香型 (xiāngxíng) — ngokwezwi nezwi «uhlobo lwephunga». Lena i-eksisi esebenzayo yohwebo lwetiye laseShayina kanye nencazelo yokunambitha: indlela yokusho ngegama elilodwa ukuthi iphunga nokunambitheka kwetiye kubhekiswe kuphi, ngaphandle kokubala lonke iqoqo lamanothi. Uma umdayisi ethi «lokhu 清香型», akasho uhlobo, isifunda, noma intengo, kodwa indawo eseduze yephunga, ngemuva kwayo kukhona ubuchwepheshe obuthile — izinga lokugazingwa, ukujula kwe-oxidation, ubukhona bokuguga, indlela yokomisa.
Kubalulekile ekuqaleni ukuhlukanisa izindlela ezimbili ezihlukene zokusetshenziswa kwegama elithi 香型, ngoba emibhalweni yesiRashiya kuhlala kudideka.
Okokuqala — izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe, ezivamile ezigabeni eziningi zetiye: 清香 (qīngxiāng), 浓香 (nóngxiāng), 蜜香 (mìxiāng), 陈香 (chénxiāng), 樟香 (zhāngxiāng), 枣香 (zǎoxiāng), 药香 (yàoxiāng), 松烟香 (sōngyānxiāng). Zichaza umphumela wokucutshungulwa nokugcinwa futhi ngokomgomo zisebenza ezintweni zokusetshenziswa ezahlukene.
Okwesibili — izinhlobo zamakha zohlobo oluthile ngaphakathi kweqembu elilodwa lamatiye, lapho 香型 kusho uhlobo lwesihlahla kanye nephunga lalo lofuzo. Isibonelo sakudala — i-fenghuang dancong (凤凰单丛, fènghuáng dāncōng): incwadi ethi 《凤凰单丛》 (abahleli abakhulu 黄瑞光 no桂埔芳, China Agriculture Press, 2020) ihlukanisa izinhlobo ngezinhlobo eziyishumi eziyisisekelo — 黄枝香 (huángzhīxiāng, okuyiyo futhi ngesinye isipelingi 黄栀香), 芝兰香 (zhīlánxiāng), 蜜兰香 (mìlánxiāng), 桂花香 (guìhuāxiāng), 玉兰香 (yùlánxiāng), 姜花香 (jiānghuāxiāng), 夜来香 (yèláixiāng), 茉莉香 (mòlìxiāng), 杏仁香 (xìngrénxiāng), 肉桂香 (ròuguìxiāng) — kuhlanganiswa nesigaba sezinhlobo ezintsha ezikhethiwe. Enye incwadi yezethenjwa ngesihloko esifanayo, i-«Atlas» ka-Chen Shaoping, inikeza izigaba zamakha eziyishumi nesikhombisa — yona leyo shumi kanye namaqembu ayisikhombisa wesibili (黄茶香, 柚花香, 橙花香, 杨梅香, 附子香, 苦种, «amanye 清香») — kuhlanganiswa nesengezo (增录) esigabeni seshumi nesishiyagalombili; isengezo siqoqa izinto ezingabelwanga emaqenjini amakha, futhi asilona uhlobo lwephunga. Okusho ukuthi ngisho nangaphakathi kwesiko elilodwa elincane, inani lezinhlobo nemingcele yazo kuncike emthonjeni.
Ngokulandelayo kusiqephu, ingxoxo imayelana ikakhulukazi ne-eksisi yokuqala, yobuchwepheshe — leyo etiye elichazwa ngayo ekuhwebeni okubanzi.
Imvelo yesikali: iyachaza, ayilingani
Uhlobo lwephunga — akusiwona umphumela wethuluzi. Lena yisigaba sezinzwa esinikezwa umuntu, futhi usinika ngokuhlanganiswa: iphunga leqabunga elomile, iphunga lesitsha esifudunyeziwe, iphunga lokumnika, ukunambitheka okusemva, kwesinye isikhathi umbala weqabunga elomile. Kusuka lapha imiphumela okufanele igcinwe engqondweni.
Imingcele phakathi kwezinhlobo ifiphele futhi iyaguquguquka. I-wuyi oolong efanayo umdayisi ogxile ekugazingweni okukhanyayo uzoyibiza nge-中火 (zhōnghuǒ, umlilo ophakathi), kanti umdayisi wesikole sendabuko — 轻火 (qīnghuǒ, umlilo olula), futhi incazelo yamazwi izosuka «eminyene» iye «emsulwa».
Ingxenye yezinhlobo igxilisiwe emithethweni yemboni njengezigaba ezisemthethweni ezingaphansi, futhi izimo ezinjalo ziningi kunalokho okuvame ukucatshangwa. Nge- Anxi Tieguanyin (安溪铁观音, ānxī tiěguānyīn) umkhiqizo uhlukaniswa ngendlela yokucutshungulwa ezinhlotsheni ezintathu — 清香型, 浓香型 kanye 陈香型; owesithathu wangezwa ngohlelo lwakamuva lwezinga elifanele, futhi unenqubo yawo yobuchwepheshe kanye nezinkomba zawo zezinzwa. Nge-Taiwanese (台式) oolong ukuhlukaniswa ngokomthetho nakho kuyizingxenye ezintathu — 清香型, 熟香型 kanye 蜜香型, futhi 蜜香型 inencazelo zombili embhalweni wezinga lomkhiqizo, kanye nomugqa ohlukile wobuchwepheshe ezingeni lokukhiqiza. Ekugcineni, 槟榔香 (bīnglángxiāng, «iphunga le-betel nut») lichazwa ezingeni lamagama okuhlola izinzwa kwetiye — njengephunga elivela ku-liu bao ngemva kokuguga. Izinombolo eziqondile zamazinga azinikezwa embhalweni: kufanele zihlolwe ngezinhlelo zamanje, hhayi ngenkumbulo. Kepha nge-樟香, 枣香 kanye 药香 asizange sizithole izincazelo ezisemthethweni — ezingeni lamagama okuhlola izinzwa azikho, futhi lolu ulimi lwemakethe kuphela.
Itiye elilodwa lingaba nezinhlobo eziningana ngesikhathi esisodwa, futhi ezincazelweni ziyahlanganiswa: «陈香带药香», «枣香浓郁, 略带陈味». Uhlobo — luwumbuso, hhayi ukuphela kwenothi.
清香 — emsulwa, esha
Okushoyo. Iphunga elikhanyayo, eliphakeme, «eliluhlaza» noma lezimbali: uhlaza olusha, izimbali, amanothi obisi nokhilimu, kwesinye isikhathi inothi lotshani obusanda kugundwa. Ukumnika kukhanya, kuphuzi kuluhlaza, ukunambitheka kulula, nobusha obugqamile.
Okubangelwa. Izinga elincane le-oxidation (kuma-oolong) kanye nokugazingwa okubuthakathaka noma ukungabikho kwakho. Kuma-Taiwanese high-mountain oolong (高山茶, gāoshānchá) nasemgqeni wesimanje we-Anxi Tieguanyin umugqa we-清香 utholakala ngenhlanganisela ye-做青 emfushane (zuòqīng, ukunyakazisa nokubuna), ukomiswa okulula ngaphandle kwe-焙火 ende (bèihuǒ, ukufudumala emlilweni) futhi kwesinye isikhathi nokugcinwa okubandayo kwetiye eliqediwe. Ematiyeni aluhlaza iphunga lalolu hlobo liyinkambiso, futhi leli gama lisetshenziswa kuwo kancane, ngoba alihlukanisi.
Kuvela kuphi. Ama-oolong aseTaiwan nase-Anxi; ingxenye yama-wuyi oolong okugazingwa okulula; ingxenye yama-dancong, emabhukwini ezincwadi angawelanga eshumini futhi achazwa nje ngokuthi «amanye 清香»; ngokwesimo — amatiye aluhlaza.
Okungakusho. Akusho «ikhwalithi ephakeme» noma «itiye elingokwemvelo». Akusho ukuvuna okuvuthiwe: 清香 — kuwumphumela wokucutshungulwa, hhayi ubudala beqabunga. Akusho ukulungela ukugcinwa isikhathi eside: ukugazingwa okukhanyayo kuvame ukulahlekelwa ubusha bakho ngokushesha kunokugazingwa okuminyene.
浓香 — eminyene, ukugazingwa okuqinile
Okushoyo. Iphunga elimnyama, eliminyene, elosiwe: caramel, izithelo ezomile, amantongomane, okubhakiwe, irayisi elithosiwe, kwesinye isikhathi cocoa. Ukumnika kumnyama, ku-amber noma kubomvu nsundu, umzimba uminyene, ubabayo nokuklabhasayo kuthambile.
Okubangelwa. Ukugazingwa — isikhathi eside noma okuphindaphindiwe, ngamalahle (炭焙, tànbèi) noma kuhhavini kagesi. Ngokufudumala kwenzeka ukusabela kwe-caramelization ne-Maillard, ingxenye yezinto zokuqala eziphumayo zezimbali ziyanyamalala, kuvele ezintsha, «ezibhakiwe». Kuma-wuyi oolong izinyathelo zibizwa ngokuthi 轻火 / 中火 / 足火 (zúhuǒ, umlilo ogcwele). Nge-Anxi Tieguanyin u-浓香型 — ungenye yezigaba ezintathu ezingaphansi kwesivumelwano; ngokomlando isondele endleleni itiye elalenziwa ngayo ngaphambi kwemfashini yemigqa ekhanyayo.
Kuvela kuphi. Ama-wuyi rock oolong (武夷岩茶, wǔyí yánchá), i-tieguanyin yomugqa we-浓香, ama-dancong okugazingwa kwendabuko, ingxenye yama-Taiwanese oolong (凍頂 kanye nezindlela ezicutshungulwe kabusha zika-熟香), amanye amatiye abomvu.
Okungakusho. Ukugazingwa «akulungisi» impahla yokusetshenziswa embi, nakuba kufihla ingxenye yezinkinga — ngakho-ke nge-浓香 kunzima ukwahlulela ngempahla yokusetshenziswa kunange-清香. Akusho okushile: ukunuka kokusha (焦味, jiāowèi) — kuyinkinga, hhayi izinga lohlobo. Akusho ukuguga okuzenzakalelayo kwetiye: itiye eligazingwe kakhulu lanyanga edlule liyaqhubeka ukuba yitiye elincane, livame ukunikezwa isikhathi sokuthi «umlilo uhambe» (退火, tuìhuǒ).
蜜香 — wobusi
Okushoyo. Ubumnandi bobusi, bamajikijolo nobusi, kwesinye isikhathi bezithelo ephunga nasemva kokunambitha, ngokuvamile nokuzwa ubumnandi obuminyene, «obunamathelayo» ekumnikeni.
Isimo esisemthethweni. Ngokuphambene nokucabanga okuvamile, 蜜香 — akulona igama lemakethe kuphela. Nge-Taiwanese (台式) oolong u-蜜香型 — yisigaba esisemthethweni esingaphansi ngokulingana no-清香型 no-熟香型: izinga lomkhiqizo lichaza u-蜜香型 njengohlobo olunephunga elinomthala wezithelo wobusi (茶叶产品香气带有蜜果香), futhi lihlukanisa wonke umkhiqizo ngalezi zinhlobo ezintathu. Izinga lobuchwepheshe lihlinzekela ngo-蜜香型 umugqa ohlukile wokucutshungulwa — ngokubuna okujulile (ukwehla kwesisindo ngo-20-30%) kanye nezinga eliphezulu le-fermentation (60-65%). Ukufana okusondelene kakhulu ngokwencazelo ezweni laseChina — ukuchazwa kwe-东方美人 njenge-oolong yaseTaiwan yohlobo lobusi. Kwezinye izinhlobo zobuchwepheshe zalesi siqephu, ngaphandle kwe-清香 ne-浓香, asizange sizithole izincazelo ezisemthethweni.
Okubangelwa. Izindlela ezimbili ezahlukene, ezivame ukuhlanganiswa.
Eyokuqala — ukulimala kweqabunga yi-leafhopper encane (小绿叶蝉, xiǎo lǜ yè chán). Iqabunga lisabela ekulunyweni, ukwakheka kwangaphambili kwephunga laso kuyashintsha, futhi ngokubuna okuqinile nokuxubha okulandelayo kuvela inothi lobusi eliyingcaca. Kulo mgomo kwakhiwe 台湾 东方美人 (dōngfāng měirén) kanye namatiye abomvu obusi aseTaiwan 蜜香红茶 (mìxiāng hóngchá); ngomqondo ofanayo kuchazwa ingxenye yamanothi anjalo kwamanye amatiye ezweni laseChina. Impahla yokusetshenziswa yamatiye anjalo ayiphathwa ngesibulala-zinambuzane — ngaphandle kwalokho umgudu awuqali.
Eyesibili — izinga nje le-oxidation kanye nendlela yokubuna. Amanothi obusi avela njalo ematiyeni abomvu nakuma-oolong ane-oxidation eqinile ngaphandle kokubamba iqhaza kwe-leafhopper. Yona kanye le ndlela echazwa ezingeni lobuchwepheshe le-Taiwanese oolong: ukubuna okujulile kanye ne-fermentation ephezulu.
Kuvela kuphi. Ama-oolong aseTaiwan namatiye abomvu, ingxenye yamatiye abomvu ezwe laseChina, amanye ama-oolong anezinga eliphezulu le-oxidation. Kuma-dancong kukhona uhlobo olusondelene ngegama kodwa oluhlukile ngemvelo — 蜜兰香 — lapho kuyiphunga lefa lohlobo lwesihlahla, hhayi umphumela wokulunywa.
Okungakusho. Iphunga lobusi alifakazeli ukuthi itiye lalunywe yi-leafhopper, — lokhu kuwukuhlanekezela kwezincazelo okuvame kakhulu mayelana ne-蜜香. Akusho nokwengezwa kobusi. Akusho ukuphakama kwezintaba: ukuxhumana phakathi kokuphakama nenothi lobusi akukona okuqondile. Ukuba khona kwesigaba esisemthethweni 蜜香型 ku-oolong yaseTaiwan nakho akusho lutho ngomgudu: izinga libeka ubuchwepheshe nephrofayili yezinzwa, hhayi ukubamba iqhaza kwesinambuzane.
陈香 — ogugile
Okushoyo. Iphunga letiye elidala: ukhuni olomile, uthuli lwendawo yokugcina eyomile, ishalofu lezincwadi, amaqabunga omile, kwesinye isikhathi minothi wekhunta noma womhlabathi olula. Ukunambitheka kuthambile futhi kubushelelezi kunalelo letiye elincane lohlobo olufanayo, ukuklabhasa kubuthuntile.
Okubangelwa. Isikhathi nezimo zokugcina. Izinqubo ezihamba kancane ze-oxidative nezokuhluma kwama-microorganisms zicubungula izinto zokuqala; ku-puerh lokhu kuchazwa ngomgomo we-越陈越香 (yuè chén yuè xiāng, «okudala, kunephunga elimnandi kakhulu»), okugxile kukho konke ukucabanga kweqoqo le-sheng puerh. Kuyahlukaniswa phakathi kwe-干仓 (gāncāng, indawo yokugcina eyomile) — indlela ehamba kancane, emsulwa, ephephile, kanye ne-湿仓 (shīcāng, indawo yokugcina emanzi) — «ukuguga» okusheshayo nobungozi besikhunta nokonakala; ngokomlando ukugcinwa okumanzi kuxhumene nomkhuba waseHong Kong (港仓). Nge-shu puerh u-越陈越香 uyasebenza futhi, uthambile, futhi ngeminyaka unikeza i-醇厚陈香 eminyene.
Kuvela kuphi. I-puerh sheng ne-shu, i-liu bao (六堡茶, liùbǎochá) namanye ama-heicha, itiye elimhlophe elidala (老白茶, lǎobáichá), ama-oolong agugile kanye ne-Anxi Tieguanyin yomugqa we-陈香. Lesi simo sokugcina kufanele sigqanyiswe: nge-Anxi Tieguanyin u-陈香型 — akulona uphawu lwemakethe kuphela, kodwa futhi isigaba esisemthethweni esingaphansi komkhiqizo, esavela kuhlelo lwakamuva lwezinga elifanele, nenqubo yalo yokucutshungulwa kanye nezinkomba zalo zezinzwa.
Okungakusho. Akusho ubudala obuthile: «陈香» — yikhwalithi yephunga, hhayi inani leminyaka, futhi ivela ngokushesha ekugcinweni okumanzi, kanti ekugcinweni okomile ingase ingabonakali ngesikhathi esifanayo. Akusho ubuqiniso belebula: izinkathi ze-号级茶 (izindlu zohwebo ezizimele ngaphambi kweminyaka yawo-1950), 印级茶 (i-zhongcha yawo-1950-70, enegxivizo 中 lemibala ehlukene), 七子级 (kusukela ngawo-1970, inkathi yama-athikili 唛号, màihào) — lezi yizinkomba zokutholwa, hhayi umphumela wephunga. Akusho nokungabikho kwezinkinga: iphunga lokukhunta, lesikhunta nelimanzi (霉味, méiwèi) awuhlobene ne-陈香, nakuba emakethe kwesinye isikhathi kunikezwa kanjalo.
樟香 — we-camphor
Okushoyo. Inothi elipholile, le-menthol nelokhuni, eliqhathaniswa nesihlahla se-camphor; ekumnikeni linikeza ukuzwa ubusha «emphinjeni».
Okubangelwa. Ngokuqinisekile — akutholakalanga. Incazelo evame kakhulu ekuhwebeni: izihlahla zetiye ezindala zikhula ehlathini elixubene eduze kwezihlahla ze-camphor (樟树, zhāngshù), futhi iqabunga ngokusobala lithatha iphunga laso. Le ncazelo idumile, kodwa ayifakazelwanga ngokwesizathu; okungenani ingxenye yezimo kulula ukuyixhumanisa nokuguga isikhathi eside kwe-sheng puerh ekugcinweni okomile, lapho amanothi apholile okhuni we-menthol avela ngokwawo.
Kuvela kuphi. Ngaphezu kwakho konke i-sheng puerh egugile; kwesinye isikhathi kukhulunywa ngayo kuma-heicha athile.
Okungakusho. Akuqinisekisi ubudala bezihlahla, noma «ubusendle» bazo, noma indawo ethile. Akusho ukwengezwa kwe-camphor noma noma yiziphi iziqholo. Njengophawu oluzimele loqiniseko lwe-puerh endala leli nothi alisebenzi. Incazelo esemthethweni ye-樟香 ayikho — ezingeni lamagama okuhlola izinzwa ayichazwanga.
枣香 — wesundu
Okushoyo. Iphunga elimnandi le-jujube yaseShayina eyomile (i-red jujube), kwesinye isikhathi nomthunzi wezithelo ezomisiwe nobumnandi obuncane «obuphekiwe».
Okubangelwa. Ngobuchwepheshe — ukuguga okuminyene kwempahla yokusetshenziswa ecindezelwe kakhulu noma emahhasha. Kuchazwa njalo ku-shu puerh egugile futhi ikakhulukazi ezindlelweni ezicindezelwe ze-liu bao nama-heicha asondelene, kanye nasetiyeni elimhlophe eligugile elivela eqabungeni elimahhasha — ngaphezu kwakho konke ku-寿眉 ocindezelwe (shòuméi), lapho 枣香 sekucishe kwaba iphuzu eliyimpoqo lencazelo yohwebo. Imvelo eqondile yamakhemikhali yenothi ngaphakathi kwalesi siqephu ayidalulwa.
Kuvela kuphi. I-shu puerh, i-heicha, itiye elimhlophe eligugile (ikakhulukazi elicindezelwe nelivela eqabungeni elimahhasha).
Okungakusho. Akusho ukuthi kunoma yini engezwe etiyeni. Akusho isikhathi esithile sokuguga: ekuhwebeni «枣香» kuvame ukushiwo ngamatiye obudala obuhlukene. Akusho izinga eliphezulu lempahla yokusetshenziswa — kunalokho, leli nothi livame ukuxhunyaniswa neqabunga elimahhasha kunokuqoqwa kwama-buds. Incazelo esemthethweni yaleli gama ayikho.
药香 — womuthi, we-herbal
Okushoyo. Iphunga lekhemisi lamakhambi aseShayina: izimpande, amakhambi omisiwe, i-liquorice, kwesinye isikhathi imithunzi ye-balsamic nebaba kancane.
Okubangelwa. Ukuguga isikhathi eside, kuvame kakhulu ematiyeni ane-post-fermentation noma izinga eliphezulu le-oxidation. Kuvela ku-sheng ne-shu puerh endala, ku-liu bao ogugile, etiyeni elimhlophe elidala nakuma-oolong agugile kakhulu. Ku-liu bao umakhelwane osondelene ngezincazelo — 槟榔香 (bīnglángxiāng, «iphunga le-betel nut»), futhi yilona kuphela igama elisondelene elinencazelo esemthethweni: izinga lamagama okuhlola izinzwa kwetiye lichaza i-槟榔香 njengephunga elifana ne-betel nut, elivela ku-liu bao ngemva kokuguga. I-药香 ngokwayo incazelo esemthethweni ayinayo.
Kuvela kuphi. I-puerh egugile, i-liu bao namanye ama-heicha, 老白茶, ama-oolong agugile.
Okungakusho. Akusho izakhiwo zokwelapha zetiye — lokhu kuchaza iphunga, hhayi i-pharmacology; azikho izimangalo zezokwelapha ezisuka ku-药香. Akusho ukwengezwa kwamakhambi noma izithako. Akuhlali kusho ubuhle: kwezinye izikole zencazelo 药香 kubhekwa njengophawu olufiselekayo lokuvuthwa, kwezinye — uphawu lokuthi itiye selihlale isikhathi eside kakhulu noma laligcinwe kumanzi kakhulu.
松烟香 — intuthu kaphayini
Okushoyo. Inothi lentuthu elicacile: i-resin kaphayini, umlilo, okubhemwayo, kwesinye isikhathi ukhuni «olu-varnished».
Okubangelwa. Ukuthintana okuqondile kweqabunga nentuthu ngesikhathi sokomisa noma ukomisa kancane phezu kwezinkuni zikaphayini (kwesinye isikhathi — ezinye). Lena ukuphela kwesizathu phakathi kwezinhlobo ezibaluliwe esiyiteknoloji ngokuphelele futhi esicacile. Isibonelo sakudala — uhlobo olunentuthu lwe-zhengshan xiaozhong (正山小种, zhèngshān xiǎozhǒng) kanye nemiphumela yayo ebhemwayo; amanothi entuthu nawo ngokwesiko avela emaqenjini athile ama-Hunan heicha, lapho ukomisa kwakwenziwa emlilweni ovulekile ngezinkuni zikaphayini. Ezinguqulweni zesimanje ze-xiaozhong intuthu ivame ukwehliswa noma isuswe ngokuphelele, ngakho-ke «lapsang» ngaphandle kwentuthu — akulona mbumbulu, kodwa umugqa ohlukile wokukhiqiza.
Kuvela kuphi. Amatiye abomvu omugqa we-wuyi xiaozhong, ingxenye ye-heicha, amanye amatiye aluhlaza nawaphuzi endawo anokomisa ngomlilo.
Okungakusho. Akusho ukufakwa kweziqholo, noma inkinga. Akusho ikhwalithi ephezulu noma ephansi ngokwayo: ngentuthu kungagqanyiswa kokubili impahla yokusetshenziswa enhle, futhi kufihlwe ebuthakathaka. Inothi lentuthu «alipheli» ngokuphelele, kodwa ngeminyaka livame ukuthamba futhi liye emuva.
Ithebula elifingqiwe
| Uhlobo | Isizathu esiyinhloko | Lapho kuvamile khona | Incazelo engamanga evamile |
|---|---|---|---|
| 清香 | i-oxidation ebuthakathaka, ukugazingwa okuncane | ama-oolong aseTaiwan nase-Anxi, ingxenye yama-wuyi | «okusha = okungcono», «iqabunga elincane» |
| 浓香 | ukugazingwa isikhathi eside noma okuqinile | ama-rock oolong, i-tieguanyin 浓香型, ama-dancong | «itiye elidala», «ukusha» |
| 蜜香 | ukulunywa yi-leafhopper noma ukubuna okujulile ne-fermentation ephezulu | 东方美人 namanye ama-oolong aseTaiwan 蜜香型, amatiye abomvu obusi aseTaiwan, amatiye abomvu | «kuyimpoqo i-leafhopper», «kungezwe ubusi», «igama lemakethe kuphela» |
| 陈香 | ukuguga, indlela yendawo yokugcina | i-puerh, i-heicha, 老白茶, ama-oolong amadala, i-tieguanyin 陈香型 | «ubufakazi bobudala noqiniseko» |
| 樟香 | akutholakalanga; kuhlanganiswa nokuguga | i-sheng puerh egugile | «yayikhula eduze kwesihlahla se-camphor» njengeqiniso |
| 枣香 | ukuguga kwempahla yokusetshenziswa emahhasha necindezelwe | i-shu puerh, i-heicha, i-寿眉 ecindezelwe | «kungezwe amasundu», «uphawu lwempahla yokusetshenziswa ekhethekile» |
| 药香 | ukuguga isikhathi eside, i-post-fermentation | i-puerh endala, i-liu bao, 老白茶 | «itiye lokwelapha», «kungezwe amakhambi» |
| 松烟香 | ukomisa phezu kwezinkuni zikaphayini | i-xiaozhong, ingxenye ye-heicha | «isiqholo» noma «inkinga» |
Iphunga lemvelo, elinukisiwe nelengeziwe
Lezi zinto ezintathu azihlukaniswa ngamandla ephunga, kodwa ngemvelaphi, futhi akufanele zihlanganiswe.
Iphunga lemvelo — umphumela wohlobo lwesihlahla, izimo zokukhula nokucutshungulwa. Zonke izinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili ezingenhla zingena lapha, kuhlanganisa nentuthu: intuthu — isinyathelo sokukhiqiza, hhayi isengezo etiyeni eliqediwe. Lapha futhi kungena izinhlobo ze-dancong, lapho «桂花香» noma «茉莉香» kusho ukuthi iphunga leqabunga lifana ne-osmanthus noma i-jasmine, nakuba kungekho zimbali noma okukhishwe etiyeni. Lokhu kuwumthombo oqhubekayo wokungezwani: i-蜜兰香 dancong ayinabo ubusi noma ama-orchid.
Itiye elinukisiwe — 窨制 (yìnzhì): itiye eliqediwe lifakwa ngokwezingqimba izikhathi eziningi nezimbali eziphilayo, izimbali zinikeza iphunga, bese ziyahlungwa, itiye liyomiswa futhi uma kunesidingo umjikelezo uyaphindwa. Kanjalo kwenziwa itiye le-jasmine (茉莉花茶, mòlì huācha), le-osmanthus (桂花, guìhuā) kanye namanye amaningi; ngetiye le-osmanthus kukhona izinga lemboni, njengoba kukhona nele-jasmine. Lobu ubuchwepheshe bendabuko futhi obusobala ngokuphelele: itiye libizwa ngokwethembeka ngezimbali, futhi inani lemijikelezo yokunukisa — ipharamitha evamile yekhwalithi. Inani lezingqimba, ukusetshenziswa kwezimbali kanye nobude bezinqubo kuyahluka ngokwezimboni, futhi ngaphandle kwenkomba ezingeni elithile izinombolo akufanele zinikezwe.
Iphunga elengeziwe — ukufakwa kweziqholo etiyeni eliqediwe ngama-essences, amafutha abalulekile, okukhishwe. Lena yisigaba esihlukile somkhiqizo, asihlobene ne-香型 ngomqondo wokuqala, futhi ukusibiza ngamagama afana no-«蜜香» akulungile. Azikho izindlela ezinokwethenjelwa zansuku zonke zokuhlukanisa phakathi kwesiqholo nephunga lemvelo «ngeso»; izimpawu ezingaqondile — ukufana okungekona okwemvelo kwephunga kusuka ekuchithekeni kuya kokunye, ukungahambisani kwephunga leqabunga elomile nokumnika, iphunga elibukhali elingashintshi ekupholeni. Izimpawu ezingaqondile zihlala zingaqondile: lokhu kuyisizathu sombuzo, hhayi isiphetho.
Kungani imingcele yabadayisi abahlukene iyaguquguquka
Kunezizathu eziningana, futhi zonke ziyi-systemic, hhayi umphumela wokungathembeki komunye.
Ingxenye yezinhlobo igxilisiwe ngokomthetho, kodwa ngokungalingani: ku-Anxi Tieguanyin nase-oolong yaseTaiwan ukuhlukaniswa kwezinhlobo kubhalwe emazingeni, ku-liu bao kugxilisiwe igama elithi 槟榔香, kanti nge-樟香, 枣香 kanye 药香 azikho izincazelo ezisemthethweni. Okunye — ulimi lwesiko, futhi lapho imingcele ibanjwa kuphela ngumkhuba oqhubekayo.
Amagama awalingani ngokwezifunda. Izikole zencazelo zaseChaozhou, Wuyi, Anxi naseYunnan zakhiwa ngokuhlukile; igama elifanayo kuzo lingase lincike ezilinganisweni ezahlukene. Ngisho nesipelingi siyaguquguquka: 黄枝香 no黄栀香 — uhlobo olufanayo lwe-dancong ezincwadini ezimbili zokubhekisela.
Izilinganiso zabanambithayo zingezomuntu siqu. Uhlobo lunikezwa ngokuqhathanisa nesipiliyoni, futhi isipiliyoni sihlukile; abantu ababili abanekhwalifikethi efanayo akudingekile ukuthi bavumelane emngceleni phakathi kwe-中火 ne-足火.
Imakethe ithonya ulimi. Uma 蜜香 noma 枣香 eba amagama athengisayo, imvamisa yokusetshenziswa kwawo ikhula ngokushesha kunemvamisa yamatiye ngokwawo ahambisana nawo. Ukuba khona kwesigaba esisemthethweni akukuvimbeli lokhu: izinga lichaza umkhiqizo othile wesigaba esithile, kanti igama lihamba kuyo yonke imakethe.
Isiphetho esisebenzayo silula: uhlobo lwephunga luwusizo njengesihlungi sokuqala — lusho ukuthi itiye libhekiswe kuphi, futhi luvumela ukususa okungafanele ngokusobala. Alusona isiqinisekiso sekhwalithi, noma ubufakazi bemvelaphi, noma isihlonzi setiye elithile.
Lokhu lesi siqephu esingakusho
Ngamakhemikhali. Lapha akunikezwa izinhlanganisela eziqondile eziphumayo ezibophezelekile ngohlobo ngalunye, futhi akukhonjiswa izinga lazo. Ngezingxenye zezinhlobo imininingwane enjalo ikhona, kwezinye — iyingcosana; kufanele ihlolwe ezincwadini ezikhethekile, hhayi ezincazelweni zohwebo.
Ngamazinga. Izinombolo nezinhlelo zamazinga kazwelonke nawemboni embhalweni azinikezwa ngamabomu, kodwa amaqiniso ngokwawo ayashiwo: nge-Anxi Tieguanyin kugxilisiwe ukuhlukaniswa kwe-清香型, 浓香型 kanye 陈香型, lapho 陈香型 wangezwa ngohlelo lwakamuva lwezinga elifanele; nge-Taiwanese (台式) oolong kugxilisiwe ukuhlukaniswa kwe-清香型, 熟香型 kanye 蜜香型, futhi u-蜜香型 unencazelo ezingeni lomkhiqizo kanye nenqubo ehlukile yobuchwepheshe ezingeni lokukhiqiza; i-槟榔香 ichazwa ezingeni lamagama okuhlola izinzwa kwetiye mayelana ne-liu bao. Nge-樟香, 枣香 kanye 药香 asizange sizithole izincazelo ezisemthethweni — ezingeni lamagama okuhlola izinzwa azikho. Izinkomba eziqondile nezinhlelo zamanje kunoma yikuphi kudinga ukuhlolwa ngemibhalo esebenzayo.
Nge-leafhopper. Ukuxhumana phakathi kokulimala kweqabunga yi-leafhopper encane nokuvela kwenothi lobusi kuyemukelwa futhi kuyisisekelo semigqa ethile yokukhiqiza, kodwa uhlangothi lwenani (ukuthi yiliphi izinga lokulimala elinikeza yimuphi umphumela) alichazwa lapha, futhi isitatimende esiphambene — «yonke 蜜香 ivela ku-leafhopper» — asilona iqiniso. Incazelo esemthethweni ye-蜜香型 ichaza iphunga nobuchwepheshe, hhayi isinambuzane.
Ngenothi le-camphor. Incazelo ngokusebenzisa ukuba seduze kwezihlahla ze-camphor ichazwa njengevamile ekuhwebeni, hhayi njengeqiniso eliqinisekisiwe. Umgudu we-樟香 kulesi siqephu awuthathwa njengocacile.
Ngobudala nokugcinwa. Kusuka ephungeni akunakutholakala unyaka wokukhiqiza, isifunda noqiniseko. Ukuhambisana kwezinkathi (号级, 印级, 七子级, yesimanje) kuphathelene nokutholwa ngokupakishwa, i-athikili nomlando weqembu, hhayi ngezinzwa. Amazinga entengo endali yezinto eziyivelakancane awaxoxwa kulesi siqephu, ngoba awahlobene ne-香型.
Ngezempilo. 药香 — incazelo yephunga. Azikho izakhiwo zokwelapha, zokuvikela noma zokwelapha zetiye ezisuka ebukhoneni baleli nothi futhi azishiwo kulesi siqephu.
Ngenani lezinhlobo. Eziyisishiyagalombili ezibaluliwe — yingxenye esetshenziswa kakhulu yesikali, hhayi uhlu oluphelele. Emasikweni athile kukhona amasethi awo: izinhlobo eziyishumi eziyisisekelo ze-dancong ngokwencwadi ethi 《凤凰单丛》 (2020) kanye nezigaba zamakha eziyishumi nesikhombisa ku-«Atlas» ka-Chen Shaoping kuhlanganiswa nesengezo 增录 esigabeni seshumi nesishiyagalombili, 槟榔香 ku-liu bao, amagama endawo ezincazelweni zamatiye athile. I-nomenclature evaliwe eyamukelwa yonke indawo ye-香型 ayikho.
Ngabantu kanye nezimboni. Imininingwane ngababhali, enikezwe njengokufakazela imithombo, ithathwe emininingwaneni yokushicilela yencwadi: abahleli bayo abakhulu — 黄瑞光 no桂埔芳, phakathi kwamasekela — 黄柏梓, okwathi, ngokwesaziso sencwadi, wahlola izihlahla eziyi-5120 futhi wahlukanisa ama-123 名丛 (míngcóng, «izihlahla eziqanjwe amagama»). Awakho amanye amagama, amapulazi, izingcaphuno kanye nezinombolo akulesi siqephu, futhi akufanele zinikezwe kuso.
the teas described here are available from teamotea