqizi ungowesifunda sasePuding.
- Khumbula ukuthi uphawu “朵贝茶” lubhalwe nakutiye obomvu nomhlophe; incazelo evikelayo — itiye eliluhlaza elineqabunga eliluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka nomnqamulajuqu ophuzi ngokuluhlaza.
11. Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Itiye lendawo yaseDuobei, ngokwesizindalwazi sesifunda, likhula “ezintabeni zamalahle” (煤山).
- Irekhodi lethe laseDuobei likhona esichazamazwini “Cihai” sohlelo luka-1979.
12. Ukuqhathaniswa namanye amatiye aluhlaza aseGuizhou
- I-Pubu Mao Feng (瀑布毛峰): Itiye eliluhlaza lesifunda sedolobha elifanayo i-Anshun.
- I-Duyun Maojian (都匀毛尖): Itiye eliluhlaza elidume kakhulu laseGuizhou, elivela esifundeni saseQiannan.
- I-Shiqian Taicha (石阡苔茶): Itiye eliluhlaza elivela kubantu bendawo enyakatho-mpumalanga yesifundazwe.
Ekuphetheni:
I-Duobei Cha itiye eliluhlaza lasezintabeni lesifunda sasePuding, okuyingxenye eqinile yomlando walo — ukuvikelwa ngokomthetho: ukuvikelwa kuka-2013, uphawu lokuqinisekisa, izinga lesifundazwe kanye nendawo ohlwini lokuqala lwesivumelwano ne-EU. Ingxenye yomlando incike kumafomula endawo nasezincazelweni ezimbili ezingahambisani ngentela ngesikhathi seMing. Okubambekayo kakhulu ngaleli tiye — izihlahla ezindala: ngokocwaningo, zingaphezu kwezinkulungwane eziyishumi nesishiyagalombili esifundeni kanye cishe nezinkulungwane ezimbili ezineminyaka eyikhulu esigodini esisodwa saseHuachu.
Imithombo
Amazinga
Inkomba yendawo
Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo