Dàzhú báichá

Dazhu Baicha (Dàzhú báichá, 大竹白茶) — itiye elenziwa ngeqabunga elimhlophe lesifunda sase-Dazhu (大竹县) esifundeni sikaMasipala wase-Dazhou empumalanga yesifundazwe sase-Sichuan. Igama elithi «baicha» egameni alifakazeli isigaba esimhlophe. Itiye lenziwa ngohlobo lwe-白叶一号 (báiyè yīhào), olulethwe esifundeni sase-Anji eZhejiang — okuyilona hlobo olukhiqiza itiye eliluhlaza i-Anji Baicha; entwasahlobo amahlumela amancane alolu hlobo acishe abe mhlophe, yingakho igama linjalo. Isigaba ngokwemibhalo asimisiwe. Ngokomlando wesifunda, izihlahla zokuqala zatshalwa ngo-2009; ngo-2020 igama lathola ukukhonjwa kwendawo kwezolimo, kwathi ngo-2025 langena ohlwini lwemikhiqizo enokukhonjwa kwendawo lwe-CNIPA.

1. Ukuhlukaniswa kanye Nemvelaphi

• Uhlobo: Isigaba ngokombhalo asimisiwe. Umlando wesifunda (inothi lehhovisi lesifunda lomlando wendawo, 2019) ubiza uphawu oluhamba phambili «巴蜀玉叶» ngokuthi «into eyisimanga phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza», kanti uhlobo lwe-白叶一号 e-Anji luveza itiye eliluhlaza. Kodwa isigaba sinqunywa ubuchwepheshe, kanti umbhalo wesimiso sesifunda sokucubungula angikawuboni, ngakho lesi sihloko siphakathi kwezigaba, njenge-Chongyang Baicha. «白茶» egameni umbala weqabunga lasentwasahlobo, hhayi ubuchwepheshe bokubuna.
• Isigaba: Itiye elivela ezinhlotsheni ezinamaqabunga akhanyayo; ukukhonjwa kwendawo kwezolimo (2020) kanye nomkhiqizo onokukhonjwa kwendawo ohlwini lwe-CNIPA (2025).
• Imvelaphi: I-China, isifundazwe sase-Sichuan (四川, Sìchuān), isifunda sikaMasipala wase-Dazhou (达州, Dázhōu), isifunda sase-Dazhu (大竹, Dàzhú).
• Indawo evikelwe: Izindawo ezingama-19 zesifunda — u-Yuehua, u-Tuanba, u-Gaoxue, u-Qinghe, u-Yangjia, u-Qingshui, u-Miaoba, u-Tiancheng, u-Guanyin, u-Zhoujia, u-Wenxing, u-Shizi, u-Wumu, u-Oujia, u-Zhonghua, u-Mama, u-Chaoyang, u-Badu kanye no-Chuanzhu — kanti kuzo kunemizana yokuphatha engu-192.
• Izixhumanisi zendawo: 106°59′54″–107°32′17″ empumalanga, 30°20′07″–31°00′06″ enyakatho.

2. Umlando kanye Nokubaluleka Kwamasiko

• Umlando:
  • Ngaphambi kohlobo olumhlophe. Umlando wesifunda ulandisa umlando wetiye lase-Dazhu iminyaka engaphezu kwenkulungwane, isikhungo semboni yetiye yesifunda — iminyaka eyi-1700; akekho osho imithombo. Ngawo-1960–1970 kwakusebenza amapulazi etiye kahulumeni amabili kanye nezindawo zasemakhaya eziyi-132, kamuva izingadi zayekwa.
  • 2009 — uhlobo oluvela e-Anji. Ngokomlando wesifunda, usomaqhinga owayesethathe umhlalaphansi wesifunda, ebona ukufana ne-Anji ngokwe-latitude kanye nobuningi boqalo, waletha ukuhlola izithombo eziyi-1000; ngonyaka olandelayo ukuhlola kwaphumelela. Izinombolo ezincwadini ziyahlukahluka: 2000 kanye «namakhulu ambalwa» (ingosi yase-Dazhou, 2022), ngaphezu kwe-3000 emzaneni wase-Baicha esigodini sase-Tuanba («Sichuan ribao», 2025); i-«Sichuan nongcun ribao» ibeka ukuqala ngo-2010.
  • 2010–2011 — inkampani yokuqala. Umlando wesifunda uthi yasungulwa ngoJulayi 2011, enye incwadi yengosi yase-Dazhou ithi ngo-2010. Inkampani yabe yabela abalimi izithombo futhi yathenga amaqabunga amasha.
  • 2012–2017 — imiklomelo yophawu. Itiye lenkampani ehamba phambili ngophawu lwe-«巴蜀玉叶» lathola igolide emqhudelwaneni we-«中绿杯» (2012, 2016) kanye nemiklomelo ekhethekile yomqhudelwano we-«中茶杯» (2015, 2017).
  • 2020. UMnyango Wezolimo Nezindaba Zasemakhaya wafaka i-«大竹白茶» eqenjini lesibili lezinkomba zendawo zezolimo zika-2020, inombolo ethi AGI03245.
  • 2022. NgoFebruwari kwaqala ukusebenza amazinga ase-Dazhou mayelana nokutshala (DB5117/T 50-2022) kanye nokucubungula (DB5117/T 51-2022); owesibili wachithwa kusukela zingama-31 ku-Agasti 2025.
  • 2025. Isaziso se-CNIPA № 646 safaka i-«大竹白茶» ohlwini lwemikhiqizo enokukhonjwa kwendawo.
• Igama: «Dazhu» (大竹) — «uqalo olukhulu»: umlando wesifunda uchaza igama lesifunda ngobuningi boqalo olukhulu. «Baicha» (白茶) — «itiye elimhlophe», ngombala wehlumela lasentwasahlobo.
• Ukubaluleka kwamasiko: Kusukela ngo-2017 isifunda njalo entwasahlobo siba nomkhosi ezingadini obizwa nge-«喊山开茶» — «biza intaba uvule ukuvuna»; ngo-2026 kwenziwa okweshumi. Ngokwesikhungo sesifunda semboni yetiye, umkhosi uqoqe isivakashi esingaphezu kuka-200 000 sezizonke.

3. Incazelo Yezitshalo kanye Nezinto Zokusetshenziswa

• Uhlobo: 白叶一号 (báiyè yīhào) — uhlobo olunamaqabunga amhlophe oluvela esifundeni sase-Anji esifundazweni sase-Zhejiang; izithombo zokutshala kokuqala zalethwa lapho.
• Umbala weqabunga: Ekuqaleni kwentwasahlobo amahlumela amancane akhanya njenge-jade amhlophe; lapho kufudumala futhi kukhula ukukhanya, iqabunga liba luhlaza. Ngakho, ngokomlando wesifunda, umkhiqizo ongcono kakhulu wophawu lwe-«巴蜀玉叶» wenziwa cishe isonto elilodwa kuphela ngonyaka.
• Ukuvuna: Entwasahlobo. Ngokomlando wesifunda, imiqumbe e-Dazhu iqhakaza cishe izinsuku eziyishumi ngaphambi kwase-Anji, futhi ukuvuna kuqala ngaphambili.
• Izinga lokuvuna: Ayikho imininingwane emithonjeni etholakele; umbhalo wezinga le-DB5117/T 50-2022 angikawuboni.

4. I-Terroir kanye Nezici Zokutshala

• Isimo sendawo: Indawo yezintaba ezihambisanayo nezigodi emaphethelweni omcengezi wase-Sichuan — «izintaba ezintathu nezigodi ezimbili».
• Isimo sezulu: I-subtropical enomswakama ovela emimoyeni ye-monsoon. Ngokomlando wesifunda: izinga lokushisa lonyaka eliphakathi nendawo lingu-16.6 °C, amanani aphezulu kakhulu eminyakeni yokubheka asuka ku-−4 kuya ku-41 °C, isikhathi esingenasithwathwa siyizinsuku ezingama-284, imvula ingu-1184 mm ngonyaka, ukukhanya kwelanga kungamahora ayi-1440 ngonyaka.
• Ukuphakama kokutshala: 500–800 m.
• Inhlabathi: Izihlabathi eziphuzi ezinodaka ezine-pH engu-4.5–6.5, ezinenqwaba yezinto eziphilayo ezivela emaqabungeni awayo. Isifunda sibhala ngezinhlabathi ezinothile nge-selenium, i-potassium ne-zinc; izilinganiso angikaziboni.
• Ukutshala: Ngokomlando wesifunda, izingadi zihlanganiswa nehlathi (林茶相间).
• Isikali: Ngokwesifunda, ngo-2019 — 50 000 mu, ngo-2022 — ngaphezu kuka-80 000 mu ezindaweni eziyi-13.

5. Ubuchwepheshe Bokukhiqiza

Ubuchwepheshe bachazwa isimiso sesifunda i-DB5117/T 51-2022 «大竹白茶加工技术规程», esesichithiwe; umbhalo waso angikawuboni. Uma itiye lenziwa njengeliluhlaza, ngokwesibonelo sase-Anji Baicha, uhlelo olujwayelekile luthi: ukuvuna entwasahlobo kwamahlumela akhanyayo → ukubuna (摊放, tānfàng) → ukumisa i-oxidation (杀青, shāqīng) → ukwakha isimo (理条, lǐtiáo) → ukomisa (烘干, hōnggān). Lolu uhlelo olujwayelekile lwesigaba, hhayi incazelo yobuchwepheshe be-Dazhu Baicha; imingcele emithonjeni etholakele ayikho.

6. Izici Zokunambitheka

Incazelo engezansi inikezwa umlando wesifunda (2019) kanye nesikhungo sesifunda semboni yetiye (2022); umbhalo wencazelo embhalweni wenkomba angikawuboni.

• Isimo seqabunga elomile: Liqonde futhi lihle, liphuzi njengehansi ngokuhlaza okucashile, noboya obumhlophe obubonakalayo (外形挺直秀丽、鹅黄隐翠、白毫显露).
• Iphunga leqabunga elomile: Azikho izincazelo emithonjeni etholakele.
• Iphunga lotshwala: Lihlanzekile futhi lihlala isikhathi eside (香气清香持久).
• Ukunambitheka: Kusha, kuqabulayo, kumnandi futhi kuthambile, kukhiqiza amathe (滋味鲜爽甘醇生津).
• Umbala wotshwala: Uluhlaza ocwengekileyo futhi ukhanyayo (茶汤嫩绿明亮).
• Isizinda setiye (iqabunga elisetshenzisiwe): Ngegama jikelele azikho izincazelo. Ngophawu lwe-«巴蜀玉叶» umlando wesifunda uluchaza kanje: imiqumbe emincane enamaqabunga ivuleka njengembali, iqabunga limhlophe ngemithambo eluhlaza, ngokucwebezela kwe-jade (芽叶细嫩成朵，叶白脉翠).

7. Ukwakheka Kwamakhemikhali

Umlando wesifunda unikeza okuqukethwe kwama-amino acid okungu-8–12 %, kanti ngophawu lwe-«巴蜀玉叶» — 9.7 % wama-amino acid akhululekile, okuphindwe kathathu noma kane kunetiye eliluhlaza elijwayelekile. Ama-polyphenol, ngokomlando ofanayo, mancane kunamanye amatiye aluhlaza; inani alishiwongo. Indlela nesampula umthombo awukusho — lokhu kuyinkomba, hhayi inkambiso yezinga.

8. Ukwenza Itiye

Inkambiso yesigaba setiye eliluhlaza elintekenteke.

• Izinga lokushisa lamanzi: 75–80 °C: izinhlobo ezinamaqabunga akhanyayo zinama-amino acid amaningi, futhi amanzi ashisayo acisha ukusha kwawo.
• Inani letiye: 3 g ku-150 ml.
• Isitsha: Ingilazi.
• Inqubo:
  1. Shisisa isitsha.
  2. Faka itiye bese uthela amanzi ngasodongeni.
  3. Utshwala bokuqala — ngemva kwemizuzwana engama-40–60.
  4. Phuza, ushiya ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yotshwala.
  5. Thela amanzi futhi.
  6. Ukuphinda kabili noma kathathu.

9. Ukugcina

Inkambiso yesigaba. Ephaketheni elivalekile, esiqandisini ku-0–5 °C, ngaphandle kokukhanya, umswakama namaphunga. Ubusha nombala okhanyayo kuhamba kuqala, ngakho itiye kungcono ukuliphuza phakathi nonyaka.

10. Intengo kanye Nomgunyathi

Ngokomlando wesifunda, ngo-2019 intengo emaphakathi yetiye elomile yayiyi-2000–3200 yuan ngekhilogremu. Encwadini yengosi yase-Dazhou ka-2023 umtshali wendawo usho intengo ephezulu yetiye elomile esuka ku-400–500 kuya ku-2000 yuan nge-jin.

• Ukwazi ukugwema umgunyathi:
  • Bheka uphawu lokukhonjwa kwendawo kanye nokubhaliswa kwe-AGI03245.
  • Hlola ukuthi umkhiqizi uvela esifundeni sase-Dazhu.
  • Khumbula ukuthi i-白叶一号 ikhula ezifundazweni eziningi: ngokubukeka kweqabunga imvelaphi ayinakunqunywa, iqinisekiswa yimibhalo kuphela.

11. Amaqiniso Athokozisayo

• Isifunda siqanjwe ngoqalo, futhi umlando wesifunda ucaphuna isisho esithi «竹多（白）茶更香» — «lapho kunedlanzana likaqalo, itiye (elimhlophe) liba nephunga elimnandi kakhulu».
• Ngo-2019 itiye lase-Dazhu elinamaqabunga amhlophe lalinamagama abhalisiwe ayisikhombisa, kuhlanganise ne-«巴蜀玉叶» ne-«川白茶».
• Ngo-2023 isiphuzo setiye lase-Dazhu — ikhofi elomile eliqandisiwe elinetiye elimhlophe — sethulwa e-Wuzhen, e-Zhejiang. Ingosi yase-Dazhou yakubiza ngokuthi ukubuyela kohlobo «ezweni lakubo».

12. Ukuqhathanisa namanye amatiye anamaqabunga akhanyayo

• Anji Baicha (安吉白茶): Indawo yokuzalwa yohlobo kanye nenkambiso yalolu hlobo lwetiye; i-Dazhu Baicha — indodakazi yase-Sichuan enokuvuna kusenesikhathi.
• Zhengan Baicha (正安白茶): Itiye eliluhlaza lohlobo olufanayo e-Guizhou, nalo elinokukhonjwa kwendawo.
• Jing’an Baicha (靖安白茶): Itiye eliluhlaza elinamaqabunga akhanyayo lesifundazwe sase-Jiangxi.
• Guangyuan Huangcha (广元黄茶): «Isihlobo» sase-Sichuan esivela ezinhlotsheni ezinamaqabunga aphuzi 中黄1号 ne-中黄2号 — ugibe olufanayo lwegama, kodwa nge-«phuzi».

Ekuphetheni:

I-Dazhu Baicha — itiye lase-Sichuan eliselincane elinegama elikhohlisayo: libizwa ngokuthi elimhlophe ngombala wehlumela lasentwasahlobo. Ngeminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu uhlobo lwase-Anji lwe-白叶一号 lwazinza esifundeni soqalo ku-500–800 m futhi, ngokwezincazelo zesifunda, lwaveza itiye elinotshwala obuluhlaza ocwengekileyo, ukunambitheka okusha okumnandi kanye nokuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-amino acid. Umlando wesifunda ufaka uphawu oluhamba phambili phakathi kwamatiye aluhlaza, kodwa ngaphandle kombhalo wobuchwepheshe isigaba sihlala singaqinisekisiwe; indawo evikelwe nokho iklanywe kuze kube semzaneni.

Imithombo

Amazinga

• DB5117/T 50-2022
• DB5117/T 51-2022

Uhlu oluphelele — ekhasini elithi Imithombo