Dobeyi Cha (Duǒbèi chá, 朵贝茶) ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa m’boma la Puding (普定县) m’chigawo cha mzinda Anshun (安顺市) kumadzulo kwa chigawo cha Guizhou. Magwero a m’deralo amati ndi mtundu wakale wa m’boma lino ndiponso tiyi wa “misonkho” kwa mfumu, ndipo malinga ndi matembenuzidwe osiyanasiyana, ankatumiza ku nyumba yachifumu kuyambira kumayambiriro kapena kumapeto kwa mzera wa Ming. Kwawo amati ndi mudzi wa Dobeyi m’tauni ya Huachu, ndipo minda, malinga ndi kufotokoza kwa boma, ili pamtunda wa 1100–1300 m. Kuyambira 2013, Dobeyi Cha ndi malonda otetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha dera (geographical indication) ndi chizindikiro cha certification, ndipo kuyambira 2021 atetezedwa mu European Union.
1. Gulu ndi Chiyambi
- Mtundu: Tiyi wobiriwira (绿茶, lǜchá). Sitinathe kupeza chikalata chosonyeza mwachindunji gulu la tiyiyu; gulu limachokera ku kufotokoza kwa mkhalidwe wa malonda pamodzi ndi chizindikiro chake, kumene amati masamba ndi obiriwira ngati emerald ndipo madzi a tiyi ndi achikasu-obiriwira. Pansi pa dzina la “朵贝茶” amagulitsanso tiyi wofiira ndi woyera komanso tiyi wochokera ku mtundu wa “黄金芽”; kaya chitetezo chimawafikira iwonso, sitingathe kutsimikiza kuchokera ku zomwe tapeza.
- Gulu lalikulu: Tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri a Guizhou; malonda otetezedwa ndi chizindikiro cha dera (geographical indication) ndi chizindikiro cha certification.
- Chiyambi: China, chigawo cha Guizhou (贵州, Guìzhōu), chigawo cha mzinda Anshun (安顺, Ānshùn), boma la Puding (普定, Pǔdìng). Malo oyambira ndi mudzi wa Dobeyi (朵贝村) m’tauni ya Huachu (化处镇) pansi pa phiri la Jiangjunshan (将军山), m’mphepete mwa mtsinje wa Moxianghe (磨香河).
- Malo otetezedwa: Malinga ndi zolemba zina, matauni ndi maboma 11 a boma la Puding: Chengguan, Huachu, Maguan, Baiyan, Machang, Longchang, Maodong, Bulang, Pingshan, Jichangpo ndi Houchang. Mndandandawu umadziwika kuchokera ku magwero achiwiri okha ndipo sunayerekezedwe ndi chikalata cha chilengezo.
2. Mbiri ndi Tanthauzo la Chikhalidwe
- Mbiri:
- Msonkho kwa mfumu — matembenuzidwe awiri. Tsamba la boma limati tiyiyu ankatumiza ku nyumba yachifumu “kuyambira zaka za Hongwu kumayambiriro kwa Ming, ndipo pa nthawi ya Qing kunali kochuluka kwambiri.” Dipatimenti ya zofalitsa ya boma ndi chikalata cha dipatimenti ya zaulimi ya chigawo cha Guizhou zimagwirizanitsa kutchuka kwa tiyiyu ndi msonkho m’zaka za Chongzhen (1628–1644), kumapeto kwa Ming. Chikalata chokhudza malonda ndi chizindikiro chake chimapereka matembenuzidwe onse awiri: chachiwiri — potengera “Mbiri ya Chigawo cha Anshun” (安顺府志), ndipo kuchokera mu “Mbiri ya Boma la Puding” (普定县志) chimagwira mawu mosamala akuti “malinga ndi nthano, pa nthawi ya Ming tiyi wa Dobeyi unali msonkho.” Zolemba zomwezo sizikupezeka m’magwero omwe tapeza.
- Mawu a m’deralo. Chikalata cha dipatimenti ya zaulimi ya chigawo chimayamba ndi mizere yakuti pamene gulu lankhondo la Ming linafika, kunabwera Dingnan (定南), ndipo ku Dingnan kunali tiyi wa Dobeyi, msonkho kwa mfumu, umene “unayamba pa Tang, kupitirizidwa pa Song ndipo wakula masiku ano.” Mlembi ndi nthawi ya mizereyi sizinatchulidwe; kuyamba kwa Tang ndi Song ndi mawu achilinganizo, osati chowonadi chotsimikizika.
- 1960. Malinga ndi dipatimenti ya zofalitsa ya boma, mu November 1960 Zhou Enlai ankabwerera kuchokera ku India kudzera ku Guiyang, ndipo komiti ya anthu ya boma idamupatsa tiyi wa Dobeyi. Gwero lomwelo limati iye anayamika kuti “色清味甘，芳香浓郁” — “mtundu woyera, kukoma kotsekemera, fungo labwino.”
- 1979. Malinga ndi chikalata cha dipatimenti ya zaulimi ya chigawo, dikishonale ya “Cihai” (辞海) ya mtundu wa 1979 ili ndi mawu akuti “普定产朵贝茶” — “ku Puding amapanga tiyi wa Dobeyi.”
- 2007. Malinga ndi chikalata chomwecho, pambuyo pa chigamulo cha chigawo chokhudza chitukuko cha gawo la tiyi, boma linayamba kulimanga pansi pa dzina la Dobeyi Cha; malinga ndi lipoti pa nsanja ya “Pengpai,” panthawi imodzimodziyo projekiti yotsitsimutsa “zikwi khumi za mahekitala a tiyi wa Dobeyi” inayamba.
- 2013. Pa 21 February, Bungwe Lalikulu Loyang’anira Ubwino, Kuyendera ndi Kuyezetsa (AQSIQ) linavomereza chitetezo cha Dobeyi Cha ngati malonda a chizindikiro cha dera; m’kaundula wa Ministry of Commerce ya China ichi ndi chilengezo No. 26 cha 2013. Komweko kunanenedwanso kuti dzinali linalembetsedwanso ngati chizindikiro cha certification.
- 2020–2021. Pa 20 July 2020, malinga ndi chikalata chokhudza malonda ndi chizindikiro chake, Dobeyi Cha adalowa m’ndandanda woyamba wa mgwirizano wa China ndi EU wokhudza zizindikiro za dera. M’kaundula wa mgwirizano, adalembedwa ngati “Duobei Cha,” wopempha ndi boma la anthu la boma la Puding.
- Dzina: 朵贝 (duǒbèi) — dzina la mudzi ndi dera.
- Tanthauzo la chikhalidwe: Dipatimenti ya zofalitsa ya boma imati Dobeyi Cha ndi tiyi wakale wotchuka wa Guizhou.
3. Kufotokoza kwa Zomera ndi Zopangira
- Mtundu / Cultivar: Palibe mtundu wina wotchulidwa wa malondawa m’magwero omwe tapeza.
- Mitengo yakale: Malinga ndi lipoti la “Pengpai” (2020), kafukufuku yemwe anayamba mu 2017 anapeza mitengo yakale ya tiyi yoposa 18,149 m’boma la Puding, makamaka m’matauni a Huachu, Jichangpo ndi Machang. Kufalitsa mwadongosolo kwa mitengo yakale yosankhidwa, malinga ndi lipoti lomwelo, kwakhala kukuchitika kuyambira 2010. Komweko mtengo wakale kwambiri wa Jichangpo akuti uli ndi zaka zoposa 800.
- Mitengo yakale ya Huachu: Malinga ndi chikalata chokhudza malonda ndi chizindikiro chake, m’tauni ya Huachu muli pafupifupi mitengo iwiri masauzande ya tiyi ya m’deralo yoposa zaka zana, makamaka m’midzi ya Boren (播仁村), Zhangjiazhai (张家寨村) ndi Dobeyi.
- Muyezo wa kuthyola: Muyezo wa m’chigawo umayang’anira kuthyola, koma zofunikira zake sizikupezeka m’magwero omwe tapeza.
4. Malo ndi Zochitika za Kulima
- Dera: Malinga ndi tsamba la boma, mapiri a tiyi ali kumwera chakumadzulo kwa boma la Puding, mtunda wa 17 km kuchokera pakati pa boma.
- Kutalika kwa kulima: 1100–1300 m — malinga ndi tsamba la boma ndi chikalata chokhudza malonda ndi chizindikiro chake. Tsamba la boma limatsimikiza kuti tiyiyu amamera pa “mapiri a malasha” (煤山) a dera la Dobeyi.
- Nyengo: Malinga ndi chikalata chokhudza malonda ndi chizindikiro chake, m’dera lalikulu, tauni ya Huachu, nyengo ndi ya subtropical yamapiri, yamvula. Kutentha kwapakati pachaka ndi 15.1 °C, mvula pafupifupi 1330 mm pachaka.
- Dothi: Malinga ndi tsamba la boma, pH ndi kuyambira 4.40 mpaka 6.35; boma limati dothi lotereli ndi “gulu loyamba” pa tiyi.
5. Umisiri wa Kupanga
Sitinathe kupeza umisiri watsatanetsatane m’magwero omwe tapeza. Tsamba la boma limangosonyeza kukonza ndi zithunzi zokhala ndi mawu akuti “kupanga cuiya” (翠芽) ndi “kupanga maofeng” (毛峰). Kwa tiyi wobiriwira, njira yodziwika bwino ndi iyi:
- Kuyala ndi kufowoketsa (摊青, tānqīng).
- Kuyimitsa okosijeni (杀青, shāqīng): Kutentha kumayimitsa kusanduka kwa mtundu.
- Kupotoza kapena kuumba (揉捻, róuniǎn).
- Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào).
Iyi ndi njira yodziwika bwino ya gulu ili, osati kufotokoza kwa umisiri wa Dobeyi Cha.
Muyezo: DB52/T 1070-2015 — muyezo wa m’chigawo cha Guizhou wa malonda a chizindikiro cha dera. Malinga ndi chidule, umakhudza malo otetezedwa, zikhalidwe zachilengedwe, kuthyola ndi kukonza, zofunikira za ubwino, njira zoyesera, kulemba ndi kusunga; tsatanetsatane wa muyezowu sunatsegulidwe m’magwero omwe tapeza.
6. Makhalidwe a Kumva ndi Kuona
Malinga ndi chikalata chokhudza malonda ndi chizindikiro chake:
- Maonekedwe a masamba owuma: Mapoto olimba ofanana (条索紧实、匀整). Mtundu wafotokozedwa ndi mawu awiri osagwirizana bwino: “wotuwa wonyezimira” (灰润) ndi “wobiriwira ngati emerald” (翠绿). Momwe muyezo umathetsera kusiyana kumeneku, sitinathe kutsimikiza.
- Fungo la masamba owuma: Palibe mfundo m’magwero omwe tapeza.
- Fungo la madzi a tiyi: Lalitali ndi lokhalitsa (香气高长); gwero silinena ngati ndi fungo la masamba owuma kapena la madzi.
- Kukoma: Kokwanira, kofewa, kwatsopano komanso kolimbikitsa (滋味醇厚鲜爽).
- Mtundu wa madzi a tiyi: Wachikasu-wobiriwira, wowala (汤色黄绿明亮).
- Masamba otayidwa: Palibe mfundo m’magwero omwe tapeza.
7. Kapangidwe ka Mankhwala
Dipatimenti ya zofalitsa ya boma imapereka zotsatira za kafukufuku wa 1981:
| Chizindikiro | Kuchuluka |
|---|---|
| Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi | 42.82 % |
| Ma amino acid | 3.06 % |
| Ma polyphenol a tiyi | 25.25 % |
| Ma caffeine | 2.77 % |
Ndani anachita kafukufukuyu ndi njira yanji, gwero silinena; ichi ndi chiwerengero cha mbiri, osati muyezo. Chikalata chokhudza malonda ndi chizindikiro chake chimalemba mwachidule: ma polyphenol, ma amino acid, ma catechin ndi zinthu zonunkhira zili zambiri.
8. Kupanga Tiyi
Njira yodziwika bwino ya tiyi wobiriwira.
- Kutentha kwa madzi: 80–85 °C.
- Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
- Zida: Kapu yagalasi kapena gaiwan yoyera.
- Njira:
- Tenthetsa chida, ika tiyiyo ndipo thirira madzi m’mphepete.
- Chotsani tiyi woyamba pakatha masekondi 40–60.
- Thirirani madzi awiri kapena atatu, kusiya gawo lina la madzi.
9. Kusunga
Njira yodziwika bwino ya gululi. Mu phukusi lotseka bwino, mufiriji pa 0–5 °C, popanda kuwala, chinyezi ndi fungo; kutsitsimuka kwa tiyi wobiriwira kumasungika bwino mkati mwa chaka chimodzi.
10. Mtengo ndi Zonyenga
Palibe mfundo zokhudza mitengo ya malonda m’magwero omwe tapeza. Ziwerengero za m’boma za gawo la tiyi zimasiyana m’zaka zosiyanasiyana ndipo, malinga ndi mawu awo, zimakhudza tiyi wonse wa m’boma, osati Dobeyi Cha wokha: mu 2021, dipatimenti ya zofalitsa ya boma idatchula mahekitala 86.1 masauzande a minda, matani 1300 a tiyi ndi yuan 390 miliyoni, ndipo mu 2023 chikalata cha dipatimenti ya zaulimi ya chigawo chidatchula matani opitilira 5000 pachaka ndi pafupifupi yuan 800 miliyoni zonse pamodzi.
- Momwe mungapewere zonyenga:
- Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha malonda a chizindikiro cha dera; malinga ndi chikalata, wopanga yekha amene wavomerezedwa ndiye angagwiritse ntchito.
- Onetsetsani kuti wopanga ndi wochokera ku boma la Puding.
- Kumbukirani kuti dzina la “朵贝茶” limapezekanso pa tiyi wofiira ndi woyera; kufotokoza kotetezedwa ndi tiyi wobiriwira wokhala ndi masamba obiriwira ngati emerald ndi madzi achikasu-obiriwira.
11. Mfundo Zosangalatsa
- Tiyi wa dera la Dobeyi, malinga ndi tsamba la boma, amamera pa “mapiri a malasha” (煤山).
- Zolemba zokhudza tiyi wa Dobeyi zilipo mu dikishonale ya “Cihai” ya mtundu wa 1979.
12. Kuyerekeza ndi tiyi wina wobiriwira wa Guizhou
- Pubu Mao Feng (瀑布毛峰): Tiyi wobiriwira wa m’chigawo chomwecho cha mzinda Anshun.
- Duyun Maojian (都匀毛尖): Tiyi wobiriwira wotchuka kwambiri wa Guizhou, wochokera m’chigawo cha Qiannan.
- Shiqian Taicha (石阡苔茶): Tiyi wobiriwira wochokera ku gulu la m’deralo kumpoto chakum’mawa kwa chigawo.
Pomaliza:
Dobeyi Cha ndi tiyi wobiriwira wa kumapiri wa boma la Puding, yemwe mbali yotsimikizika ya mbiri yake ndi ya zamalamulo: chitetezo cha 2013, chizindikiro cha certification, muyezo wa m’chigawo ndi malo m’ndandanda woyamba wa mgwirizano ndi European Union. Mbali ya mbiri imakhazikika pa mawu a m’deralo ndi matembenuzidwe awiri osagwirizana okhudza msonkho wa Ming. Chinthu chodziwika bwino cha tiyiyu ndi mitengo yakale: malinga ndi kafukufuku, mitengo yopitilira zikwi khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu m’boma lonse ndi pafupifupi zikwi ziwiri za zaka zana m’tauni imodzi yokha ya Huachu.
Magwero
Miyezo
Chizindikiro cha malo
Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero