Xīngyè chá

Xingye Cha (Xīngyè chá, 兴业茶) ndi tiyi wa m’boma la Xingye (兴业县) m’chigawo cha mzinda wa Yulin kumwera chakum’mawa kwa Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Kuyambira 2022, dzinali limatetezedwa ngati chizindikiro cha malo aulimi, ndipo kuyambira 2025, limatetezedwa ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo malinga ndi chilengezo cha State Intellectual Property Office (CNIPA). Chikalata choteteza cha 2025 chimalongosola tiyi wofiira: kufota, kupotoza, kupesa, kuyanika; masamba akuda onyezimira ndi madzi ofiira owala. Mawonekedwe omwewo akuperekedwa ndi nkhani za kalembera waulimi pa webusayiti ya Ministry of Agriculture (2022). Koma m’boma lomwelo dzinali ndi matanthauzo ambiri kuposa chikalata: tawuni ya Shanxin amatchedwa “kwawo kwa tiyi wobiriwira wa Guangxi”, ofesi ya boma mu 2022 inalemba kuti kuno “amapanga makamaka tiyi wobiriwira”, ndipo pansi pa dzina la Xingye amapanganso tiyi woyera ndi mitundu ina.

1. Classification ndi Origin

• Mtundu: Tiyi wofiira (红茶, hóngchá) — malinga ndi chikalata choteteza. Mawu oti “红茶” mulibe mmenemo, koma luso ndi limodzi — 萎凋 → 揉捻 → 发酵 → 干燥 → 包装, ndi kupesa, — ndipo mawonekedwe ndi a tiyi wofiira: “色泽乌润，汤色红亮”, “叶底红匀明亮”.
• Kusiyana ndi kagwiritsidwe ka kwanuko: Ofesi yaulimi ya boma (2022) — “主要生产绿茶”, makamaka tiyi wobiriwira; webusayiti ya “Renmin Ribao” (2022) — tiyi wobiriwira, wofiira ndi woyera; mu 2023, m’ndandanda wa boma wa zinthu zaulimi “zodziwika, zapadera, zabwino kwambiri ndi zatsopano” adalowetsa payokha “Xingye Hongcha” ndi “Xingye Lücha”. Pansi pa dzina la kwanuko, motero, pali magulu osiyanasiyana, ndipo chinthu chotetezedwa ndi chikalata ndicho tiyi wofiira.
• Gulu: Tiyi wofiira wa Guangxi; chizindikiro cha malo aulimi (2022) ndi chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo (CNIPA, chilengezo № 640, 2025).
• Origin: China, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region (广西, Guǎngxī), mzinda wa Yulin (玉林, Yùlín), boma la Xingye (兴业, Xīngyè).
• Malo otetezedwa: Matauni 13 a boma — Shanxin (山心镇), Gaofeng (高峰镇), Shinan (石南镇), Putang (蒲塘镇), Shatang (沙塘镇), Luoyang (洛阳镇), Maijiu (卖酒镇), Xiaopingshan (小平山镇), Beishi (北市镇), Chenghuang (城隍镇), Kuiyang (葵阳镇), Dapingshan (大平山镇) ndi Long’an (龙安镇): midzi 210 ya utsogoleri ndi madera 4 a mzinda. Wopempha — boma la anthu la boma la Xingye. Kalembera waulimi wa 2022 amatchula matauni 13 omwewo ndi midzi ndi madera 214 pamodzi.
• Malo a geographic coordinates: 109°42′31″–110°01′05″ E, 22°38′11″–22°54′23″ N — malinga ndi chikalata choteteza.

2. Mbiri ndi Cultural Significance

• Mbiri:
  • Song. Malinga ndi nkhani ya “Xinhua” ndi “Guangxi Ribao” (2025), kutchulidwa koyamba kwa ulimi wa tiyi m’boma kuli mu “Song Huiyao” (《宋会要·食货志》), zaka zoposa 860 zapitazo. Mmalemba enienewo, zomwe zapezeka mulibe.
  • 1980s. Malinga ndi nkhani yomweyo, tiyi wofiira wosweka wa kwanuko (红碎茶, hóngsuìchá) ankagulitsidwa kunja; pambuyo pake minda yambiri inamera nkhalango.
  • Pamaso pa chizindikiro. Tiyi wa boma ankagulitsidwa kwa nthawi yaitali ngati zinthu zopanda kukonzedwa. M’mudzi wa Pengtang m’tauni ya Shanxin mpaka 2016 ankagulitsa makamaka masamba atsopano; mu 2016 kumeneko anakhazikitsa mgwirizano wa tiyi, womwe unayamba kupanga ndi manja.
  • 2020–2021. Tiyi wofiira “双魁峰红茶” wa kampani ya phiri la Kuifeng zaka ziwiri zotsatizana analandira dzina la “tiyi wabwino wa selenium wa China” (中国富硒好茶).
  • 2022. Mu February — chilengezo cha Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs cha China № 532, gulu loyamba la zizindikiro za malo aulimi za chaka: zinthu 56 m’dziko lonse, 11 mwa izo za Guangxi, pakati pawo Xingye Cha.
  • 2023. Mu May, “Xingye Hongcha” ndi “Xingye Lücha” adayikidwa m’ndandanda wa boma wa zinthu zaulimi “zodziwika, zapadera, zabwino kwambiri ndi zatsopano” (全国名特优新农产品名录). Webusayiti ya “Renmin Ribao” (December 2023) imawonjezera kuti tiyi wa boma chaka chachisanu motsatizana amadziwika ku Guangxi ngati tiyi wa selenium, ndipo imapereka zotsatira za mafakitale — 180 miliyoni yuan zopanga pachaka; ngati nambalayi ndi ya 2022 kapena 2023, sizodziwikiratu.
  • 2024. Malinga ndi nkhani ya 2025, tiyi wofiira wa kampani ya phiri la Kuifeng pa kafukufuku wadziko lonse wa China Tea Society analandira 93.5 mfundo — zotsatira zapamwamba kwambiri pakati pa tiyi wofiira 47 wa sampuli.
  • 2025. Chilengezo cha CNIPA № 640 (chosainidwa pa 16 July, chofalitsidwa pa 13 August) chinazindikira dzinali ngati chinthu chokhala ndi chizindikiro cha malo — malo 1156 mwa 1409.
• Dzina: 兴业 (Xīngyè) — dzina la boma, kutanthauza “kukweza ntchito”; 茶 — tiyi. Boma limagwiritsa ntchito izi mu mwambi “以茶富农、以茶兴业” — “ndi tiyi kulemeretsa alimi, ndi tiyi kukweza ntchito”.
• Cultural significance: Tawuni ya Shanxin — malo aakulu a tiyi m’boma, ndi dzina loti “kwawo kwa tiyi wobiriwira wa Guangxi” (广西绿茶之乡). Mudzi wa Pengtang, malinga ndi uthenga wa 2022, uli ndi pafupifupi 2000 mu za makalabu akale a tiyi, ndipo tiyi wake wopangidwa ndi manja amatchedwa khadi la Xingye Cha. Ofesi ya msonkho ya Yulin (2021) imatcha tiyi wa kwanuko “山心毛尖” ndi “云雾茶”.

3. Botanical Description ndi Raw Material

• Mitundu / Cultivars: Malinga ndi chikalata — “本地传统品种当地群体种、云南大叶种”: mtundu wamba wa kwanuko ndi tiyi wa masamba akuluakulu wa Yunnan. Nkhani ya 2025 imatchula mbeu za m’boma zonse: 桂香22号 (Guìxiāng 22), 碧香早 (Bìxiāngzǎo), 尧山秀绿 (Yáoshān xiùlǜ), 玉笋 (Yùsǔn), 黄金茶 (Huángjīnchá) ndi 白叶一号 (Báiyè yī hào); wotsirizayo amabzalidwa kaamba ka polojekiti ya tiyi woyera.
• Kuberekana ndi kubzala: Malinga ndi chikalata — ndi njere (kufesa mu October–November) kapena ndi mphukira (kuchokera October mpaka January); kubzala — kuchokera March mpaka theka lachiwiri la April. Mzere umodzi — mizere yotalikirana 1.5–2 m, mtunda wa 20–25 cm, zitsamba 1600–2000 pa mu; mizere iwiri — zitsamba 2000–3000 pa mu.
• Kuthyola: Masika — February–May, chilimwe — June–August, mphukira — September–October; chikalata chimafuna kuthyola ndi manja. Mulingo wa zinthu zopangira (masamba angati ndi mphukira) chikalata sichimapereka. Nkhani pa webusayiti ya “Renmin Ribao” (December 2023) imapeza m’mudzi wa Pengtang kuthyola kwa dzinja — komaliza pachaka; nyengo ya dzinja m’chikalata mulibe.

4. Terroir ndi Kadyetsedwe ka Kulima

• Dera: Mapiri ndi mapiri otsika; malo aakulu a tiyi — tawuni ya Shanxin ndi phiri la Kuifeng (葵峰山, Kuífēng shān). Nkhani ya 2025 imayika boma mu “lambda wagolide” wa tiyi pafupi ndi Tropic of the North ndipo imabwereza mwambi wa kwanuko “latitude yotsika, kutalika kwakukulu, dzuwa lochepa, nkhungu zambiri”.
• Kutalika kwa kulima: Malire enieni a minda m’zolemba zopezeka mulibe. Malo owonera paphiri la Kuifeng, malinga ndi nkhani ya 2025, ali pamwamba pa 800 m; imodzi mwa nkhani za 2023 imatcha kutalika kwa phiri 826.9 m.
• Nthaka: Malinga ndi chikalata — acidic mopepuka, zakuya, zofewa, zotulutsa madzi bwino, zodzaza ndi organic; pH 5.5–6.5. Zomwe zili ndi selenium m’nthaka 0.76 mg/kg zimatchulidwa ndi katswiri wa kampani ya tiyi ya phiri la Kuifeng mu nkhani yomweyo ya 2025 — awa ndi mawu a m’nyuzipepala, osati protocol ya mayeso.
• Kukula, malinga ndi boma ndi atolankhani: 2022 — 18,000 mu za minda, mwa izo 1,000 mu ndi satifiketi ya organic ndi 1,800 mu ndi satifiketi ya “green”, ndipo zoposa 640 t za tiyi wouma; kumapeto kwa 2023 — zoposa 20,000 mu, mwa izo zoposa 4,000 mu ndi satifiketi ya organic kapena “green”; 2025 — 30,000 mu ndipo zoposa 2,400 t.

5. Technology ya Production

Chikalata choteteza chimapereka ndondomeko yopanda mitundu ya kutentha ndi nthawi. Malinga ndi ndondomeko wamba ya tiyi wofiira, magawo amatanthauza izi — awa si mfundo zenizeni za tiyi ameneyu:

1. Kufota (萎凋, wěidiāo): Tsamba limataya madzi ena ndipo limakhala lofewa.
2. Kupotoza (揉捻, róuniǎn): Madzi amatuluka pamwamba pa tsamba.
3. Kupesa (发酵, fājiào): Oxidation imapangitsa tsamba ndi madzi kukhala ofiira.
4. Kuyanika (干燥, gānzào) ndi kulongedza (包装, bāozhuāng).

Atolankhani amalembanso za kupanga ndi manja kwa mtundu wina: mu mgwirizano wa mudzi wa Pengtang, tsamba limayalidwa pa zikombole za bamboo, kukhazikika mu mbiya yachitsulo, kugwedezeka ndi manja, kupotoza ndipo kenako amapanga “kuwotcha katatu, kupotoza katatu” — pafupifupi maola awiri pa mbiya imodzi. Kuchokera ku zitsamba zomwezo mgwirizano umapanga mitundu isanu ndi umodzi ya tiyi wopangidwa ndi manja, pakati pawo wofiira, wobiriwira, wachikasu ndi woyera.

6. Organoleptic Characteristics

Malinga ndi chikalata choteteza:

• Mawonekedwe a tsamba louma: Wopindika molimba, wakuda ndi chinyezimiro (外形条索紧结，色泽乌润).
• Kununkhira kwa tsamba louma: Malongosoledwe apadera m’zolemba zopezeka mulibe.
• Kununkhira kwa madzi: Kokoma wandiweyani, ndi fungo la uchi wamaluwa (甜香浓郁带花蜜香).
• Kukoma: Kodzaza, kofewa, kokoma-kwatsopano (滋味醇厚甜爽).
• Mtundu wa madzi: Wofiira, wowala (汤色红亮).
• Pansi pa tiyi (tsamba lopangidwa): Lofiira mofanana, lowala (叶底红匀明亮).

Nkhani pa webusayiti ya Ministry of Agriculture (2022) imalongosola tiyi chimodzimodzi. Malongosoledwe pa webusayiti ya “Renmin Ribao” — madzi obiriwira, opirira kupanga kambiri, kubwerera kokoma kwa nthawi yaitali — amanena za tiyi wobiriwira wa boma. Chofooka chinatchulidwa ndi wopanga mwini (2025): kukoma sikutsika ndi malo odziwika, koma tsamba ndi losagwirizana, ndipo pali zidutswa zambiri.

7. Chemical Composition

Zofunikira za physicochemical za chikalata choteteza:

Chizindikiro	Chofunikira
Zinthu zosungunuka m’madzi	osachepera 30.5 %
Ma polyphenol a tiyi	osachepera 9.5 %
Ma amino acid, okwana	osachepera 15.5 g pa 100 g
Caffeine	osachepera 3.0 %

Mlingo wa amino acid ukuwoneka wachilendo. Kwa tiyi oyandikana nawo a Guangxi a m’chilengezo chomwecho ndi wochepa kwambiri: kwa wofiira Muzi Apo Cha — zoposa 2.5 %, kwa wobiriwira Gupa Cha — osachepera 4 %. Zolakwika kapena gawo lina m’chikalata chenichenicho sizingatheke kutsimikizira; ngati muyeso, nambalayi siyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito.

Selenium: malinga ndi nkhani pa webusayiti ya Ministry of Agriculture (2022), zopangidwa zimadziwika ku Guangxi ngati tiyi wa selenium; nambala ya zomwe zili ndi selenium mu tiyi m’zolemba zopezeka mulibe.

8. Brewing

Mchitidwe wa gulu la tiyi wofiira.

• Kutentha kwa madzi: 90–95 °C.
• Kuchuluka kwa tiyi: 3 g pa 150 ml.
• Zida: Gaiwan kapena teapot ya porcelain.
• Ndondomeko:
  1. Tenthetsa zida.
  2. Ika tiyi.
  3. Kudzaza koyamba — pafupifupi mphindi imodzi.
  4. Thirani mpaka kumapeto, osasiya tiyi m’madzi.
  5. Kudzaza kachiwiri kanayi kapena kasanu ndi kuwonjezera nthawi.

9. Storage

Mchitidwe wa gulu. Pamalo owuma amdima pa kutentha kwa chipinda, m’paketi yothina, kutali ndi zokununkhira.

10. Price ndi Forgeries

Malinga ndi nkhani ya magazini ya 2023, tiyi wopangidwa ndi manja wa mgwirizano ku Pengtang ankagulitsidwa 120–200 yuan pa jin (500 g); gulu limene mtengo uwu ukunena silinatchulidwe. Deta ina ya mitengo m’zolemba zopezeka mulibe.

• Momwe mungapewere zabodza:
  • Fufuzani chizindikiro chapadera cha geographic indication: ufulu wa icho wopanga wa m’dera amalandira kudzera mu ofesi ya intellectual property ya boma la Xingye, boma la Guangxi ndi CNIPA.
  • Onani chiyambi: umodzi mwa matauni 13 a boma la Xingye.
  • Yang’anani gulu pa paketi: chikalata choteteza chimalongosola tiyi wofiira, ndipo tiyi wobiriwira ndi woyera wa boma pansi pa dzina lomwelo la kwanuko sanalongosoledwe nawo.

11. Interesting Facts

• Malinga ndi webusayiti ya “Renmin Ribao” (2023), “Xingye Cha” adalandira mphoto yapamwamba kwambiri (特等奖) ya mpikisano wa Guangxi wa Liu Bao Cha (六堡茶) m’gulu la luso lamakono. Ndi tiyi uti kwenikweni womwe unali pambuyo pa mphotoyo, nkhaniyo siyikulongosola. Katswiri wa tiyi wopangidwa ndi manja wa m’mudzi wa Pengtang m’nkhani ya pa webusayiti ya Ministry of Agriculture (2022) akufotokoza kuti pambuyo pa tiyi wofiira, wobiriwira ndi woyera, adaphunzira oolong, Liu Bao Cha ndi tiyi wachikasu.
• M’ndandanda wa 2023, boma lidalowetsa dzina limodzi, koma awiri — “Xingye Hongcha” ndi “Xingye Lücha”.
• Kudziwika kwa mtundu, malinga ndi nkhani ya 2025, ndi kwa dera lokha. Mtsogoleri wa imodzi mwa makampani akunoko adauza kuti pa chiwonetsero cha tiyi ku Shenzhen, ogula, omwe ankadziwa Anji Bai Cha (安吉白茶), adafunsa chomwe Xingye Cha ndi.
• Kaamba ka polojekiti ya tiyi woyera, m’boma amabzala 白叶一号; malinga ndi mawu a mtsogoleri wa kampani, kuthyola kwa masika kuno kumatha pafupifupi mwezi umodzi motalikirapo kuposa madera ena.

12. Comparison ndi tiyi wina wofiira wa Guangxi

• Muzi Apo Cha (木梓阿婆茶): Tiyi wofiira wa chigawo cha Gangnan cha mzinda wa Guigang kuchokera m’chilengezo chomwecho № 640; chikalata chake, mosiyana ndi cha Xingye Cha, chimalemba mwachindunji “红茶” ndipo chimapereka mitundu ya kutentha ndi nthawi pa sitepe iliyonse.
• Jinxiu Hongcha (金秀红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa mapiri a Dayaoshan, amene adadziwika ndi chilengezo № 640.
• Lingyun Hongcha (凌云红茶): Tiyi wofiira wa boma lokwezeka la Lingyun kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa Guangxi.

Pomaliza:

Xingye Cha ndi dzina lokhala ndi nkhope ziwiri. Chikalata choteteza cha 2025 chimalongosola tiyi wofiira wa boma la Xingye: mtundu wamba wa kwanuko ndi tiyi wa masamba akuluakulu wa Yunnan, kuthyola ndi manja kuchokera February mpaka October, kufota, kupotoza ndi kupesa, tsamba lakuda lonyezimira, madzi ofiira owala ndi fungo la uchi wamaluwa. M’boma momwemo pansi pa dzina lomwelo pali tiyi wobiriwira ndi woyera, ndipo tawuni yaikulu ya tiyi ili ndi dzina loti kwawo kwa tiyi wobiriwira. Wogula ayenera kuyang’ana osati dzina lokha, komanso gulu pa paketi.

Magwero

Chizindikiro cha malo

• CNIPA 地理标志产品认定 №640

Mndandanda wonse — patsamba la Magwero